Apple
Atari
IBM
PET 7 VIC
TRS-80
Graphics
Logo
Books
TK! Solver
Mathemagic
4 Slide Show
Systems
14 Language
tor TRS-80
Color Computer
Micro Dynamo
MMS Forth
Flight Simulator
KDOS
Z Basic 2.2
J RT Pascal
M
ii i ii i ii i II llll III I III II II II 1 1
90£Q8
18*TT
£8«dW STfrT tr6Z<L£9T8 H3S 09T0TE
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USING YOUR COMPUTER
TO DRIVE YOUR PRINTER
IS A WASTE OF TIME.
While your printer is running, your
computer is tied up . All you can
do is twiddle your thumbs until
the program is finished.
MICROBUFFER ALLOWS YOU
TO PRINT AND PROCESS
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
You just dump your printing data
directly to Microbuffer, whoosh!,
and continue processing.
Microbuffer accepts data as
fast as your computer can send
it. It first stores the data in its
own memory buffer, then takes
control of your printer.
It's that easy.
THERE IS A MICROBUFFER
FOR ANY COMPUTER/PRINTER
COMBINATION.
FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS,
Microbuffer II features on-board
firmware for text formatting and
advanced graphics dump
routines. Both serial and parallel
versions have very low power
consumption. Special functions
include Basic listing formatter,
self-test, buffer zap, and
transparent and maintain modes.
The 16K model is priced at $259
and the 32K, at $299.
FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbuffer
is $159 in either an 8K serial or a
16K parallel version. The serial
buffer supports both hardware
handshaking and XON-XOFF
software handshaking at baud
rates up to 19,200. Both inter-
faces are compatible with Epson
commands including Graftrax-80
and Graftrax-80 +. Both are user-
expandable to 32K.
ALL OTHER COMPUTER/PRINTER
COMBINATIONS are served by the
in-line, stand-alone Microbuffers.
(Pictured here, twice actual size.)
Both serial and parallel ver-
sions are expandable up to 256K.
The serial stand-alone will sup-
port different input and output
baud rates and handshake pro-
tocol. The 32K model starts at
$299, $349 for 64K, and 64K add-
ons (for up to a total of 256K) are
just $179.
SIMPLE TO INSTALL.
Microbuffer II is slot-independent.
It will fit directly inside the Apple
II in any slot except zero.
Microbuffer for your Epson
mounts easily in the existing
auxiliary slot directly inside the
Epson printer.
The stand-alone Microbuffer is
installed in-line between virtually
auT^pnnte^K^S^omputer^
MICROBUFFER FROM
PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS.
When you think of how much
time Microbuffer will save,
can you afford to not have one?
PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC.™
31245 LA BAYA DRIVE
WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362
(213) 991-8200
Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 1982
La%J/egas ConvenHGH^enter
CIRCLE 248 ON READER SERVICE CARD
MK Ofr SM
rXi rl-i rXt rl-i rl-i rli rXi rXn rXi rXi
.-ex .-o-. .<y. .<y. .<*. .-o.
GALAXY INVASION
A fleet of invading aliens has landed and you are
HM Earth s only hope Can you protect our planet
from these creatures 7 (With Sound!)
*«JO tt
ttt muj
super imova-::-
Large and threatening asteroids and meteors are
floating everywhere Destroy them quickly or
your ship will be disintegrated!
I
%>
ATTACK FORCE
Your ship is being followed by Ramships lh.it .!-»■
loos»- in the quandrant Be quick with your lasers
or be crushed' (With Sound')
cosmic: fighter
Your fuel level is low and you must rHuH soon.
Can you survivr- the alien's missilo .itticks before
fuH runs out? (With Sound)
METEOR MISSION 2
A huge enplosion has occuned and many
astrori.iuts ar.- trapped on a remote planet Are
you brave enough to rescue them? (With Sound!)
ROBOT ATTACK
Robots have overtaken a local space station. Fire
your laser-pistol quickly because they are
programmed to kill you! (With VOICE Sound)
F i : Si 17 11 : i =
IRCLE 122 <>N READER SERVICE CA*D
5 per Game: TRS-80 16K Kew2 Modi /Mod3 Cassetl
/ /TRS-80 32ryLev2 Modi /Mod3 Disketl
/ Optional Joystick for Model 1 —
0°fo discoun/for 2 items, 1J5°/o for 3 or m/re. /
- $1595
— $1995
$39 95
All Gimes 1980,Vl981 by Bill Hogue & Jeff\onyu.
sions.
-"-Audiovisual licensed from Atari.
r
K
in this issue
evaluations & profiles
-I Q DEC Rainbow 100 Ahl
The mighty mini maker enters the fray
33 TK! Solver Ahl
A new computing tool kit
50 Mathemagic Murphy
CC PFS: Graph Ahl
Charts and graphs from the Apple
g3 Electronic Slide Show Systems Ahl
64 Lotus Executive Briefing System
70 Screen Director
78 Slide Show
84 Apple Flasher
88 Poor Mans Slide Show System
Q3 Micro-Dynamo Light
A language for simulating the world
1 Q3 ZBasic 2.2 McCracken
Finally, a compiler for everyone
I 09 MMSForth Scarpelli
Forth for the TRS-80
I I 3 JRT Pascal Edelson
Pascal for CP/M Systems
1 20 Pro |B rammm 9 m Pascal Greene
An individual learning course
"| 24 Languages For the Color Computer Norman
Alternatives to Basic
1 42 EDTA SM+ Wilkins
An editor-assembler for the Color Computer
148 K_DOS Leemon
w An alternative to Atari DOS
1 52 MON + Ahl
Enhance your Apple monitor
1 54 Casino Games For The Apple Murphy
Poker, 21 , roulette, and craps
1 61 Cornsoft Flight Simulator Norman
Any landing you can walk away from is OK
1 66 Gamma Hockey Schreiber & Urbanowicz
-1 7Q Programmer's Guides Blank
A programmer's guide
November, 1982 WBPA Fm%
Volume 8, Number 11 V Sir LUU
Creative Computing (ISSN 097-8140) is published monthly by Ahl Computing,
Inc.. a subsidiary of Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. David Ahl, President; Elizabeth
B. Staples, Vice President; Selwyn Taubman, Treasurer; Bertram A. Abrams,
Secretary. P.O. Box 789-M Morristown. N.J. 07960. Second Class postage paid at
New York, NY 10001 and at additional mailing offices.
Copyright ©1982 by Ahl Computing, Inc. All rights reserved.
Editorial offices located at 39 East Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950. Phone
(201)540-0445.
Domestic Subscriptions 12 issues $24.97; 24 issues $43.97; 36 issues $57.97.
POSTMASTER: send address changes to Creative Computing, P.O. Box 5214.
Boulder, CO 80321. Call 800-631-8112 toll-free (in New Jersey call 201-540-
0445) to order a subscription.
November 1982 c Creative Computing
"\
articles
1 Oft Tron Coffey
The graphics of tomorrow
1 81 pl,ot Tutorla| Smith
First in a series
1 85 Lo °° ,deas Lawler
1 °** Advice to a teacher
i Qg The Countess And the Computer Gilpin
1 ww An Ada tutorial
applications & software
1 Q4 The Pascal Directory In Depth Page
And Pascal sytle in brief
202 Towers of Hanoi Rudeen
A lesson in recursive Basic
OA7 Programming Data Structures Mitchell
fcW f How to find it
21 8 Makmo < Every Vote Count Parr
Tallying the single transferable vote
234 Using Step Functions In Microsoft Basic Smith
238 ,NTBAS| C Lives Hubbard
Moving and using INTBASIC
242 A Padd,e Control For The Color Computer Ahl
Build it yourself
249 Computer Art For The Tektronix 4052 Jacobson
departments
Q Input/Output Readers
8 Notices Fee
254 Tne G raDn Paper Lubar
Part Five: ROM routines
260 New Products Hecht
266 ADDle Cart Trainor
Epson graphics accessories
OTF O Outpost: Atari Anderson
Telecommunications and games
282 Tne O tner Side Kewney
fc ° Computing in Britain
284 IBM Iroaoos Fastie
Languages, new products, service and EasyWriter
294 Personal Electronic Transactions Yob
Languages and games
306 TRS " 80 Strings Gray
Word processing and money management
316 Book Reviews Gray, eta/
330 ,ndex to Advertisers
staff
Editor-in-Chief
David H. Ahl
Editor
Managing Editor
Technical Editor
Associate Editor
Contributing Editors
»5f
V 1 --
eS
Editorial Assistants
Secretary
Elizabeth B. Staples
Peter Fee
Michael Coffey
John Anderson
Dale Archibald
Charles Carpenter
Thomas W. Dwyer
Will Fastie
Stephen B. Gray
Glenn Hart
David Lubar
Guy Kewney
Stephen Kimmel
Ted Nelson
Harold Novick
Peter Payack
David Small
Alvin Toffler
C. Barry Town send
Gregory Yob
Karl Zinn
Andrew Brill
Karyn Hecht
Elizabeth Magin
Production Coordinator Christina L. Erickson
Art Director
Assistant Art Director
Artists
Typesetters
Susan Gendzwil
Chris DeMilia
Diana Negri Rudio
Candace Figueroa
Yukiko Sakai
Eugene Bicknell
Karen K.Brown
Renea C. Cole
Advertising Director
Jeff Weiner
Creative Computing Press Laura Conboy
Claudette Moore
Software Development
Software Production
Kerry Shetline
Eric F. Wolcott
Owen Linzmayer
Neil Radick
Chris Vogeli
Bill Rogalsky
Nick Ninni
Mary Ellen Mendl
Mark Levitt
Operations Manager
Comptroller
Accounting
Bookkeeping
Retail Marketing
Fulfillment
Shipping & Receiving
v
William L. Baumann
Patricia Kennedy
Jennifer H. Shaler
Ethel Fisher
Jennifer Burr
Laura Gibbons
Frances Miskovich
Rosemary Bender
Linda Blank
Pat Champion
Susan DeMark
Moira Fenton
Elsie Graff
Gail Harris
Linda McCatharn
Bridget Maher
Joanne Sapio
Carol Vita
Barbara Worry
Jim Zecchin
Ronald Antonaccio
Mark Archambault
Bill Thomas
Scott McLeod
Mike G ribbon
r
advertising sales
Advertising Director
Jeff Weiner
Creative Computing
Ziff-Davis Publishing Company
One Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212)725-7957
Advertising Coordinator
Ruth Darling
Creative Computing
Ziff-Davis Publishing Company
One Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212)725-3446
Northern California, Northwest
Jules E. Thompson, Inc.
1290 Howard Ave., Suite 303
Burlingame, CA 94010
(415)348-8222
From Colorado (303) 595-9299
Southern California, Southwest
Jules E. Thompson, Inc.
2560 Via Tejon
Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90274
(213)378-8361
New England
CEL Associates, Inc.
27 Adams Street
Braintree, MA 02184
(617)848-9306
Midwest
The Pattis Group
4761 W. TouhyAve.
Lincolnwood, IL 60646
(312)679-1100
Mid-Atlantic
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Ziff-Davis Publishing Company
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(212) 725-7668
Southeast
Browning Publications
P.O. Box 81306
Atlanta, GA 30366
(404) 455-3430
Canada
The Pattis Group
1623 Yonge St.
Toronto, Ontario M4T 241
(416)482-6288
r
mbpcfcpm
V
Creative Computing is available on per-
manent record microfilm. For complete
information contact University Microfilms
International, Dept. FA. 300 North Zeeb
Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106, or 18 Bedford
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where to send it
^v
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for evaluation should be sent to:
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Correspondence regarding other Creative
Computing products and publications
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address.
Correspondence related to advertising,
including ad copy, questions on billing, and
requests for rates, should be sent to:
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Creative Computing
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including orders, changes of address, and
problems should be sent to:
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Your help in choosing the correct address
for your correspondence is appreciated.
An incorrectly addressed letter or package
can take as long as several weeks to reach
its proper destination.
subscriptions
All subscriptions orders and other corre-
spondence related to subscriptions
should be addressed to:
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Foreign subscriptions must be accom-
panied by payment in U.S. currency.
Subscription prices:
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1 year $24.97 1 year 29 97
2 years 43.97 2 years 53 97
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may send payment in sterling to:
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Please allow at least eight weeks for
change of address. Include old address
as well as new— enclosing if possible an
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r
attention suthore
Creative Computing will not be responsible
for the return of unsolicited manuscripts, cas-
settes, floppy disks, program listings, etc. not
submitted with a self-addressed, stamped
envelope.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
lb Do It Right.
To make a Winchester disk for just Apple®!!.
That's how we set out to design our hard disk for
the Apple®II. To understand the needs of serious
users and programmers, and to correct the errors
of our predecessors.
You want user-friendliness. So we wrote hard disk
versions of Apple DOS, CP/M® and Pascal that
are highly user-friendly and loaded with
useful features.
□ Auto-boot hard disk
D Menu -driven utilities
□ Single-keystroke program execution in DOS
□ Disk search with wild cards, and many more
\bu want flexibility. So we made every
feature variable.
D From 1 to 16 operating systems on each disk
□ Operating system spaces grow as needed
□ Slot independence
□ Variable size volumes (to 400K in DOS)
□ Mountable and unmountable volumes (even in CP/M)
□ Custom DOS allowed
You want reliability. We use Seagate drives only.
And Corona's unique data protection technology.
□ DataGuard™ 32-bit error correction code
□ FailSafe™ read-after-write and automatic bad-sector reallocation
□ 2 -level impact-protection packaging
You want low-cost backup. So we wrote backup
utilities that make floppy backup convenient.
□ File compacting to reduce the number of floppies
□ Volume selective backup in all operating systems
□ Date selective backup in Pascal
□ Automatic diskette sequencing to ease floppy handling
You want compatibility. We maximize compati-
bility with existing software and peripheral cards.
□ 9K interface card leaves main memory untouched
□ Interrupts are allowed
□ Boot protected floppies from slot 6 without removing hard disk
□ Automatic slot/drive to hard disk remapping
And you want support. We do that right too.
□ Hardware depot service in every region
□ Programmer's guides at each level
□ Software theft-protection on the hard disk
Compare the features that matter to you.
And visit our local dealer or distributor for
a demonstration. You'll see the difference
specialization makes.
Corona Starfire™— The Winchester Disk for Apple II
$2495 / 5 MB $2995 / 10 MB
(All software included. Pascal not needed for CP/M.)
corona
TM
The Third Generation Microcomputer Company
CIRCLE 155 ON READER SERVICE CARD
31364 Via Colinas Section 110 Westlake Village CA 91361 (213) 706-1505
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc Corona, Starfire, DataGuard. FailSafe are trademarks of Corona Data Systems, Inc.
Not So, Good
Dear Editor:
After reading Phillip Good's review of the Atari Word
Processors in the June issue of Creative Computing I'm sure
that many Atari owners started to gnash and wail. Take
heart, folks, it's not as bad as Mr. Good implies.
Now I don't know about the Letter Perfect or Text Wizard
word processors, but I do know about Atari's, because I
bought one a day ago in spite of his review.
In his review he makes several mistakes: You can use a
Centronics 739 or the new Smith-Corona TP-1 (which I'm
sure Smith-Corona considers to be letter quality) Printer. He
also implies that the tutorials are hopeless. Gosh, how did I
learn to use it in about two hours from those hopeless
tutorials? Also he says there is no back-up. Maybe they just
made a mistake when one* was included in my package.
Now I'm no expert. I haven't reviewed 70 zillion word
processors as Mr. Good has, but it appears to me that your
like of one word processor over another is akin to taste in
clothes or interior decoration. There is certainly no account-
ing for taste.
My advice to those poor Atari owners who want word
processing would be as follows: Get it. If you're like me and
love to write (or must write in your job) and can't type well
(or type superbly), get it. If you just started using computers,
the documentation, taped lessons, and exercises with the
Atari software will help immensely.
I warn you that I'm from Oklahoma, don't drive a Ferrari
and can only afford beer most of the time. My house is
modest and so is my expertise, and I can't afford $15,000 for a
top of the line word processor, but I can say, positively, that
the Atari Word Processor (even with its limitations) is a joy to
use.
James Forrest Dearner Jr.
2405 N.W. 17th
Oklahoma City, OK 73107
It has always been the policy of Creative Computing to
encourage reviewers to make judgments and express opinions
about the products they evaluate. We also encourage them to
put their opinions in context so readers will know from what
point of view the judgments are made. Indeed, taste in word
processors varies widely among computer users, and Mr.
Good apparently has quite different taste from some of our
other readers. —EBS
Let's Get Normal
Dear Editor:
In the April 1982 Creative Computing (Page 176) Marvin
Weingast suggests an interesting method for approximating a
normal distribution. Unfortunately his program does not do
what he describes.
He says, for example, that 12.35% of the time X =
1.5*(A+B-1) where A and B are uniformly distributed random
variables which vary from to 1. But in the program line 50
he uses A to determine the times when this formula should be
used. Thus, to get to X = 1.5*(A+B-1) A must be between
.8765 and 1. B still varies between and 1. The resulting
distribution is quite different from that intended.
The variable used for the test must be independent of the
values used in the functions.
To correct the program:
In Line 30 Add D=RND(1)
Change lines 40 and 50 to read
40 IF D< .8765 THEN X=2*(A+B+C-1.5)
50 IF D=> .8765 THEN X= 1.5*(A+B-1)
J.K. Quermann
1431 Plowman Ave.
Dallas, TX 75203
Mr. Quermann is correct, and the minor change he suggests
is all that is needed, although as you can see from the curve in
the article this error had little effect.
By the way, I received a few calls from readers who
apparently empirically modified the equations in order to
simulate different weapon firing characteristics or operator
skill levels in various games. —M. Weingast
New Line Up
Dear Editor:
When running the Mu-Torere program for the Apple II
(August 1982) by Sandy Greenfarb, I found that the numbers
and the squares on the video display did not line up, making it
somewhat confusing to play the game.
By changing line 2080 from:
IF I < > THEN VTAB 6: HTAB 5+3*1
to
IF I < > THEN VTAB 6: HTAB 6+2*1
It is an otherwise enjoyable program to use. Thank you,
Sandy!
Herbert J. Lango
PSC 1 Box 1179
Brooks A.F.B., TX 78235
Tweeter Beater
Dear Editor:
I really enjoyed the joystick article in the August '82 issue
of Creative Computing. It is this kind of exhaustive reporting
that is of true benefit to your readers.
The Happ Hi-Fi Adapter certainly sounds like a worthwhile
solution to the Apple "squeeker-speaker" problem. As is so
6
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
First, the IBM Personal Computer,
The Next Step . . .
Tecmar
The TECMAR Expansion series is the first
and only, complete line of expansion options
available for the IBM Personal Computer.
Now totaling over twenty-five separate
options, the TECMAR series gives you the
broadest range of expansion available for
your IBM Personal Computer,
SYSTEM EXPANSION with a comp
lete Expansion Chassis providing six
additional system slots, a separate
power supply and styling that com-
plements the IBM system.
MEMORY EXPANSION in 64K
128K, 192K and 256K Byte incre-
ments of Dynamic RAM with parity.
32K Bytes of Static RAM, 32K Bytes
of CMOS RAM with battery backup, or
up to 128K Bytes of Read Only
Memory.
PRACTICAL EXPANSION with two
Serial ports and one Parallel port on a
single board, or a Time of Day
calendar with battery backup, a Voice
Synthesizer with vocabulary in ROM
and phoneme speech generation,
even a BSR X10™ device controller
for lights and appliances.
DISK EXPANSION through the addition of a five or ten megabyte
Winchester disk. The disk options come enclosed in the TECMAR
Expansion Chassis, providing additional expansion slots as well as
Winchester disk storage. This approach assures you of unmatched
system expandability for nearly any application.
FUNCTIONAL EXPANSION is also available with TECMAR
Speed Disk™ and print Spooling Software that give new
functionality to memory options.
UNMATCHED EXPANSION for the serious IBM Personal Computer
user through these and the many other TECMAR Expansion products
available through participating COMPUTERLAND stores, and other
fine computer retailers nationwide.
LABORATORY/INDUSTRIAL EX-
PANSION through an IEEE 488
interface, the Lab Tender with an 8 bit
A/D and D/A, or the Lab Master for
12 bit A/D and D/A, a two axis
Stepper Motor Controller, or the Parallel
Digital-ln/Digital-Out Base
Board™, Video Digitization
with Video VanGogh™.
DEVELOPMENT EXPANSION using
an E+EEPROM programmer, Proto-
zoa prototyping boards or a TECMAR
Extender card.
NEW PRODUCTS are currently un-
der development with many soon to
be announced. At present shipping
26 unique IBM add-on products, we
are still looking for needs to meet. If
you have an need for a new product
for the IBM Personal Computer, and
would like to ask us about it, give a
call on our Product Input Hotline at
(216)464-8317.
For IBM Personal Computer Expansion, TAKE THE NEXT STEP . . .
Tecmar Inc
PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION
23600 Mercantile Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44122
Telephone: (216)464-7410 Telex: 241735
CIRCLE 302 ON READER SERVICE CARD
rtjurt . . . input /output . . . mpui
often the case, there is a software alternative as well. The
cassette output port can be connected to your hi-fi system or
run thru a separate low-cost amp 4- speaker setup. This port is
then "live" and all that remains is to toggle it instead of the
speaker output.
In a Basic program this will usually consist of replacing an
instruction that looks like:
100 POKE 49200,## with: 100 POKE 49184,##
For machine language programs the modification is to
instructions like:
100 BIT #$C030 to read: 100 BIT #$C020
It isn't always practical to modify purchased software, and
therefore that Happ adapter is still a quite neat device to
have, especially at its reasonable price.
The CEEMAC (Visual Composition) language solves this
problem by always hitting both ports and providing the user
with a "soft switch" to omit toggling the Apple speaker at the
user's descretion. If the cassette output port is dead (not
connected), nothing is lost as the signal simply falls away.
Although not game nuts, we, at Vagabondo, find Creative
Computing to be tops in reporting the goings on in personal
computing. Keep up the good work!
Brooke W. Boering
Vagabondo Enterprises
1300 E. Algonquin -3G
Schaumburg, IL 60195
It Worked for lacocca
Dear Editor:
The subjects of software piracy and over-priced programs
have been much talked about, often together because they
appear to be linked. Here's an open suggestion to software
vendors. Maybe it's not directly useable as-is, but it might
provide a starting point for discussions of alternatives.
The suggestion is this: when a vendor offers a new product,
price it high enough to make a reasonable profit even if it
doesn't sell too well. Then, if it does turn into a good seller,
lower the price, and send partial rebate checks to the first
customers. (One hundred — one thousand — whatever is
reasonable.) Or send significant discount coupons on other
software.
The plan offers these advantages:
1. People would presumably be less inclined to allow
copying of their purchase if they were decreasing their
chances of a rebate check.
2. People would have no reason to delay because of hopes
that the price will come down. Sales might start sooner.
3. It doesn't penalize those customers the vendor needs
most— the first ones.
John E. Stith
P.O. Box 7463
Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7463
tlces... notices... nctic
NCC 83
The 1983 National Computer Con-
ference will be held May 16-19, 1983 at
the Anaheim and Disneyland Hotel Con-
vention Centers.
For more information, contact AFIPS,
1815 N. Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209.
(703) 558-3624.
Siggraph 83
The Tenth Annual Conference on
Computer Graphics and Interactive Tech-
niques will be held in Detroit, MI, July
25-29, 1983.
For registration information, contact
the Siggraph '83 Conference Office, 111
East Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60601. (312)
664-6610.
The conference is sponsored by the
Association for Computing Machinery's
Special Interest Group on Graphics.
Heart Health Contest
The American Heart Association in
conjunction with Classroom Computer
News has announced a "Heart Health
Computer Programming Contest" to solic-
it the development of programs on health
education for eventual national distribu-
tion to schools.
Programs should be aimed at an ele-
mentary, junior high, or high school
audience, and should deal with ways in
which heart disease can be prevented.
The best program entry has the potential
to receive $1500; eleven other entries may
receive $500. Programs are to be written
in Basic language to run on the Apple,
Atari, TRS-80, Texas Instruments or the
Commodore PET microcomputers. All
entries must be received by January 31,
1983. A panel of computer and education
experts will act as judges and reach a
decision by spring 1983.
For further information, write to "Heart
Health Computer Programming Contest,"
American Heart Association, Greater
Boston Division, 33 Fourth Ave., Need-
ham, MA 02194, before December 1,
1982.
Corrections
We gave an incorrect address for CJM
Industries in our Joystick review in the
August 1982 issue (page 88). The proper
address for ordering the Microstik is: CJM
Industries, P.O. Box 436, Sterling, VA
22170.
The Atari customer service department
phone numbers we published in the
August 1982 issue were incorrect. The
correct numbers are: in California, (800)
672-1404; in the rest of the U.S., (800)
538-8543.
8
November 1982 • Creative Computing
THE LEADING EDGE IN PRINTERS
ONE GREAT LINE. ONE GREAT WARRANTY
Finally, (hen's one lull family of printers that covers every business or won! processing application-
all from C. Itoh, a company known foi packing more product into less price; and all distributed
exclusively by I eading Edge, a company known foi searching out and providing thai very thing.
Wliu li means that one call to one source can get you any printer, any time you need it, foi .my purpose.
All backed by a full years 1 warranty from I eading Edge (Try that ou any othei line of printers.)
THE PRO'S.
The Prowriters: business printers— and more. I he "more" is a dot matrix process with more dots, it gjves you denser,
i orrespondence quality <opv (as opposed to business quality copy, which looks like a bad job of spray painting).
Prowriter: 120 cps. 80 columns dot matrix compressable to 136. 10" carriage. Parallel oi serial interface.
Prowriter 2: Same as Prowriter, except 15" carriage allows full 136 columns in normal print mode.
Parallel ot serial interface.
PROWRTirER
THE STAR.
The Starwriter F-10. In short (ot more precisely, in a sleek 6 high. 30 pound unit), it gives you more
of just j hoi it everything except bulk and noise than any othei punt ei in its price range. It's a 40 cps letter quality
daisy-wheel with a bunch of built in functions to simplify and speed up word processing.
It plugs into almost any micro on the market, serial or parallel.
SfcRWWTOHO
THE MASTER.
The Printmaster F-10. Does .ill the same good stuff .is the Starwriter except, at 55 cps, the Mastei does it taster
PRNTMASTKF-10
225 ih Stn et, <
i 'all toll • • • n \4assai .. cc 1? 828 815 l \ 951 ! 24
CIRCLE ^99 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Mighty minicomputer maker DEC leaps into
the personal computer market with both feet.
Digital Equipment Corporation
Rainbow 1
'
creotfue
computing
eunluotion
David H. Ahl
V
■#*
It was with mixed feelings that I
boarded the 7:00 a.m. People Express
flight to Boston. I was looking forward to
returning to DEC, my employer from 1970
to 1974. I hoped to see some familiar
faces and perhaps review some old mem-
ories. On the other hand, my main mission
was to do an in-depth evaluation of the
Rainbow 100 Personal Computer. Could
I do an adequate job?
For the past few years I have been
lulled into a sense of complacency by
using the same few computers to meet
most of my needs. In my office I have a
TRS-80 Model III which I use mainly for
word processing with Electric Pencil and
financial chores with VisiCalc. At home I
have an Apple on which I run mostly
VisiPlot, Executive Briefing System and
games. My kids have a TRS-80 Color
Computer on which they are learning to
program. At Creative Computing we have
one or two of nearly everything else —
Atari, IBM, Vic-20, Pet, Sinclair, NEC,
and a bevy of S-100 CP/M systems.
However, with the exception of occa-
sional use of an Altair 8800 (later hatched
into an IMSAI) some three years ago, I
have rarely touched CP/M — not that I
was ever an expert on it. Hence, my
trepidation facing a sophisticated new
computer boasting CP/M as its operating
system.
The weather in Boston did nothing to
calm my stomach. Torrential rain and
strong gusts of wind buffetted my rented
Datsun as I drove out to the new Mt.
Royal (Marlboro) facility into which DEC
had moved their Terminals and Personal
Computer Groups just a few months
earlier.
Pete Sanborn, manager of marketing
communications for the new Personal
Computer Group greeted me and showed
me to the demonstration room. A light,
airy room as big as any three offices at
Creative was the home for four lonely-
looking computers. The room is normally
very busy with demonstrations, but I was
fortunate to be visiting during Comdex
and few demonstrations were scheduled.
Thus, I nearly had the place to myself.
/■
This was a mixed blessing. For an hour
or more, Pete searched in vain for some-
one who could show me how the system
worked. "Never mind," said I. "I don't
want a canned demo. Just give me a
manual and let me learn it on my own."
Unfortunately, that was even more
difficult. As Bob Montemerlo, product
marketing manager, explained to me
Rainbow 100 uses
both an 8-bit Z80
and a 76- bit 8088
with shared memory,
disks and I/O.
later, the system is still in "final develop-
ment." This means that the "firmware" or
the ROMs containing the system software
are still being changed and modified, a
process that will continue right up until
volume shipments begin in October.
This isn't as bad as it sounds. The
current system works fine and is
apparently bug free, but the software
engineers are trying to wring the maxi-
mum performance from it. The bad news
for me, however, was that virtually no
documentation currently existed, and the
little that did was in extremely preliminary
form.
The DEC Heritage
While Pete was searching for the "right"
people, I had the opportunity to speak
with Andy Knowles, vice president group
manager— whatever that means! It is a
bit more pretentious title than Andy had
when I worked for him some 12 years
ago. In those days, the whole company fit
into the old woolen mill in Maynard, but
that's a story for another time.
In any event, Andy has the overall
responsibility for the new personal com-
puters at DEC. When asked why DEC
hadn't entered the market earlier, Andy
said it was simply a matter of the technol-
ogy not having "come together" to permit
volume production of high quality systems
with all the desired features.
Also, DEC has a history of producing
as much as possible of their systems in-
house. When entering a new technology,
they occasionally buy components or
peripherals outside, but by the time vol-
ume production is reached, DEC is
usually producing the item(s). Andy was
proud that virtually all the components of
the personal computers are produced in-
house, and he seemed almost apologetic
that Winchester disk drives were being
furnished by Seagate.
DEC is entering the personal computer
market with a rather different philosophy
than practically any other vendor includ-
ing IBM. From a hardware standpoint,
DEC makes more peripherals and com-
ponents internally than any microcom-
puter manufacturer.
A printer rolls off a DEC assembly line
every 45 seconds, a CRT every minute.
Make no mistake about it, this is high
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
11
Rainbow 100 continued...
volume production! Hence, DEC has little
need for other hardware or peripheral
manufacturers, even on an OEM basis, in
order to offer complete systems. Even
giant IBM was forced to purchase printers
from Epson on an OEM basis and, to this
day, does not offer a letter-quality printer.
DEC, on the other hand, was able to offer
three printers when the systems were first
announced.
■ aaaiiiiiaiiii
bsbbbbbbbbbbbb
MiaeaeaieiiiBi
nasi
BB91
Photo 2. The low-profile keyboard is a long 21 inches because of the control keys
(center) and numeric keypad (right).
Four DEC personal
computers share the
same skin, but
underneath they
are quite different
Brief digression: Although this is a
review of the Rainbow 100, 1 occasionally
speak of systems (with an "s"). In fact,
DEC announced four personal com-
puters, the Rainbow 100, Decmate II,
Professional 325 and 350. I hesitate to
call them a family. While they all use the
same keyboard, CRT and system unit/
disk housing, under the skin they are quite
different. The Rainbow 100 uses two
microprocessors (an 8088 and Z80), the
Decmate II uses a 6120 (PDP-8 on a chip),
and the Professional series is built around
an Fll (PDP-11/23). Thus, while some
hardware and peripherals can be shared,
software is not compatible across the
different machines.
Ergonomic, Low-Profile Keyboard
The first thing that impressed me upon
seeing the IBM Personal Computer was
the ergonomic design, particularly the low
profile, separate keyboard, previously
available only on upper end terminals and
minicomputers. (Andy Knowles was quick
to point out that DEC had been offering a
detached keyboard for the past three
years with the VT-100 terminal.) The IBM
keyboard is nice, but in the DEC key-
board it has certainly met its match.
The low profile DEC keyboard unit
measures a long 21" x 6.75". It slants from
0.6" in height at the front to 2" at the
rear. The extra length is necessary to
hold at the far right a numeric keypad
which includes four program function
keys, three punctuation marks, and an
ENTER key. The program function keys
may be defined in software as numeric
operators, but don't have to be. In addi-
tion, between the alphabetic keyboard
and the numeric keypad is a set of ten
keys for cursor movement and word
processing manipulation. Only the cursor
control keys work with the Rainbow 100;
Photo 1. Andy Knowles and Rainbow 100. Sorry my Olympus was fooled by the
light from the windows at the right. But the computer came out well.
12
the others are for the larger systems.
Along the top row of the keyboard are
20 function keys above which is a remov-
able label strip beneath a hinged plexiglass
cover. In total, 36 keys are firmware or
software driven. In all, the keyboard has
103 keys. Their matte finish with dark-on-
light legends diminishes glare and insures
positive finger placement. Although the
DEC promotional literature boasts that
"proper arrangement of keys can help
eliminate errors," I found that the "extra"
key (with greater and less than symbols)
located between the SHIFT and Z at the
bottom left kept masquerading as the
SHIFT. As a result, before correction,
this paragraph, as did most of the others,
started " < along ..." I also found it
curious that the "5" on the numeric
keypad was not identified by a raised dot
for quick finger placement.
Other than those two minor glitches,
the keyboard is as near perfect as I have
seen. It is exactly the right height for
those who prefer the low-fatigue, palm-
on-table typing style and, indeed, meets
the European standard of having the
home row keys 30mm above the table
surface. The keys all provide excellent
tactile and aural feedback (a low-volume
keyclick reproduced by the self-contained
speaker).
The keyboard has its own 8-bit micro-
processor, 4K ROM and 256 bytes of
RAM. It connects to the CRT display
screen with a coiled 6' cable using tele-
phone-type modular connectors.
Display Screen
Upon seeing the CRT display screen, /
thought, "gee, that's small." However, it
is not the screen that is small— it is a
standard 12" diagonal CRT — but the
housing. The housing measures a dimin-
utive 11.5" high by 13.75" wide by 12.25"
deep. Most other housings are 25% larger.
A balancing leg on the bottom of the
housing allows it to be tilted from 25
degrees back to 5 degrees forward (for
use on an overhead shelf perhaps?).
Normal display mode is white char-
acters on a black background. Yes, black.
None of this light green on dark green or
yellow on black. A reverse mode will
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
A GALAXY of features makes the
remarkable computer. As you explore the
LNW80, you will find the most complete,
powerful, ready to run, feature-packed per-
sonal and business computer ever made into
one compact solid unit. * #
QUALITY CONSTRUCTION - Instrumenta
tion quality construction sets LNW80 com-
puters apart from all the rest. Integrated into
the sleek solid steel case of the LNW80 is a
professional 74-key expanded keyboard that
includes a twelve key numeric keypad.
HIG.H RES9LUTIONGRAPHICS&COLOR-
The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives you
total display control - in color or black and
white. The choice of display formats is yours;
80, 64, 40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in -
any combination of eight colors.
. PERFORMANCE - Lift-off with a 4MHz Z80A
CPU for twice the performance. The LNW80
outperforms all computers in its class.
MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LNW&O
fully hardware and software compatible with
the Model I. Select from a universe of hardware
accessories and software - from VisiCalc" to
space games, your LNW80 will launch you
into a new world of computing.
FULLY LOADED - A full payload includes £n
on-board single and double density disk
controller for 5 V and 8" single or double
sided disk drives. RS232C communications
port, cassette and parallel printer interfaces
are standard features and ready to go. All
memory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16K
graphics RAM and 12K ROM complete with
Microsoft BASIC.
Our down to earth price won't send you into
orbit
V Research Corp.
?6liO\VALNl I Tustin. CA. 056,80
(71 iWVtl SSf>0 tTUj :>M 5714
CIRCLE 202 ON READER SERVICE C
$
Monitor and DrsK dri\rt>s not Jr»Clud<
TM Personal So*tv ! nc*
Rainbow 100 continued...
by a 60-image-per-second refresh rate; I
must confess that I could not see any
difference between this display and the
Model III or IBM. Normally, 80 char-
acters by 24 lines are displayed, however,
it is possible to select (in software) a 132-
column width. While this is useful for
looking at, say, 12 months of a spread-
sheet, the 5x9 pixel characters used in
this mode are tiring to view for long
±
: *
"»
Photo 3. The screen has a matte black finish with white type.
display black on white. The surface of
the screen is covered with a non-glare
finish. While it needed an occasional
wiping, the absence of glare was almost
uncanny; I found myself wanting to touch
it to reassure myself that it was really
glass. However, it is highly susceptible to
oily finger prints which destroy the non-
glare property and are exceptionally
annoying until wiped off.
The display generates 7x9 pixel char-
acters including a two pixel descender for
g, j, p, q, and y. Screen flicker is reduced
periods. Nevertheless, it is valuable to be
able to preview the entire 14" line printer
width.
Other software-selectable features
include a split screen capability which
allows portions of the 24-line screen to be
scrolled separately for menu selections,
messages or prompts. The Select word
processing package (covered later) holds
three lines of prompts at the top of the
screen while 21 lines at the bottom hold
the scrolling text.
Also available are full- and split-screen
INTERRUPT
Z80
2KB
DEDICATED
RANDOM
ACCESS
MEMORY
RX50
DISKETTE
INTERFACE
SHARED
64KB
RANDOM
ACCESS
MEMORY
24 KB READ
ONLY MEMORY
OPTIONAL
64KB, 128KB, OR
192 KB RANDOM
ACCESS MEMORY
24 x 80/132
VIDEO DISPLAY
4KB
ATTRIBUTE
RAM
4KB
SCREEN
RAM
8
BIT
DATA
BUS
\
INTEL 8088
KEYBOARD
COMMUNICATIONS
PRINTER PORT
COLOR/GRAPHICS
OPTION
EXTENDED
CAPABILITIES OPTION
Figure 1. Rainbow 100 System Block Diagram.
14
horizontal and vertical scrolling. Double-
height lines and double-width characters
let one add emphasis to sections of text.
Or, for even more emphasis, bold, blink-
ing, reverse-video and underline are avail-
able.
The standard Rainbow 100 includes
monochrome (B&W) "character cell"
video. For some extra dollars, it can be
converted to a bit-map display for either
monochrome or color output. This
optional mode supports 16 colors simul-
taneously in the low resolution mode of
320 x 240 pixels or four colors from a
palette of eight in the high-resolution
mode of 800 x 240 pixels. Color is via an
RGB output (three separate outputs for
red, green and blue) rather than NTSC
composite video.
System Unit and Disk Drives
The system unit contains the micropro-
cessors and logic circuitry, power supply,
disk drives, and slots for adding optional
devices. The unit is designed to be posi-
tioned either horizontally on the floor or
vertically on a desk or shelf. The unit is
relatively large, measuring 19" wide
(shades of the rack mount days) by 15"
deep by 6" high (assuming vertical
mounting).
The disk drives are unique. Looking
like no others, each drive accomodates
two single sided 5 1/4" diskettes on a
single spindle. Each disk stores 409.6K
bytes. With two disks on each drive, this
gives a total of 819K bytes of storage per
drive, considerably more than any other
currently-available small computer. Con-
trast this to the IBM Personal Computer,
for example, which stores only 160K bytes
per drive; the Rainbow stores five times
as much!
Each system unit can accomodate two
drives (four disks). For those concerned
with specifications, here they are: single
sided, 96 tracks per inch, 80 tracks used
for storage, 10 sectors per track, 512 bytes
per sector, 300 revolutions per minute.
The Rainbow 100 contains two micro-
processors, an 8-bit Z80 and a 16-bit 8088.
The two processors divide system
function— disk operations are controlled
by the Z80, while the display, keyboard,
I/O port and options are controlled by
the 8088. Both processors share 64K bytes
of main memory. This may be expanded
to 128 or 256K bytes. (See Figure 1).
To take advantage of the dual pro-
cessors, DEC created a hybrid 8-bit CP/M
80 and 16-bit CP/M 86 operating system
called CP/M 86/80. This system features
a capability called "soft sense"which
allows CP/M 80 and CP/M 86 application
programs to run on the Rainbow 100
without operator intervention. The CP/M
86/80 operating system automatically
determines if the application is an 8-bit or
16-bit program and executes the instruc-
tions with the appropriate processor and
operating system.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
You havenl lived until youve died in space
And here's your chance.
Software author Peter Fokos has created Alien
Ambush, a space age nightmare. This hi-res, full-color
arcade game is written completely in assembly
language to give those nasty aliens every advantage.
So if you have access to a 48K Apple* with DOS
3.3, and you're hot for some new thrills, Alien Ambush
was written for you. But be warned: It just got a lot
tougher to survive in space.
Available at finer computer stores everywhere. *Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Distributed exclusively by Micro D, 17406 Mt. Cliffwood Circle, Fountain Valley, CA 92708 (714) 540-4781
CIRCLE 211 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Introducing Spinnaker.
We mate learning fun.
TROOPS
© Spinnaker Software Corp , Cambridge, MA 1982
At Spinnaker Software, we make edu-
cational games that are actually fun.
Because they're fun, your children will
use them. Instead of letting them collect
dust in the basement
And because your children use them,
they'll be learning. And after all, isn't that
what educational games are all about?
Our games are educational, because
you can't kid parents.
As a parent you're probably very con-
cerned with how much time your kids
spend playing mindless video games.
Sure, they're fun. But they don't do
much more than develop reflexes and
hand-eye coordination. 5pinnaker
games are different
All our games have true
educational value. They
help develop a child's
learning skills. And that's
something your kids can
take with them wherever
they go.
Our games are fun,
because you can't kid kids.
Kids like Spinnaker games for the
same reasons they like roller coasters,
going to the beach and ice cream
sundaes.
They're fun. tots of fun. So much fun
your kids will probably forget they're
learning.
Our games make the computer
screen come to life. With colorful graph-
ics, animation and sound.
And they're easy to use. In fact a lot
of our games are easy enough for kids
who've never even used a computer
before.
How do we make our games both
educational and fun?
We're glad you asked.
Educators and game programmers
write our software.
Educators, because they've been in
the classroom and know how children
learn. And what it takes to keep their
interest
Game programmers, because they
know how to have fun with computers.
These programmers give our games the
high resolution graphics, animation and
sound that make them so entertaining.
And right now, we're introducing four
new games that can be played on the
most popular computers, Apple,® Atari,®
and IBM*
Eirst there's EACEMAKER. It's for
young computer users, kids ages 4-8.
EACEMAKER helps children improve
memory and concentration and provides
familiarity with the computer.
Another game for young
users is 5TORY MACHINE.
This game lets children
ages 5-9 write their own
stories and see them
acted out on the screen.
STORY MACHINE helps
children learn to write
correctly and acquaints
them with the keyboard.
Our SNOOPER TROOP5™
detective series gives your child mys-
teries to solve. As a 5nooper Trooper,
your child will have to do some daring
detective work, including crawling
through dark houses and talking to mys-
terious agents.
Designed for kids ages 10 and older,
SNOOPER TROOP5 helps children learn
to take notes, draw maps, classify infor-
mation, and develops vocabulary and
reasoning skills.
All four games are available in stores
today.
With Spinnaker products, you can rest
easy knowing your children are spend-
ing their time wisely.
5o ask your retailer about the growing
line of Spinnaker games.
Because one of the smartest
things parents can do is help their chil-
dren learn.
We make learning fun.
Apple. IBM and Atari are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc . International Business Machines Corp and Atari, "nc respectively
Rainbow 100 continued...
Rainbow 100 has a built-in asynchro-
nous/byte synchronous communications
port that supports speeds up to 9600 baud
with modem control. It is also equipped
with a serial RS-232C printer port with
programmable baud rates, parity bits, etc.
for supporting a wide variety of printers
as well as the three printers offered by
DEC.
Optional Winchester Disk
The optional Winchester disk is housed
in a separate cabinet and provides an
additional five megabytes of fast-access,
auxiliary memory. The system consists of
a 5 1/4" formatted disk.
Average access time with the Win-
chester Disk is 95 msec and transfer rate
is 5 Mbits/sec compared to 290 msec and
250K b/s for the floppy disk system. Thus
access time is three times as fast and
transfer rate is 20 times as fast, a notice-
able difference.
We are told that because of the sealed
head/disk assembly, the drive requires no
preventive maintenance or adjustments.
Furthermore, the Winchester subsystem
has firmware diagnostics that test and
verify that all components of the system
are working during power-up. These
diagnostics also provide continuous error
checking during normal operation.
The Rainbow 100 requires the extended
communications option which contains a
high-speed disk interface port to use the
Winchester disk option. This communi-
cations option also contains an additional
communications port.
Three Printers
DEC offers a choice of three printers
with the Rainbow 100: the LA50 Personal
Printer, the Letterprinter 100, and the
LQP02 Letter-Quality Printer.
Each printer can accomodate a variety
of papers: single sheet (such as letter-
head), fanfold continuous paper, multi-
part forms, roll paper and labels. Each
printer also contains internal diagnostic
tests that are performed automatically on
power-up. Also, all three have a local-
mode self-test.
The LA50 is a dot-matrix printer with
two print modes: text mode and enhanced
print mode. In text mode it prints at 100
characters/second. The enhanced mode
prints at 50 char/sec and creates a crisper,
more uniform character than text mode.
The seven-wire printhead allows for
underlines and full descenders. The LA50
also prints double-width characters.
In addition, the LA50 prints bit-map
graphics at 144 x 72 dots per inch. These
dots are printed exactly as the pixels are
displayed on the screen.
The LA50 can be set to three character-
per-inch spacings: 10, 12 or 16.5. Also,
lines-per-inch can be set to 6, 8 or 12.
Maximum paper width is 10" although
with the compressed character spacing,
132 characters can be printed (in 8").
Normal print width is 80 or 96 columns.
The Letterprinter 100 is a highly versa-
tile dot matrix printer with three user-
selectable or program-selectable print
speeds for different quality output.
For rough drafts, internal memos or
data processing, 240 characters per
second produces good, clear text and
numbers. The 8-character-per-second
mode uses a denser dot pattern for each
character and provides higher definition.
In the 30-character-per-second corre-
spondence mode, the printer overlaps two
sets of dots and produces letter quality
text.
The Letterprinter 100 can be placed in
graphics mode at any point under soft-
ware control; this allows the mixing of
text and graphics on the same page. In
graphics mode it prints 133 x 72 dots per
inch.
For maximum creativity in designing a
document, you can specify characters per
inch (5, 6, 6.6, 8.25, 10, 12, 13.2, or 16.5),
lines per inch (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12) as well
as margins, tabs and form length. These
parameters can be stored in the non-
volatile memory of the Letterprinter 100.
A neat feature of Letterprinter 100 is
its ability to handle up to five internal
character fonts. Courier-10 and Orator-
io are built into all printers. Three addi-
tional fonts can be field installed (they
are on ROM chips) or you can get addi-
tional fonts on plug-in cartridges. The
fonts can be changed any time during
printing.
Thus by combining different fonts with
expanded/compressed character widths
and graphics printing— even on a single
line— you can be very creative indeed.
However, as I remarked in my review of
Lotus EBS, combining too many type
styles and shapes on a single sheet (or
slide) does not generally lead to a visually
pleasing image. On the other hand, having
this exceptional versatility available on
the Letterprinter 100 means that you can
select just the right style for virtually any
document. An example of the fonts and
O 2 4 O C P- S E« A X A F- R I M T X M G
O
o
3 O
MKMO
PRINTING
TT
PRINTING
O H I O H S P E E D G R A F* H I C S
K> e r s a tile
Versatile
P* t- i. b~b Hb ± tr* ^"H
P R I N X I N
Ver^sii le Printing
Versatile
Versatile Pr i i\it" i inicb
Versati le Printing
Versatile Printing
Uersatile Printing
Versatile Printing
EQSBQSO
GENERAL
VERBAL ABILITY
90
60 70 "^^i a 20
/w 80 10
ABILITY TO COMPREHEND
SCIENTIFIC MATERIAL
Figure 2. Print and graphics from Letterprinter 100.
1 8 November 1 982 ° Creative Computing
*************************************************************
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Space Quarks (D) $20.95
Apple Panic (D) $20.95
Alien Typhoon (D) $17.95
Alien Rain "Galaxian" (D) $17.95
CALIFORNIA PACIFIC
Apple-Oids(D) $20.95
Akalabeth(D) $24.95
Ultima (D) $28.95
CAVALIER COMPUTER
Bug Attack (D) $20.95
The Asteroid Field (D) $17.95
Microwave (D) $24.95
Star Thief (D) $20.95
CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE
CPA#1 -General Ledger (D) . $187.95
CPA#2 - Accounts Rec. (D) ... $187.95
CPA#3 - Accounts Pay. (D) ... $187.95
CPA#4 - Payroll (D) $187.95
CPA#5 - Property Mgt. (D) .... $369.95
The Home Accountant (D) $52.95
The Home Money Minder (D) . $24.95
The Mailroom (D) $24.95
DATAMOST
Tax Beater(D) $95.95
Real Estate Anal. Prog. (D) .... $95.95
Snack Attack (D) $20.95
County Fair(D) $20.95
Swashbuckler (D) $24.95
Thief (D) $20.95
EDU WARE
Compu-Math/Arith. Skill (D) ... $36.95
Compu-Math Frac. (D) $28.95
Compu-Math Dec. (D) $28.95
Spelling Bee W/Read (D) $28.95
Algebra I (D) $28.95
The Prisoner (D) $20.95
Rendevous(D) $28.95
GEBELLI
Russki Duck(D) $24.95
Horizon V(D) $24.95
Zenith (D) $24.95
HAYDEN SOFTWARE
Sargon II (D) $24.95
Reversal (D) $24.95
D = DISK C = CASSETTE
R = ROM (CARTRIDGE)
COSMIC
COMPUTERS
HIGHLANDS COMPUTER
E-Z Ledger (D) $43.95
Oldorf's Revenge (D) $14.95
Creature Venture (D) $17.95
Tarturian(D) $17.95
HOWARD SOFTWARE
Tax Preparer 1982(D) $114.95
Creative Financing (D) $134.95
Calif. State Tax Preparer (D) .. $55.95
NY/NJ State Tax Preparer (D) $55.95
INFOCOM
Zork I (D) $28.95
Zork II (D) $28.95
INNOVATIVE DESIGN
Pool 1.5(D) $24.95
Trick Shot (D) $28.95
Juggler(D) $20.95
IUS
Profes. Easy Writer (D) $133.95
Profes. Easy Mailer (D) $1 14.95
Datadex(D) $114.95
MICRO LAB
Data Factory 5.0 (D) $224.95
The Tax Manager (D) $112.95
Visifactory(D) $55.95
Visiblend(D) $36.95
The Merger (D) $36.95
US Constitution Tutor (D) $20.95
MUSE
ABM (D) $17.95
Robot War(D) $28.95
Castle Wolfenstein(D) $20.95
Super Text II (D) $107.95
ONLINE
HI RES Mission Asteroids (D) .. $14.95
HI RES Mystery House (D) $17.95
HI RES Wiz& Princess (D) $23.95
HI RES Ulysess (D) $24.95
HI RES Soccer (D) $20.95
Crossfire (D) $20.95
Mousekattack(D) $24.95
Threshold (D) $28.95
Pegasus II (D) $20.95
Frogger(D) $24.95
Screenwriter II (D) $97.95
The General Manager (D) $1 14.95
PICCADILLY
Falcons (D) $20.95
Star Blaster (D) $20.95
Ribbit(D) $20.95
Warp Destroyer (D) $20.95
SIRIUS SOFTWARE
Gorgon (D) $28.95
Sneakers (D) $20.95
Epoch (D) $24.95
Beer Run (D) $20.95
Snake Byte(D) $20.95
Cyclod(D) $20.95
Bandits (D) $24.95
SIR-TECH
Galactic Attack (D) $20.95
Wizardry (D) $36.95
SOF/SYS INC.
Executive Secretary (D) $178.95
Executive Speller (D) $55.95
SOFTWARE PUBLISHING CORP.
PFS: Report Sys. (D) $71.95
PFS: Filing Sys. (D) $94.95
PFS: Graph (D) $94.95
STC
Apartment Manager (D) $243.95
STONEWARE PRODUCTS
D.B. Master (D) $174.95
D.B. Master Util. #1 (D) $74.95
Micro Memo(D) $28.95
STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS
Computer Baseball (D) $28.95
Computer Air Combat (D) $43.95
Napoleons Campaign (D) $43.95
Pursuit of Graft Spee (D) $43.95
VISICORP
Visicalc 3.3(D) $176.95
Visifile(D) $176.95
Visischedule(D) $213.95
Visitrend/Plot(D) $213.95
Visidex(D) $176.95
Visiterm(D) $74.95
Desktop Plan II (D) $176.95
ATARI
PERCOM
D/D DISK DRV
$589.00
HARDWARE
• 800 COMPUTER (16K) $629.00
800 COMPUTER (48K) $718.00
400 COMPUTER (16K) $265.00
410 PROGRAM RECORDER ... $74.00
810 DISK DRIVE $429.00
* NEC 8023A-C PRINTER $475.00
AXIOM GP-1 00 PTR $299.95
ENTERTAINER $66.95
EDUCATOR $114.95
PROGRAMMER $52.00
COMMUNICATOR $299.00
♦ BOOKKEEPER (KIT) $169.95
AXIOM IMP-4 PTR $489.95
32K RAM (INTEC) $89.95
32K RAM (MICROTEK) . $99.95
32K RAM (MOSAIC) .... $118.95
48K RAM (INTEC) $189.95
128KRAMDISK . ... $425.00
SOFTWARE FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND EDUCATION
ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL
Adventures 1 , 2 & 3 (D) $28.95
Adventures 4, 5 & 6 (D) $28.95
Adventures 7, 8 & 9 (D) $28.95
Adventures 10, 11 & 12(D) $28.95
Star Trek 3.5(D) $17.95
Rear Guard (D) $17.95
Adventures 1-12 Each (C) $14.95
Preppie(C/D) $20.95
War(D) $18.95
Commbat(D) $18.95
APX
Eastern Front 1941 (C/D) $22.95
Extended Fig-Forth (C) $29.95
Avalanche (C) $16.95
Outlaw/Howitzer (C) $16.95
ATARI INCORPORATED
Microsoft Basic (D) $65.95
Macro Assem. & Editor (D) $65.95
Assembler Editor(R) $44.95
Basic Cartridge (R) $44.95
Pac Man(R) $32.95
Centipede (R) $32.95
Caverns of Mars (D) $28.95
Missile Command (R) $26.95
Star Raiders (R) $32.95
Asteroids (R) $26.95
Conversational Lang. Ea. (C) . $43.95
Music Composer (R) $30.95
Super Breakout (R) $26.95
Computer Chess (R) $26.95
My First Alphabet (D) $25.50
AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS
Invasion Orion (C/D) $17.95
Rescue At Rigel (C/D) $20.95
Crush Crumble &Ch. (C/D) ....$20.95
Temple of Apshai (C/D) $28.95
Ricochet (C/D) $14.95
Star Warrior (C/D) $28.95
Datestones of Ryn (C/D) $14.95
Dragon's Eye(D) $20.95
AVALON HILL
Empire of Overmind (D) $24.95
Dnieper River Line (D) $20.95
Voyager(D) $17.95
Galaxy (D) $17.95
B-1 Nuclear Bomber (C) $11.95
Lords of Karma (C) $14.95
Guns of Fort Defiance (C) $14.95
Computer Stocks & Bonds (D) $15.95
BRODERBUND SOFTWARE
Apple Panic (D) $20.95
Star Blazer (D) $22.95
Choplifter(D) $25.95
Davids Midnight Magic (D) .... $24.95
DATA SOFT
Canyon Climber (D) $20.95
Pacific Coast Hwy (D) $20.95
Clowns & Balloons (D) $20.95
EDU WARE
Compu-Read (D) $20.95
Compu-Math Frac. (D) $28.95
Compu-Math Dec. (D) $28.95
Compu-Read (C) $14.95
INFOCOM
Zork I (D) $28.95
Zork II (D) $28.95
Deadline(D) $35.95
IN-HOME SOFTWARE
Crypts of Terror (D) $24.95
Alien Swarm (D) $24.95
Intruder (D) $24.95
LJK
Letter Perfect (D) $108.95
Mail Merge/Utility (D) $20.95
Data Perfect (D) $78.95
ONLINE
HI RES Wiz& Princess (D) $23.95
HI RES Mission Asteroids (D) .. $17.95
Crossfire (C/D) $20.95
Mousekattack(D) $24.95
Jawbreaker (C/D) $20.95
Frogger(C/D) $24.95
Threshold (D) $28.95
Ultima I (D) $28.95
Ultima II (D) $43.95
QUALITY SOFTWARE
Ali Baba & 40 Thieves (D) $23.95
QS Forth (D) $58.95
Starbase Hyperion (D) $16.95
Fastgammon(C) $14.95
STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS
The Shattered Alliance (D) $28.95
Tigers In The Snow (C/D) $28.95
Battle of Shiloh (C/D) $28.95
SYNAPSE SOFTWARE
Protector (C/D) $20.95
Shamus(C/D) $21.95
Nautilus (C/D) $20.95
File Manager 800 (D) $72.95
SYNCRO
Alien Hell (D) $14.95
Maze of Death (D) $14.95
MarTesoro(D) $17.95
USA
3-D Supergraphics (C/D) $28.95
Survival Adventure (C/D) $17.95
Atari World (D) $43.95
MISCELLANEOUS SOFTWARE
Gorf (D) $29.95
Master Type (D) $25.95
K-razy Shootout (R) $35.95
Pool 1.5(D) $24.95
Pool 400 (R) $29.95
Sneakers (D) $21.95
Space Eggs (D) $21 .95
Wizard of Wor (D) $29.95
Word Race(D) $18.97
Visicalc (D) $176.95
UNLIMITED
THE ABOVE PRICES ARE FOR PREPAID ORDERS
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG: INDICATE APPLE OR ATARI
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M0N-SAT 8 am - 9 pm
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Add $2.00 Shipping per software order. Hardware
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Rainbow 100 continued...
Photo 4. Letterprinter 100.
styles that can be printed under program
control is shown in Figure 2.
The LQP02 is a daisy wheel printer with
a print speed of 32 characters per second.
With a built-in 256 character buffer it has
bidirectional printing capability and can
operate at baud rates of up to 9600.
To produce bold characters, the LQP02
uses a technique called "shadow holding"
in which characters are struck twice as in
normal bold print. But unlike normal
holding, the second strike is slightly offset
from the first. This makes the bold print
more visible.
Characters per inch are software select-
able (10 or 12) as are lines per inch (2, 3,
4, 6 or 8). Margins, tabs and form length
also can be software controlled.
Maximum print width is 13.5" on 15"
paper. With an optional forms tractor,
the LQP02 can handle fanfold paper.
CP/M 86/80
According to the DEC Guide to Per-
sonal Computing, "CP/M— Control Pro-
gram for Microcomputers— is character-
ized as a single-task, diskette-based oper-
ating environment that is well-suited to
low-cost personal computer hardware.
CP/M was one of the first disk operating
systems not designed for a particular com-
puter."
"CP/M provides basic computer ser-
vices. It is perhaps best known for its
simple and reliable file system used with
diskettes. It has been improved and
rewritten over the years as faster, more
reliable disk drives were introduced." New
versions have also been written to take
advantage of new 16-bit microprocessors.
The Guide continues, "The widespread
acceptance of CP/M has resulted in
numerous software vendors offering thou-
sands of ready-to-run CP/M application
programs." Very true. Every issue of
Microsystems, a magazine devoted to
CP/M, is filled with descriptions of new
applications and utility software for the
system.
But bear in mind, at the moment this
vast library of CP/M packages cannot
simply be purchased from a local com-
puter store, popped into a Rainbow 100,
and run. A large portion of the CP/M
software is available only on 8" disks.
Much that is on 5 1/4" disks has had
subtle modifications added so that it runs
on a specific system, a NorthStar for
instance. As soon as Rainbow 100 systems
start to be shipped in volume, there no
doubt will be scores of software vendors
converting existing CP/M software pack-
ages and writing new ones specifically for
the Rainbow.
DEC has started a software program
which will evaluate, rate and, in some
cases market software from third-party
vendors. The lowest category is "Digital-
Tested." This means that DEC has
checked all the details of the package
and found it will run as specified in the
documentation. It has no known "bugs"
and meets DECs criteria for installation,
ease of use, and performance consis-
tency.
The second category is "Digital-
Serviced." This is the same as "Digital-
Tested" but also meets the serviceability
criteria set by the DEC Software Service
organization. Service contracts will be
offered on software in this category.
"Digital-Developed" is the seal applied
to DECs own software products, although
in some cases these products have been
developed by outside organizations. The
following packages are in this third cate-
gory.
Word Processing Program
Before describing the word processing
program, it is important to "set the stage."
Andy Knowles and Barry Folsom, Rain-
bow product manager, emphasized that
the Rainbow WP package is aimed at
managers and occasional users who need
to prepare memos, letters, and reports.
For heavier WP users, they strongly
recommend the DECmate II system
which runs DECs time-tested WPS Word
Processing System. That said, let's look
at the Select WP package for the Rainbow
100.
this review, we shall simply call it
"Select."
Select is a menu-driven system. After
loading, the main menu appears on the
screen (see Figure 3). Page 6 of the
manual emphasizes, "The best way to
learn Select is to put the manual down
now! Type "T" for Teach and take the
Select tutorial."
That is exactly what I did. It took me
about 90 minutes to work through the
tutorial which combines a friendly tutorial
style with plenty of hands-on practice.
Each command is fully described and
illustrated on the screen. An example is
then presented. This is followed by a
practice problem with prompting so it is
nearly impossible to go wrong. Finally, a
second practice problem is presented with
no hints or prompting (except what would
normally appear on the screen). At the
end of each command, the program asks
if you would like a review or if you wish
to go on.
Text is created by entering Edit mode.
From this mode, 21 commands can be
invoked (see Figure 4). To create text,
you simply select Insert and start typing.
In Insert mode, only the backwards cursor
key is operational; it is used for erasing.
If you make a mistake, you may erase
back to it and continue typing from that
point. On the other hand, if you notice an
error three or four lines earlier, it is
generally best to finish the current sen-
tence or paragraph, press Escape (to store
your text in memory), and enter one of
the correction modes.
Let's consider an example. In the para-
graph above, I mistyped "correction" as
"corecting." To correct this, I pressed
ESC at the end of the paragraph. The
message flashed on the screen:
"Justification taking place, please wait."
This process took about four seconds to
justify the text and two seconds to rewrite
the screen. I then positioned the cursor
over the e, typed I (for insert), typed the
missing letter r, and ESCAPE. Another
Photo 5. System unit is in vertical cabinet
the right Normally, it would be pushed
back.
Select Information Systems, Inc. of
Kentfield, CA has been marketing a word
processing system for CP/M, MP/M and
CDOS systems for several years. It is a
comprehensive system which requires at
least two disk drives, an 80-character
screen and 48K or more memory. For
20
November 19B2° Creative Computing
The Official
Imd
^m^m ^^^
T\
rv
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FROGG6R runs on any 48K nPPl€ II with
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ond o Diskdrive , 1 6K and cassette.
Frogger is ovoiloble for $34.95 at yoi
local computer store or order
' directly from . . .
Rll orders bu VISA, Mastercard, check, or COD. ftdd one dollar
shipping. California residents please include 6% sales tax.
tervux
® and tm designate trademarks of
Sega Enterprises, Inc.
© 1981 Sega Enterprises r
mUOGt RANCH FtOAD COARSEGOLD CA B3S14
TLX 9103G25O25 2G%GS3 GSSS
CIRCLE 238 ON R£ApE* S£RVICfe CARD_
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The Ultimate Experience in Alien Invasion . . . .
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t'-
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UDER
available now
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11/ II Plus with DOS 3.2 or 3.3 and is
on disk from your local computer store or order
N-LINE s Y sfems
ARD
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Add $1.00 for Shipping
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Rainbow 100 continued...
five-second delay to justify and rewrite
the screen. I then moved the cursor over
the n, typed X (for exchange), typed the
correct letters (on), and ESCAPE. Since
justification need not be done after an
exchange operation, the software was
immediately ready to proceed.
This process is, of course, quite differ-
ent from that used by the memory
mapped word processing systems avail-
able on most microcomputers. Select does
not move letters, words and paragraphs
around as changes are made. Rather, such
movement is done only when the
ESCAPE key is pressed. Personally, I
found it awkward to get used to Select
after years of using Electric Pencil and
Scripsit. However, this article is testimony
to my having learned it since it was
written entirely in Select on a Rainbow
100.
Print formatting commands must be
imbedded in the text. Note, I did not say
"may be." On the other hand, most for-
matting commands are set using a menu
(see Figure 5), which automatically inserts
them at the beginning of the text when
ESCAPE is pressed. Other formatting
commands such as a short dash to begin
or end underline or a caret to designate
boldface must be inserted in the text at
the appropriate point.
Select has all the expected features of
a modern personal computer word pro-
cessing package such as headers, footers,
page numbering, merging blocks of text
or entire documents, justification and the
like. However, it has two important fea-
tures rarely found in small systems:
Teach and Spell.
As I mentioned earlier, I learned to use
Select in about 90 minutes using the
Teach tutorial. While this is valuable in
getting started, it is especially useful to
the infrequent user of the system. Even
after using Electric Pencil for 51/2 years,
if I haven't written anything for a week or
two, I frequently find myself leafing
through the manual to find a particular
format command. With Select, I could
merely "turn to" Teach and review the
operation of a little used command to
refresh my memory as to its operation.
An even shorter form of Teach is "Help"
which contains a short description and
example of each command and can be
called while creating or editing a docu-
ment without destroying anything.
Spell is a part of the Select package
which automatically proofreads a docu-
ment against a dictionary of 9346 words
on the Select disk along with any others
you might wish to add. The system iden-
tifies words which it thinks might be in
error, displays each one, and asks if you
wish to correct it or ignore it (say a
deliberate misspelling or a trade name
which is similar to a real word). I did not
Create
Edit
Delete
View
List
Naae
Print
Spell
Teach
Merge
Help
Quit
Run
Alter
SELECT: Create Edit Delete View List Name Print Spell Teach Merg Help
to CREATE a new document
to EDIT or change a document
to DELETE a document
to get a scrolling VIEW of a document
to LIST all the documents in your directory
to assign a new NAME to a document
to PRINT a document
to check your SPELLING
to TEACH you to use SELECT
to MERGE a document with a mailing list
to HELP explain the commands
to QUIT your SELECT work session
to RUN a program outside SELECT
to place SELECT into program development mode
Figure 3. Main menu of Select offers 14 choices.
COMMAND LINE I:
>SELECT: Insert Erase Pointer Goto Locate Replace Display Quit Next
COMMAND LINE II:
>SELECT: Spell Format Append Verify Xchng Tab Next Help
COMMAND LINE III:
>SELECT; Move Copy Zap Output Write Justify Next
Figure 4. Twenty-one commands can be invoked from Edit mode.
lp Qui t Run I
use Spell extensively, so I do not feel that
I should pass judgment on it either way.
It seems useful.
After my document got quite long (10
plus pages), the system started to act a bit
flaky. I have no way of knowing whether
this was hardware or software. At the end
of a line when a long word is being typed,
the software moves the word to the
beginning of the following line, for exam-
ple the word "started" at the beginning of
this paragraph was moved when I typed
the letter "e." However, on the next line
the letters were altered and it became
"uvctvgf ." This did not happen every time,
perhaps one line in every 20 or 30. I
noted that it tended to occur more fre-
quently when I was typing quickly.
Multiplan Spreadsheet Package
Multiplan is a spreadsheet calculation
program similar to VisiCalc or SuperCalc.
Rather than describing the entire pack-
age, I will simply note some similarities
FORMAT> Enter command, then value, then (RET); (ESC) to exit
Top Margin 6
Left Margin 10
Indent Margin
Paper Length
66
Characters per inch
[10 or 12] 10
Number Pages
Bottom Margin 8
Right Margin 75
10
Spacing of Lines 1
Vertical lines per inch
[6 or 8] 6
Justify [Left or Center or Right or None] L
End current page [Yes] N
Automatic Return
Mark Pointer
Yes
Yes
Display Status Line Yes
On-Screen Justification Yes
Figure 5. Print formatting commands are selected from a menu.
24
November 1982 c Creative Computing
ValFORTH or Atari* 400 800 VALPAR 1
Professional Software for the Hobbyist | |VJ T ET Q |VJ AT I ^J |VJ J\ |_|
FORTH has been used for years by ATARI* and others in programming their arcade games. FORTH is fast, 1 5- 20
times faster than BASIC, and can make use of every capability for your computer. And it's no longer the province
of the professional programmer! With valFORTH and the additional packages described below, you can
create programs in an afternoon that would previously have taken weeks of hard work! V
WHAT-? YOU DONT ALREADY KNOW FORTH? V
Then take advantage of our special offer on Starting Forth by Leo Brodie. Widely acclaimed as the best \T
book available on the subject, this entertaining treatment of Forth will make you comfortable with this ^
exciting language quickly and easily. When you order Starting Forth, you get a free copy of our "Notes
for the valFORTH User." including references, by page, to Starting Forth.
These are the utilities developed by Valpar Internationals software
specialists and used to create our commercial software products.
L) NEW 1 By Popular Demand!
valDOS Now you can use your valFORTH system to read and write
normal Atari DOS Files created with valDOS or other sources. Also in-
cludes valDOS File Editor for creating and reading FORTH Source
Code without "screens ." (Not a general file editor )
(Over 25 pages of documentation Requires valFORTH.)
valFORTH
Package contains: fig-FORTH kernel with mathematical and stack op-
erations machine-coded for higher speed than normal fig-FORTH; line
editor AND screen editor, debugger, sound and graphics commands,
floating point, advanced 6502 assembler, diskcopiers, and much more!
(Over 110 pages of documentation)
GENERAL
JTWTJES AND
HIDED EDITOR
Utilities: 4 array types, 4 case types, text on graphics 8, extensive string
manipulation and keyboard input, STICK & PADDLE, randoms, bit
manipulation, and much, much more.
Editor: fasf, powerful, complete valFORTH screen editor 1 .1 . A profes-
sional-quality tool that makes editing a pleasure.
(Over 60 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)
■ruiuviirrfa
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.ayer-Missile: Create, move,
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rgtlii lETiEElBaTl ■cJINV.ltgfirai
player, multicolor players, etc. etc. All critical sections in machine code.
Character Editor: Compose character sets with joystick. Simultaneous
display of created characters. Make images for players and missiles.
Sound Editor: Simple independent control of all four voices (one joystick
per voice) and audio-control register. Create any single-setting sound
with graphical and tabular readout.
(Over 35 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)
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Call Toil-Free 800-528-7070 In Arizona call (602) 790-71 41
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For more information fast and a [4TH y IF HON K THEN]
bumpersticker. send 25c and a self-addressed, stamped envelope
DISPLAY FORMATTER
Fast, simple creation of all types of display lists, with automatic 4K
boundary jumping. Automatic or user controlled memory allocation, and
formatting for horizontal and vertical scrolling, and display list interrupts.
(Over 30 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)
tOUTIMiS
All graphics modes supported — even GTIA and "7 + ". Draw and fill
commands faster and smarter than Basic. Turn-toward" for "chasing"
and vanishing point effects; point labeling, etc. Also SIN, COS, ATN,
ATN2, etc. added to floating point.
(Over 35 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)
Text Compression and Aoto Text Formatting
A unique, two-part utility!
Text Compression allows the packing of text into much less space
than normally required. Useful for wordy Adventure games, "artificial
intelligence," etc.!
• Auto Text Formatting takes both normal and compressed text and
routes it to the video screen "windows."
(Over 20 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)
valFORTH alone requires 24K
valFORTH plus one or more packages requires 32K minimum
Memory requirements include 10-12K working space.
All products are now on non-protected disks.
Over 270 pages of detailed documentation!
valFORTH t $45.00
General Utilities and Video Editor 40.00
Player Missile Graphics, Character Editor, and Sound Editor 40.00
Display Formatter 35.00
Turtle and valGraphics and Floating Point Routines 45.00
Text Compression and Auto Text Formatting 35.00
Heavy-Duty Professional Binder (provided free when ordering
3 or more packages at one time) 13.0C
♦ Save $50.00*
With an order of all six packages above, you pay only $203.00.
Starting Forth (published at $1 5.95) 1 4.00
valDOS and valDOS File Editor $40.00
When ValForth and one or more additional packages are purchased and proof
of purchase of APX Forth is furnished, a $1 5.00 credit will be given.
Plus Shipping and Handling
VISA and MASTERCARD accepted
READER SERVICE CARD
Rainbow 100 continued...
and differences between Multiplan and
VisiCalc.
Multiplan is produced by Microsoft
Corp., Bellevue, WA and, on the Rainbow
100, offers a worksheet 255 rows long and
63 columns wide for words, numbers and
formulas. The biggest difference between
Multiplan and VisiCalc is the ability of
one Multiplan worksheet to reference
another. In other words, say one work-
sheet contains salary calculations consist-
ing of employee names, regular and over-
time hours, hourly rates and salaries,
deductions, taxes, etc. A second work-
sheet may be a summary of department
expenses. In this case, the second work-
sheet can reference just the final depart-
ment summary salary expenses from the
first without having to create an inter-
mediate file or re-enter the data.
Another difference between Multiplan
and VisiCalc is that Multiplan allows the
creation of up to eight windows within
the display area compared with two for
VisiCalc. While this may sound four times
as good, in three years of fairly heavy
usage of VisiCalc, I have rarely used the
two-window capability and can't imagine
needing three or four windows, much less
eight.
A nice feature of Multiplan is the
message line at the bottom of the screen
which displays comments on the progress
of any command, and the percentage of
remaining storage.
A not-so-nice difference is the conven-
tion in Multiplan of numbering both rows
and columns. Thus in VisiCalc, a refer-
ence to Row 3 Column 2 is B3 whereas in
Multiplan it becomes R3C2. Even worse
is the handling of "relative" references.
This is done automatically in VisiCalc as
rows and columns are shifted. Multiplan
requires the user to define a relative
reference in advance. For example, to
add Row 1, Column 1 to Row 1, Column
2 and put the result in Row 1, Column 3
so that it may later be shifted to make
room for another row requires the fol-
lowing commands:
VisiCalc @SUM(A1+A2)
Multiplan V SUM(R[-2]C + R[-1|C)
VisiCalc: 11 keystrokes. Multiplan: 19
keystrokes. And the winner is . . .
I was also not impressed with the
method of assigning labels in Multiplan.
Typing any alphabetic character in Visi-
Calc automatically indicates a label
whereas Multiplan requires that A (for
alphabetic) be typed preceding a label.
Other differences are relatively minor.
In most regards Multiplan behaves "as
expected" and like VisiCalc, is an excel-
lent tool for asking the all-important
"what if?" questions of business planning
and financial modeling.
Photo 6. Author puts Rainbow 100 to the test.
Microsoft includes two fat 192-page
instruction manuals with Multiplan.
Unfortunately, I can only describe the
styles as "written by programmers for
programmers." These will soon be avail-
able in "DEC colors," presumably written
in a more user-friendly style. In addition,
Bob Montemerlo mentioned the possibil-
ity of adding a tutorial Teach mode
similar to that of Select. Nothing definite
yet.
Basic, C, et al
Standard Microsoft Basic (Version
5.26) is being offered with the Rainbow
100. It is the 8086 version and runs under
CP/M 86. It is loaded from disk and
occupies 29K of RAM. Assuming suffi-
cient memory is available, Basic can use
up to 64K. However, even if the optional
256K option is installed, Basic can still
use just 64K.
The Basic is excellent with password-
protected files, dynamic string space
allocation and up to 40-character variable
names. Structured statements include:
WHILE/END
IF/THEN/ELSE
nested IF/THEN/ELSE
Machine language calls, CHAIN and
COMMON (Fortran, here I come!) as well
as Trace and error trapping are also
included. Table 1 shows selected char-
acteristics.
However, given the excellent graphics
of the Rainbow 100 hardware, I found it
curious that DEC did not contract with
Microsoft to include any graphics func-
tions. I also wonder why the following
features, all implemented in Microsoft
Basic on the IBM PC, were not imple-
mented on the Rainbow 100:
26
Graphics and music commands
Function keys
Device Independent I/O
TIMES and DATES
Screen editor
A spokesman from Microsoft told me
that an extended Basic with these features
might be offered by Microsoft at some
future date to run under MS-DOS. The
Rainbow 100 is available with MS-DOS
(Microsoft Disk Operating System) as an
alternative to CP/M 86/80. At this point
the main advantage to MS-DOS is that
under it, industry standard disks can be
read. Also, a few software packages are
available for MS-DOS that are not avail-
able under CP/M.
Incidentally, at NCC people from DEC
were bragging that their Basic didn't have
that nasty divide by 0.10 bug in IBM PC
Basic. Sorry, guys, yes it did. But it doesn't
Characteristic
Implementation
Name length
Integer arithmetic
Multi-statement functions
Function recursion
Statement numbers
Floating point precision
Exponent
Nested IF
Link to machine language
Maximum array dimension
CHAIN and COMMON
Error trapping
Trace features
40 characters
Yes
No
Yes
to 65535
7 single
16 double
±38
Yes
Yes
255
Yes
Yes
Yes
Table 1. Selected features of Rainbow
100 Basic (Microsoft version 5.26).
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Few disks stand the test of time.
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Each Omni disk is rated for 1 2
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Call toll-free (800 343-7620) for
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Dealers. Software houses.
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CIRCLE 237 ON READER SERVICE CARD
The Software:
PROGRAMS
MICROPRO
WordStar®
The number one selling microcomputer
word processing package in the world.
8" CP/M®
LIST PRICE: 495 00
MH PRICE: 289.00
5 V*" APPLE®
LIST PRICE: 3 75.00
MH PRICE: 234.00
MICROPRO
JM
MailMerge
A multi-purpose text-data merging program.
One of its most popular uses is producing
personalized form letters. Requires
WORDSTAR'
8" CP/M®
LIST PRICE: 150.00
MH PRICE: 99.00
5V*" APPLE-
LIST PRICE
MH PRICE:
125 00
83.00
MAILMERGE, DATASTAR, SPELLSTAR, CALCSTAR,
and SUPERSORT are trademarks of MicroPro
International, San Rafael, California USA
QUICKCODE, QUICKSCREEN, anddUTILare
trademarks of Fox & Geller Associates
VISITREND/VISIPLOT, VISIFILE. VISISCHEDULE.
VISIDEX, VISITERM, and DESKTOP PLAN are
trademarks of VisiCorp
dBASE II is a trademark of AshtonTate.
MATHSTAR is a trademark of Force Two. LTD.
SUPERCALC is a trademark of Sorcim.
SPELLGUARD is a trademark of Innovative Software
Applications
TIM is a trademark of Innovative Software, Inc.
CROSSTALK is a trademark of MicroStuf
EASY WRITER and EASY SPELLER are trademarks
of Information Unlimited Software
PERFECT WRITER and PERFECT SPELLER are
trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc
WORDSTAR is a registered trademark of MicroPro
International, San Rafael, California USA
VISICALC is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.
APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computers
IBM is a registered trademark of International Business
Machines
MICROPRO
DataStar™
The office-oriented system for data entry,
retrieval, and updating. DATASTAR
allows you to create a form, be it a price
list, catalog, or order form. You can edit,
update, or save this information in a file
or simply print it out. DATASTAR
interfaces with MAILMERGE and
SUPERSORT.
8" CP/M
LIST PRICE: 350.00
MH PRICE: 235.00
SVi" APPLE®
LIST PRICE:
MH PRICE:
MICROPRO
295.00
199.00
TM
CalcStar
Financial planning and business decision-
making made simpler, faster, and more
accurate. CALCSTAR calculates solutions
to complex numerical problems in
business and finance. CALCSTAR turns
your microcomputer's video screen into
a 'window' on a gigantic electronic ledger
sheet with up to 600 entries arranged
the way you want.
8" CP/M
LIST PRICE: 295.00
MH PRICE: 199.00
5V4" APPLE®
LIST PRICE:
MH PRICE:
795.00
149.00
FORCE TWO, LTD
MathStar™
MATHSTAR is a combination adding
machine/calculator program, designed
specifically for use with MicroPro's
WORDSTAR® . Provides basic math
functions, formatted results, and
accounting notation.
8" CP/M®
LIST PRICE: 125.00
MH PRICE: 99.00
5%" APPLE®
Same as 8" CP/M'
ASHTONTATE
dBASE II™
THE database management system for
the microcomputer.
8" CP/M*
LIST PRICE: 700.00
MH PRICE: 489.00
5 , /4" APPLE®
Same as 8" CP/M'
FOX & GELLER
TM
QuickCode
QUICKCODE allows dBASE II users to
create the following programs, in a matter
of seconds, without programming.
G Data entry programs
□ Data retrieval programs
□ Date edit/validation programs
□ Menus
□ dBASE II files
PLUS: 4 New Data Types:
Date
D Dollars
□ Telephone
□ Social Security number
QUICKCODE includes a powerful new
version of QUICKSCREEN, the dBASE II
screen builder.
8 "CP/M®
LIST PRICE: 295.00
MH PRICE: 249.00
5 V*" APPLE®
Same as 8" CP/M'
FOX & GELLER
dUTIL™
dUTIL is the BASE II utility program which
saves valuable computer time and work
by:
D Increasing command file running time
□ Creating standard text files to use
within your word processor
□ Automatically debugging dBASE II
command files
dUTIL does not require QUICKCODE or
QUICKSCREEN.
8" CP/M®
LIST PRICE: 99.00
MH PRICE: 75.00
5 %" APPLE®
Same as 8" CP/M'
Call Toll-Free: 1-800-523-9511 In Pennsylvania-. 1-215-868-8219
The Software:
MH-1
MH-2
MH-3
MH-4
MH-5
MH-6
MH-7
WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE
WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE/DATASTAR
WORDSTAR® /CALCSTAR
WORDSTAR® /MATHSTAR
dBASE ll/WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE
dBASE ll/QUICKCODE/
WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE
dBASE ll/QUICKCODE/dUTIL
PACKAGES
CP/M®
COMBINED
LIST PRICE
645.00
995.00
790.00
620.00
1345.00
1640.00
1070.00
MICROHOUSE
PRICE
319.00
519.00
419.00
369.00
819.00
999.00
749.00
APPLE*
COMBINED
LIST PRICE
500.00
795.00
570.00
500.00
1200.00
1495.00
1070.00
MICROHOUSE
PRICE
259.00
399.00
299.00
319.00
719.00
899.00
749.00
Microhouse 1 444 Linden Street / P.O. Box 498 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1 801 6
Prices and specifications subject to change without notice
All items subject to availability
TM
The Microcomputer People.
IM
CIRCLE 212 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Rainbow 100 continued...
anymore. The bug was in all Microsoft
Basic implementations, and when they
fixed one they fixed them all.
C, a structured language generally
available under the Unix operating sys-
tem, is also available on the Rainbow 100.
I did not have an opportunity to use C,
however, those familiar with the language
will appreciate the full implementation
(not Tiny C) on Rainbow.
Service
The personal computer market has
grown up much more closely allied with
the consumer electronics industry (hi-fi,
video games, auto sound, TV, video, etc.)
than with the traditional computer indus-
try. After all, consider how many personal
computers are sold in retail stores like hi-
fi systems versus those sold by a salesman
calling on a customer with field service
and software support contracts as part of
the deal.
DEC, is attempting to bridge this gap
by offering a choice of five levels of ser-
vice.
A friendly "Do Me First" Computer-
Based Instruction course is available with
all the personal computers and is standard
on the two Professional models. This
interactive course is designed to help
users learn, use, and quickly become
productive on a system.
For users with critical requirements,
DEC offers an On-Site System Support
Agreement— a total service package. This
covers both hardware and the operating
system. Part of this service is a toll-free
"help line" that provides response to
questions concerning installation, war-
ranty, hardware, software, accessories
and supplies.
A slightly lower level of service is Carry-
In offered on both a contract (second
level) and per-call basis (third level). All
systems have a set of diagnostics built in
which helps the user locate the source of
any problems with diagnostic messages
on the screen or, in the event of screen
failure, with LEDs on the system board.
Carry-In service offers quick repairs of
user-diagnosed problems as well as a toll-
free help line, engineering modifications,
and updates.
A fourth level of service is Mail-In
designed for those capable of doing their
own system maintenance. Using the built-
in diagnostics, you isolate the faulty part
and mail (or bring) it in. After testing by
the service center, a new or repaired
replacement part is sent to you.
Finally, self -maintenance is available
for those who wish to keep their own
inventory of spare part kits.
In the past, DEC maintenance has had
a reputation for being reasonably good as
long as you signed the contract or paid
the price (not cheap!). However, Andy
Knowles emphasized that service on the
personal computers is an area in which
DEC is determined to be competitive with
everyone in price, quality, and flexibility.
Pricing and Delivery
When I initially priced out the
shown in the pricing chart, my i
systems
my reaction
System Configurations and Pricing
1. Basic Programming System
PC 100
PC1K1-AA
VR291A
QV012-A3
QA066-C3
System unit, 64K RAM, dual disk drive
Keyboard unit-USA
Monitor 12", B&W
CP/M 86/80 operating system
MBasic
TOTAL
2. Spreadsheet/Word Processing System
PC 100
PC1K1-AA
VR201A
QV012-A3
QA061-C3
QA063-C3
PCXXF-BA
LA50-RA
System unit, 64K RAM, dual disk drive
Keyboard unit-USA
Monitor 12" B&W
CP/M 86/80 operating system
Select word processing package
Multiplan spreadsheet package
Floor stand
100 cps printer
TOTAL
3. Advanced Programming and Graphics System
PC 100
PC1K1-AA
VR241-A
QV012-A3
PC 1XX-AA
PC 1XX-BA
QA066-C3
LA 100
System unit, 64K RAM, dual disk drive
Keyboard unit-USA
Color monitor
CP/M 86/80 operating system
64K RAM memory expansion
Graphics display option
MBasic
Letterprinter 100
TOTAL
4. Problem Solving, Spreadsheet, Communications System
PC 100
PC1K1-AA
PC1XX-AB
PC1XX-BB
RCD50-BA
PCXXF-BA
QV012-A3
QA063-C3
QA068-C3
QV015-A3
LA 100
$2675
245
325
250
250
$3745
$2675
245
325
250
595
275
99
950
$5414
$2675
245
1325
250
495
845
250
3000
$9085
TOTAL
System unit, 64K RAM, dual disk drive $2675
Keyboard unit-USA 245
192K RAM memory expansion 1095
External capabilties option 500
Winchester 5M subsystem 3700
Floor stand 99
CP/M 86/80 operating system 250
Multiplan spreadsheet package 275
C language 500
CX/DX/VT102 communications package 200
Lineprinter 100 3000
$12539
30
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
was "GULP!" They seemed much more
expensive than the competition.
But let's consider three system config-
urations for spreadsheet calculations. All
three include CPU, 128K memory, key-
board, B&W display, one disk drive (two
on Rainbow 100), DOS and spreadsheet
software.
System Printer Total
DEC Rainbow 100 4265 $950 $5215
Apple III 4690 525 5215
IBM PC 3735 810 4745
Viewed in this light, the DEC Rainbow
100 is right on target. Considering the
included dual processors and dual floppy
drive, it may even be a bargain.
I think the reason for my initial "gulp"
is mainly because the lowest entry price
system ($2745) is $1000 to $2000 above
other entry systems. Also, the software
packages are rather pricey — $250 for
DOS, $250 for Basic, $275 for a spread-
sheet, $595 for word processing and $395
each for payroll, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, inventory, and general
ledger.
On the other hand, the Rainbow 100,
while hardly pushing the state of the art,
has those dual processors, dual disk
drives, excellent keyboard and, perhaps
best of all, the Digital name.
Some years ago, the IBM name was
thought to be worth 20 to 25% of the
price of a computer. In other words a
competitor would have to be more than
20-25% lower than IBM to be in the
running. In the miniworld, the same is
true with DEC today although the differ-
ential is probably more like 15%. How-
ever, as a result of the enormous mini
customer base and excellent reputation
of DEC, it is likely that the DEC personal
computers will find a ready market.
Will the DEC entries harm Apple, IBM
or Tandy? I doubt it. If anything, the
biggest effect will be to further legitima-
tize the personal computer itself as
another blue chip name is added to the
field.
Delivery on most units of the Rainbow
100 system is being quoted as Q4 '82. I
wish I could say this meant October but if
the experience of other manufacturers is
any guide, December 31, 1982 is probably
more like it.
Conclusion
Perhaps the most significant feature of
the Rainbow 100 is the incorporation of
both an 8-bit Z80 and 16-bit 8088 pro-
cessor along with a "soft-sense" operating
system, CP/M 86/80, to automatically run
applications software on the correct pro-
cessor.
Selecting CP/M as an operating system
instead of the more Unix-like Oasis or a
proprietary DEC system is also significant
since it immediately makes available a
large number of practically off-the-shelf
applications software packages. Having a
16-bit processor built in insures that this
will continue to be true.
Hardware-wise, the keyboard is out-
standing. I also like the idea of two double
density floppy disks on one drive spindle.
The immediately available optional 5
megabyte Winchester disk means that
storage should be ample for virtually any
application.
I find the Select Word Processing
package and Multiplan spreadsheet pack-
age curious choices. However, given the
comparatively high prices of these pack-
ages, I would guess it will not be long
before other software vendors jump in
and widen the range of choices in these
two most important areas.
Bottom line: the Rainbow 100 should
have a long successful life. □
CIRCLE 351 ON READER SERVICE CARD
v O
V.
V
K
5! Count 'em, 5 casino
games in one great package.
Blackjack. Keno. Roulette. Poker.
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Pick your game. Take your $1000 stake
and try your luck. Every bet is a thrill,
and a chance to beat the house.
Fun for everyone because there's an
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You can bet on it!
5 game disk, $39.95 for Apple II
At computer stores, or:
DATAMOST
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/IASTERCHARGE accepted. $1 .00 shipping/
charge. (Calif, residents add 6% tax.)
s a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
CIRCLE 163 ON READER SERVICE CARD
rr*
I
DODGING TREES, ROCKS, CHICKENS, AND COPS
AT OVER 80 MPH MAY NOT BE LEGAL
BUT IT SURE IS FUN!
Grab the wheel in
Hazard Run, our high-speed
cross-country chase . . . and
watch the feathers fly! It's just
one example of the high-
involvement exciting game
software created by Artworx.
At Artworx, we're directly
involved with the software
we sell. We know our game
software is fun to play
because our own people
can't keep their hands off it.
We created Beta Fighter
to simulate a moonscape
battle that will literally take
you out of this world! Our
Drawpic software lets peo-
ple of all ages get hooked
with the limitless possibili-
ties of graphic creation.
Golden Gloves gives you all
the thrills and slam-bang
action of a super slugfest,
right down to the noise of
the crowd!
At Artworx, we have a
full range of software ... for
people who like to play and
people who want to turn
work into play. We have text
editing, mail list, and analyti
cal programs, to name but a
few. How good are they? We
use them in our own busi-
ness . . . and we welcome
your comments and sugges-
tions. We pride ourselves
on a line that's complete,
unique, diverse, and offers
you a great value for a very
reasonable price.
At Artworx, we're as
accessible as your local
computer store or your tele-
phone. Write or call us toll-
free at 800-828-6573. We'll
send you our free catalog . .
it's good reading and a great
introduction to a whole new
world of fun.
So you can play.
Artworx Software Company, Inc., 150 North Main St., Fairport NY 14450 (716) 425-2833
We look at a new computing tool kit for pro-
fessionals in engineering, architecture, finance,
education— for anyone who uses mathematical
formulas.
TK! Solver from Software Arts
David H. Ahl
When Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston,
creators of VisiCalc, decided to go it
alone, it created quite a stir in the business
press. Business Week, Fortune and other
magazines all did stories describing and
speculating about their fledgling com-
pany, Software Arts.
Buoyed by the phenomenal success of
VisiCalc, Software Arts is off to a flying
start. During a visit to their cramped
offices on the 12th floor of one of the few
high rise buildings in Cambridge, MA,
one of the first things that Dan showed
me were the architectural plans for a
20,000 sq. ft. facility in Newton, MA. Bob
Frankston was quick to point out that
their "new" 60-year old building had a
dock along the Charles and could be
reached by canoe from Cambridge in
about 40 minutes.
I remarked that when Creative moved
into its 25,000 sq. ft. facility about 18
months ago, I had thought I might sub-
lease about 10,000 sq. ft. However, within
three months of moving in, it became
apparent that if we had 1,000 sq. ft. to
sublease it would be a lot. Dan mentioned
that when Software Arts first contracted
to renovate the space they had planned
to lease out the first floor (about 10,000
sq. ft.) but now, three months later, they
are wondering if the building has enough
space for their own rapidly-expanding
operation.
An impressive operation it is! A Prime
computer with a zillion megabytes of
storage serves as the main software devel-
opment machine. Scores of microcom-
puters are wired into this system. While
the communication links are direct today
the new facility will be totally wired for
Ethernet to allow micro-to-micro com-
munication as well as micro-to-
mainframe.
I have rarely seen so many microcom-
puters both in quantity and variety in one
location as I saw at Software Arts. Major
projects include development of an
advanced version of VisiCalc (to be
marketed through VisiCorp), conversion
of VisiCalc to every imaginable computer
and, of course, the TKISolver develop-
ment work.
What is TKISolver?
TKISolver (TK for Tool Kit) was
designed to provide professionals in engi-
neering, business and other fields a per-
sonal computing tool with which to solve
problems involving mathematical calcu-
lations and analysis. As with VisiCalc, it
is not necessary to know a programming
language to use TKISolver. The user
simply types in one or more equations
and the known variables. TKISolver then
solves for the missing variables using
either a direct solve technique or, if
necessary, an iterative technique.
I journeyed to Cambridge to beat on
TKISolver mercilessly for nine non-stop
hours. I asked the folks there to leave me
alone with the software and documenta-
tion; after all, I wanted to approach it as
a typical user. Diane Curtis, product
manager for TKISolver, kindly lent me
her IBM Personal Computer and a corner
of her cramped office for the day while
she spent time with some customers and
consultants.
My occasional questions were quickly
Dan Bricklin shows me a fine point of iterative problem solving with TKI Solver.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
33
Slaying
Monsters
Should Be
Mostly
Fun and
Games
^ ^*P
xP
XV
Be one of more than 16 million
alter-egos that your computer can
generate. Walk into a labyrinth
filled with traps, treasures and
monsters. There you'll test your
strength, constitution, dexterity,
intelligence . . . against thou-
sands of monsters in over 200
caverns and chambers — growing
in wealth, power and experience as you progress
through the four levels of the dungeon.
Your character will do whatever you want him to do.
Do battle — in real time — with the likes of giant ants,
ghouls, zombies. . . Explore the various levels of the
maze and discover the great treasures within.
The Game Manufacturer's Association named The
Temple of Apshai the computer game of the year.
The Temple is the very first computer game — ever to
win the Hobby Industry award for excellence. There
can be only one reason for that: it's a great game.
So what will you think of The Temple of Apshai now?
Now that it's even better than ever. With better
graphics — animated movement — and completely
new sound effects that make your computer come
alive and make The Temple even more fun*
The Temple has a superbly illustrated
56-page Book of Lore, and your
local dealer has it for the ATARI,* *
TRS-80,** APPLE,** and IBM**
computers.
If you already have The Temple of Apshai, you
can enjoy these great improvements. Just
send us your original cassette or disk
together with your check for $5.00 and
we'll send you the brand new version —
with better-than-ever graphics and sound.
** ATARI, TRS-80, APPLE and IBM
are trademarks of Atari, Inc., Tandy
Corp., Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM,
respectively.
©1981, AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS,
INC., P.O. Box 4247, Mountain View,
Ca., 94040.
CIRCLE 116 ON READER SERVICE CARD
TK! Solver continued...
Call any
sheet
Push to
subsheet
Pop from
subsheet
Go to any
field
Switch
Solve or
Execute
Cancel
operation
Entry mode:
?
AE
/
Command
+
Up, down, left, right
Edit mode:
Help
Syste
m
Edit
Mode
>
^row
Keys
Begin, end field
B
C
D
1
Q
!
Blank
Copy
Delete
Insert
Quit
Resolve
Model
*
E
M
S
W
P
R
L
Edit
Move
Storage
Window
Save
(Any one
Load
or two
DIF Save
sheets)
DIF Load
Delete
Unit
Variable
Function
Figure I A. T
Print
answered by the genial folks at Software
Arts but, for the most part, the account
that follows represents the independent
exploration of TKfSolver by a more-or-
less typical user.
Getting Started
Upon loading the system, a two-line
Message Area appears at the top of the
screen. The first line, the Status Line,
displays information about the status of
the program. The second line, the
Prompt/Error Line, displays messages.
The position indicator at the far left of
the Status Line tells you the position of
the cursor with a row number and letter
(representing the label of the column).
To the right of it is the contents of that
field (data, label, etc.). This may seem
redundant, but it is very useful because it
shows the entire contents even though it
may be more than can be displayed in the
field, e.g., the status area may show a 20-
character label or an 1 1 -digit number even
though the field may display only six or
eight characters.
On the far right of the Status Line is a
Memory Indicator which shows the
amount of remaining memory in your
work area. A handy feature is the message
"Low" which is displayed when memory
capacity drops below 1000 bytes. Essen-
tially this cries out, "Save your file on
disk before you lose it!"
The last character on the Status Line is
a Solution Indicator. When you enter
equations, an exclamation point appears
here indicating that they are unsolved. It
disappears upon solving a model but
Reset
List Solver
Variables
Save
Sheet
Load
All
Solve
Block
Figure I A. TK! Solver has 22 commands of one or two keystrokes each.
reappears if any changes are made.
The Prompt/Error line is used for
prompts which require a response, for
messages telling the status of the program,
and for error messages.
Help, Help!
The Help Facility is always available. It
reminds you of features and commands
you have learned but may not remember.
However, as the instruction booklet points
out, "It is not intended as a substitute for
the Instruction and Reference Manuals."
When the first TKfSolver sheets are
displayed, the Prompt/Error line displays
the message:
For Help, type ?
This prompt disappears when you type
any key. If you type "?", the Prompt/Error
line displays the message:
Help: ? or topic:
The cue remains on the Prompt/Error
line so that you can type and enter either
a question mark or a topic you want to be
explained.
A Menu of Commands
TKfSolver has a menu of 22 commands
(see Figure 1A). These commands are
used to enter formulae and data, manipu-
late data and units, solve equations, and
move among the sheets, windows and
operations. Sound complicated? It's really
not. (The 11 sheets are shown in Figure
IB— more about them later.)
G
Global
V
Variable
L
List
F
Function
i
i
i
i
1
i
i
Variable
Subsheet
Function
Subsheet
i
i
i
'
*
1
lict
Figu
re IB.
TKf Si
= for sheet
movement
><to push
or pop from
subsheet
3 "subsheets. '
November 1982° Creative Computing
35
w
Ok
%
o
00
I
^ \- TRS-80 APP LE- ATARI
DISCOUNT
DATA
PRODUCTS
THINK ABOUT
CHRISTMAS NOW!
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o ^T-TRS-80-APPLE-ATAP!MBM-XEROX-PET-VIC-NEC-CP/M
1 Kd'OU jnJrMrlsM* £%tJt%Kl IDvfl "AXiKvA
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D.B Master D 229 00
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CIRCLE 165 ON READER SERVICE CARD
TK! Solver continued...
Diane Curtis, TK! Solver Product
Manager at Software Arts, Inc.
I brought with me some data on munic-
ipal »onds. Basically, I was interested in
using the system to compare bonds and
do some portfolio calculations. Initially, I
called up the "Rule Sheet" and entered
two formulae:
A = C*F
Y = A/P
in which:
A = Annual Income
Y = Current Yield
C = Coupon
F = Face Value
P = Purchase Price
I then entered information about a
Camden, NJ bond:
P = 13103 (dollars)
C = 5.3 (interest rate)
F = 25000 (purchase price)
Upon pressing ! to solve for the unknown
variables, I got the following:
A = 132500 (Annual income)
Y = 10.112188 (Current yield)
Obviously I was not going to get
$132500 annual income for the next 13
years on a bond that cost $13103. The
problem, of course, was that I expressed
percent as 5.3 rather than .053. Well, I
want to express percent as 5.3 or 10.1 and
not the decimal equalivalent so I turned
to the unit portion of TKfSolver. When
the menu showed From and To, I entered
the following for C and Y:
From Pet
To Dpct
Multiply by .01
I recalculated but got the same result.
Since this didn't help, I was tempted to
change the formulas. However the Vari-
able Status Sheet contained the clue to
the dilemma. I simply wanted to display a
different unit than my calculation unit.
So I entered the following:
Display Unit pet
Calculation Unit dpct
Now, when I pressed ! to recalculate the
table, I found that:
A (annual income) = $1325
Y (current yield) = $10.112188
Much more reasonable! But frankly I
didn't like the 10.112188; good grief, who
needs that many significant digits? How-
ever, TKfSolver, unlike VisiCalc, does
not have a formatting capability. The
solution was to enter another rule (for-
mula) that stated:
yld = (int (10000 * y))/10000
Of course, I had to enter the unit table
and define display (pet) and calculation
(dpct) units for "yield" as I had for C and
Y.
At this point the screen appeared as
shown in Figure 2. As I entered the rules,
the program automatically entered the
variables in the same order as they
appeared in the equations.
This wasn't too tidy, so using the Move
command (/M), I moved the rows around.
Also, using Delete (/D), I deleted Y since
Yld showed the same thing. When I say
deleted that does not mean it is gone —
after all, it is a vital variable in the
equations— but it is no longer displayed
<5i > Input: 1510
St Input
25000
13103
Name
a
c
t
y
P
y ] d
VARIABLE BULL I
Output. Unit
1325
pet.
10. 1 12188 pet
10. 11 pet
RULE SHEE I ■»»
VARIABLE :
Status:
First Guess.:
Associated List:
Input Value:
Output Value:
Di spl ay I In i t :
Calculation Uml :
Comment :
l 0. 1 1
... *
dpi
188048!
Figure 3. Variable subsheet for y.
in the variable table. To reassure myself
that it still existed, I called up the variable
sheet for Y and found it intact (see Figure
3).
I also added comments and filled out
the unit field (with dollar signs). When all
this was done, the screen appeared as in
Figure 4.
creative coittpatiRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: TK! Solver
Type: Model building and solving
tool
System: Many computers
Format: Disk
Language: Machine language
Summary: Easy to learn and use; wide
variety of applications
Price: $299 for TK! Solver; $50 to
$100 for applications packs
Manufacturer:
Software Arts, Inc.
675 Massachusetts Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139
&>4 /
Comment
S Rule
y=a/p
y 1 d = < i n t (1 OOOO * y > ) / 1 OOOO
Figure 2. Variable and Rule sheets after
entering municipal bond formulae and data.
( I i ) Input: 11.2
t>4
St Input
li.2
1 OOOO
10375
Name
c
t
P
yld
a
VARIABLE SHEE I
Output Unit
pet
10. 79
1120
pet
*
Comment
Coupon Yield
Face value of bond
in ferinq price
Current vi el c|
Annual interest
S Riil e->
a=c: *f
y-a/p
yld=(int (1 OOOO* y ) > / 1 OOOO
38
Figure 4. Same as Figure 2 with variables
reordered and comments added.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Bri
* »
: % »>
^
s *f
(AU*V
nfafITKT7
rible, and the Devil himself look like candystripfers ( halleru>es VOL 1 to sur\ ive! I hink it's easy? Coosidei
You sit, fingering the A,/// button, in your small
spaceship at the bottom of the s< reen
Suddenly Ming dire< ts Deathships straight at
your fragile i raft
Next the daymen, at a signal from Ming, hurtli
bombs at \ ou
You < an neutralize Ming's Deathships by
shooting them and pla< ing them in suspended
animation
• Cycllops drop bombs on you ^nd tVeeze the
Deathships, making them disappear mto
In perspac e (making you lose points)
• If vqu do not place Deathships into suspended
animlation then will vanish into the Black Hole
and you will lost 1 points
• Qreafei perils ,\nd varying challenges await you
i\nd only the truly l()P game players will
survive MING'S (MAI I I NCI
Xs a P |a Yet you enjo\ the option of altering the eferameters endlessly .< hanging speed of the game number ol ene
mies width and depth of the Black Mole Also ,t you are the first to survive MING SCHAI I I NCI you will re< eivi
either the next 10 games produ< ed by MICR( )FUN, tree o( charge, or ,m\ single business produ< t presently avail ibf<
trom MIC KOI AH # C*
I his Program vv.is Written bv Mike I ivcs.n /* IL#I AJ Ull"7 Miwr\ tuai i i.m< t . . ..
1 his Program w.is Written f>\ Mike l ivesay
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CIRCLE 215 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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TK! Solver continued...
Now J could use the model to compare
some municipal bonds, at least in a simple
sense. I decided to look for maximum
current income from a list of bonds
offered by a municipal bond dealer. Here
is the data from the first four bonds. The
last two columns are calculated with my
TK! Solver model.
Bond
Mt. Kisco 7/98
Erie County 3/99
Mass Housing 10/87 2.00
Waterford, CT 6/90 1 1.20
Coupon Face Price
10.875
5.00
10000 9500
10000 5250
10000 6275
10000 10375
Yield
11.45
9.52
3.18
10.79
Annual
Income
$1088
500
200
1120
Naturally, there is more to comparing
bonds than that since capital gains must
be considered for the last three bonds. In
fact, the total yield to maturity includes
the capital gain plus the annual yield from
the coupon, but at least I had a good start
with TKfSolver giving me the yield and
annual income from each.
Lists of Data
Instead of immediately going into the
more complicated yield-to-maturity calcu-
lation, I decided to consider a portfolio
summary. In this case, the list was longer,
representing a portfolio of bonds accumu-
lated over several years. I simulated this
with data for 16 bonds taken from
Lebenthal offering lists. Instead of enter-
ing data individually, I wanted to enter a
list of data, have all the calculations
performed en masse, and see a list of
output values.
To do this, I entered the status area on
the Variable Sheet and entered L (for
List). To enter a list, you move the cursor
over the list name on the Variable Sheet,
press the right caret and the blank List
appears. (Alternatively, a List can be
entered from the List Sheet.) Typing
values in order automatically fills in the
list.
I then wanted the program to automat-
ically solve my equations for all 16 sets of
data I had entered in the lists. This was
done by simply entering the list solver
(/L) and pressing solve (!). You must have
some dummy data in the input variables
at this point or TKfSolver will just sit
there not knowing which are input and
which are output variables.
During the solving process, you can
display each set of variables in turn on
the screen or, for maximum speed, you
can turn off the display from the Global
Sheet (=G).
When the solving process was done, I
called the List Sheet (=L) and, lo and
behold, my output variables were now
filled with values (see Figure 5).
1 now had a fictitious half million dollar
municipal bond portfolio in the computer.
First I wanted some summary information
about it. Here I had a choice: I could
November 1982 c Creative Computing
enter more rules or use TKfSolver as a
calculator. I chose the latter approach.
To do this, you go to any value (or
numeric) field on any sheet and simply
type in the calculation you wish to per-
form including variables, functions, lists,
etc. First, I wanted the sum of the bond
face values so I went to an empty field
and typed:
SUM (T)
The apostrophe indicates that all values
of the list are to be summarized. In a split
second 550,000 appeared. Ah ha, the face
value of the portfolio was $550,000 not
one-half million. The sum of the purchase
price was, $459,899.
(7c) Comment: Yield to maturity
Okay, that was simple. Now for a tough
one. I wanted the weighted coupon yield
based on the face value and the weighted
current yield based on the purchase price.
To get this, I would have to multiply each
yield by each price, take the sum of these
products and divide by the sum of the
price. But TKfSolver has a solution in the
form of a function called DOT. DOT
returns the dot product of two specified
lists. Each element in the first list is
multiplied by the corresponding element
in the second list and the products are
summed. Hence, my calculation for
weighted coupon yield was simply:
DOT ('C, T) / SUM (T)
I found the weighted coupon yield to
be 8.69% and the weighted current yield
10.3%. Gee, I wish I had this portfolio.
Plots and Graphs
I next hypothesized that there might be
some sort of relationship between current
yield, yield to maturity and coupon yield.
What better way to look at these than
with a plot or graph? So I called the Plot
Sheet (=P) and filled in M C (coupon
yield) for the X variable and "Y" (current
yield) and "YTM" (yield to maturity) for
Y variables. I also specified plot charac-
ters Y and M (for yield to maturity). The
resulting plot is shown in Figure 6. Munic-
ipal bond investors will not be surprised
£><.»
Name
y
c
f
p
y 1 d
a
y t m
S Ru 1 e
Elements Unit
16
16
16
16
16
16
p c t
*
pet
pet
SHEET ■-■■■
Comment
Coupon y i eld
F a c e v a 1 u e o + bo n d
Offering price
Current yield
unnual In t e r e <s t
rield to maturity
a~c*f
y»a p
\'l d=» < ] nt ( 1 0< " »0<y) )
100< "-'
Figure 5. List sheet shows variables and
elements (values) in each list.
m
m
m
1 1
m
m
m
y
m
9.8
V
m
y m
m v
m
-
m
m
8. 1
6. 4
— ■+•
4. 7
6. 1
a . ' r
I". .
11.7
1 -'. 1
Figure 6. Plot of current yield (y) and yield to maturity (m) against coupon yield.
TKf Solver offers many plot options.
43
TK! Solver continued...
<v> Variable Insert UN: ves
60 / !
Variable Insert UN:
GLOBAL
SHEET
Yes
Intermediate Redisplay UN:
Automatic Iteration UN:
Comparison Tolerance:
Problem Scale:
Maximum Iteration Count:
Paqe Breaks UN:
Page Numbers ON:
Form Lenqth:
Printed Paqe Length:
Printed Page Width:
Indentation:
Printer Device or Filename:
Printer Setup String:
Line End (CR/'LF or CR) :
Yes
Yes
. OOOOOOOl
. 099999999999
10
Yes
Yes
16
16
30
PRN
CR/LF
Figure 7. The Global Sheet shows para-
meters that apply to the entire model,
printer and plotter settings, etc.
to see that current yield is directly related
to coupon yield, and yield to maturity is
inversely related.
From the Global Sheet it is possible to
set the output page size. By reducing it,
you can automatically scale a graph down
if you want to jam it into a smaller space.
The Global Sheet is also the place from
which printer names and conventions are
specified. (See Figure 7.)
Plotting is not limited to the scatter
charts produced by TKfSolver. Data,
variables, units, etc. may be saved on a
disk using the DIF (Data Interchange
Format) and used in other programs such
as VisiCalc and VisiPlot. Conversely, data
from VisiCalc may be read into
TKfSolver from a DIF disk.
Iterative Problem Solving
Not all problems can be solved directly
by simply substituting values in formulae.
Let's consider a simple problem of a retail
business. Say a video game cartridge has
a manufacturer suggested list price of
$29.95 and the cost is $21.00. We enter
the formulae for margin and markup:
ma = (s-c)/s
mu = (s-c)/c
in which:
ma = margin (%)
mu = markup (%)
s = selling price
c = cost
Entering the data above and solving
indicates a 29.9% margin and a 42.6%
markup (see Figure 8).
But you know from experience that
any margin less than 35% is cutting things
too close. To make a 35% margin, what
should the selling price be? I put 35 in
margin as an input and blanked out (/B)
the $29.95 selling price. I pressed ! to
solve and nothing happened. No longer
was output defined by a direct equation.
To solve, I entered a guess (it could be
anything, but I put in 30) and, after five
iterations, TKfSolver indicated that
32.307692 was the selling price required
to make a 35% markup (see Figure 9).
Now you know why most retailers price
video game cartridges at $31.95.
Present Values
The present value of future cash flows
are extremely important to all kinds of
businesses. Let's say that you can auto-
mate a portion of your assembly line for
$10,000. Your volume is growing, so you
expect this automation to be increasingly
important for the next three years, but to
drop in Year 4 as product obsolescence is
reached. Hence, you expect your cash
flow to be as follows:
cfO -10000
cfl 2000
cf2
cf3
cf4
3000
5000
2000
(Cash flow in Year
or cost now = $10,000)
(Cash generated in
Year 1 = $2,000)
You put in the following rule (or
formula):
pv=npv(rate, cf0,cfl,cf2,cf3,cf4)
If the cash flow values were entered in a
list as described above, the rule could
also be expressed as:
pv= npv(rate, 'cf)
in which:
pv = present value
npv = a TKfSolver function for
calculating net present value
cfn = cash flow in year N
Upon entering this formula, the data
above, and for present value, I tried to
solve for the rate of return. No go. So 1
simply put in 1 as my guess for a rate and
watched TKfSolver iterate to a solution
of 7.4%. Pretty poor! I could do better in
the money market.
So I put in 20% as my desired rate and
blanked out the cash flow in Year 4.
TKfSolver said I needed $6960 cash flow
to make it. Impossible.
I put back the original cash flows and
blanked out the initial investment (cfO)
and solved. In this case, it told me I
couldn't invest more than $7610 to get a
20% return.
Using this, I could try any number of
different scenarios, perhaps entering my
data in lists and plotting the various
results.
(3i> Input
St
68 /
=======
==========
VARIABLE SHEET =
===========
Input
Name
Output Unit
Comment
— - •
29.95
s
Sel 1 i nq
21
c
Cost
ma
29.883139 pet
Marqi n
mu
42.619048 pet
Markup
Price
S Rule
ma= (s
mu= (s
-c) /•
-c) /c
Figure 8. Variable and Rule Sheets for a markup and margins
model. Model here solved for margin and markup given
selling price and cost.
( Is)
St
Stat
us:
= = = = =
= = = :
======
: = =
VARIABLE SHEE1
==================
nput
Name
Output Unit
Comment
_.
s
32. 307692
Sel 1 l nq Pr i ce
1
c
Cost
5
ma
p c t
Marqi n
mu
53.846154 pet
Markup
68 /
RULE SHEET
S Rule
ma= (»-C > /s
mu = <s- c) /c
44
Figure 9. Same model as Figure 8 except it was used to solve
for selling price (iteratively) given cost and desired margin.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Standard & Poor's STOCKPAK system
can turn any investor into a whiz
Whether you're an active investor, or just considering the
best ways to invest, STOCKPAK can turn you into a Wall
Street Wizard.
In fact, you can draw from over 200 specific information
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your own targets and cut-off points in each of these 200 areas.
STOCKPAK will oblige by searching through the entire
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Sophisticated software thaf s easy to use More f eats of ^^ardry with STOCKPAK
STOCKPAK is a sophisticated software system that
offers you an easy and economical way to obtain and
evaluate important investment information to help you make
better investment decisions. In fact, in virtually no time at all,
you can put STOCKPAK to work for you performing a wide
range of investment functions.
Screening power is at your command
Our Screen and Select system lets you apply your own
investment criteria to a 900-company database. For example,
you can tell STOCKPAK to find
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Standard & Poor's time-tested software also lets you
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Visit your local Radio Shack
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25 BROADWAY MEW YORK.1M.Y. 10004
© STANDARD & POOR'S 1982
CIRCLE 290 ON READER SERVICE CARD
TK! Solver continued...
(bo) Output: 1176.4378389
b8 /
Other Functions
A total of 34 functions are built into
TKfSolver. They range from the expected
trig, log and square root functions to
advanced math and business functions.
For example, inverse hyperbolic tangent
and log base 10 functions are included.
As mentioned earlier, dot product, list
sum, and net present value are available,
as are functions to return the minimum
or maximum value in a list, count the
elements in a list, or even apply a user
function to a domain of values.
Other Applications
Software Arts will be introducing a
series of applications packages consisting
of a disk with rules, variables and units
tables along with a detailed manual for
each. Similar to the HP41C packages,
these will give instructions for running
the package as is but also will show the
user how to change it to meet his own
requirements.
I tried an early version of the mortgage
package and found that a $95,000 house
with a 20% down payment and 30-year
18.5% mortgage would cost me $1 176 per
month. However, if I could scrape
together $1400 per month I could reduce
the term of the mortgage to 10 years(!) or
purchase a $115,000 house (see Figure
10).
Other packages are being prepared for
education (a neat population model,
among others), civil engineering, mechan-
ical engineering, HVAC, convertible
::::::::::::::::::: VARIABLE SHEET ::::::::::::::::::::::
St Input Nase Output Unit I
95888 H
dollars
House price
19888 a
dollars
Down payment
P
76888 dollars
Mortgage
pin
Tern
18.588888 i
interest
Interest rate
A
|H76. 43781
Monthly payment
T
423517.62 dollars
Total of payments
:::::::"::: RULE SHEET ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
S Rule
Simple Homo Mortgage Model
H=p*d
A P«(i/(l-(l*i) A -n))
T A«n
"Monthly payment foreula
l 1 i ) Input :
St Input
67 /
Name
VARIABLE
Output
SHEET -«
Unit.
i i xnment
H
25000 d
p
n
1 &. 5OOOO0 3
1400 A
I
1115442.52 dollars
dol 1 ars
""442.518 dollars
v e a r
i nt erest
dol 1 ars
•4OO0 dollars
»«».. rule SHEE f ■■■-■-■
House pr i ce
Down pay met i '
Mortgage
I er m
Interest r at e
Month 1 y pa\ inert t
T o t a 1 o t p a y m e n t s
Rtl] G
Simple Home Mortgage Model
" Mon t h 1 v p a y ment * or mu 1 a
H«p+d
n i <*<].' i (l+i* n > »
Figure 10. Screen photo shows mortage model used to calculate number and
amount of monthly payments. Below the same model calculates that a SI 400
monthly payment would allow buying a house costing $115,442.
^U
H t™
f> n
bonds, institutional portfolio management
and many more.
The Ultimate Solution?
Ever since I attended Software Arts'
initial press conference introducing
TKfSolver, people have asked me, "Is it
another VisiCalcT
Frankly, I don't know. It seems that
many of the users at which TKfSolver is
being aimed are already computer literate
and are probably using timesharing (with
packaged software) or a microcomputer
(with self-written programs in Basic).
However, both of these groups probably
would be more than enthusiastic about a
user-friendly tool like TKfSolver. It may
not sell as many computers as VisiCalc
has, but it certainly will win as many
friends. □
46
November 1982° Creative Computing
Explore the Frontiers of Intelligence
< Variations of blind-fold play— camouflaged or invisible pieces
< Invert board to play black on bottom
< Change pieces on board during game, or set up position
< Change between 15 levels of play, plus postal and mate-finder modes
< Show move that Chess is thinking about
<4 List played moves for each side
<4 Lines of force in: attacks and defenses on a square
< Lines of force out: squares attacked and defended
< Chess suggests a move
< Show moves Chess thinks you will make, and its responses
< Evaluation of a position
< Return to board or switch to command menu
A Take back a move (repeatable)
< Play move suggested by look-ahead search
< Chess plays neither side
< Switch sides
< Chess plays against itself— one level against another
< Replay through most advanced position
<4 Skip to most advanced position
< Start new game
< Leave program
< Save, get, and delete games to and from disk
All features self-documented; all choices cursor-controlled
Screen shows "outward" and "look" features being used
THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE PROGRAMS:
Larry Atkin & David Slate: Authors of the
Northwestern University Chess 4.7 program-
World Computer Chess Champion, 1977-1 980
Peter Frey: Northwestern University professor
Editor: Chess Skill in Man and Machine
One of U.S. Othello Assoc.'s top-ranked players
A - AOUICE
B - SETUP A POSITION
C - SET COLOR TO MOUE NEXT
D - DEMO PROGRAM
E - EUALUATION OF CAME
G - NEW GAME (OR START POSITION)
H - HELP (LIST OF FEATUPES)
1 - GIUE-AUAY - SWITCH TO OR FROM
K - SET ALTERNATE LEUEL FOR WHITE
L - CHANGE SKILL LEUEL
M - PROGRAM MAKES NEXT MOUE
N - HUMAN PLAYS BOTH SIDES
- MUSIC OFF, OR BACK ON
P - PARAMETER CHANGES
" - OUIT PROGRAM AND BOOT DISK
v - RESET PROGRAM
S - STOP SEARCH. MOUIE, DEMO, OR "H*
T - TAKE BACK A MOUE
U - INUERT BOARD DISPLAY
U - SET RANDOM NUMBER
W - PROGRAM PLAYS AGAINST ITSELF
X - REPLAY ONE MOUE
Y - CHECKERS MOUIE
2 - MOUE BEEP OFF, OR BACK ON
3
o
■
■HHH
□□□□
■nan
on
□a
nn
■
■
□■
■Q
n
■
■
■a
■
■lack if mnite i tmm
CWL r u l E „.„ „SfSD««- c.™ hM
Checkers' features
Black to move and win
(From Checkers documentation)
"Scores" feature in Odin
A clue to the secret of Odin:
Black is destined to lose.
930 Pitner
Evanston, IL 60202
(U.SA)
Chess: $69.95
Checkers: $49.95
Odin: $49.95
See your local software dealer, or order
(Mastercard or Visa):
800-323-5423
(in Illinois, call 312-328-7101)
CIRCLE 233 ON READER SERVICE CARD
For Apple II, Apple II Plus 48K disk
systems, and Atari 48K disk systems.
Odin is also available for TRS-80 Model
1 & 3 32K disk systems.
©1982 ODESTA
*>m<m,m
Pw ih*»i MM
downward hi donivt
■
xss£cj&
^ ■
r^ocom
2
1
L -
A LOCKED DOOR A DEAD MAN
AamHouBtonhethenudet
At the rate we're going,
we'll have these pages
filled by 2083. And by
2084, people will be
clamoring for the next
Infocom creation.
We hate to disappoint our
public. So we keep you waiting.
Because while the software facto-
ries are cranking out arcade game
after arcade game, pulpy adven-
ture after trite fantasy, we're
writing and rewriting, honing and
perfecting. Before a single person
enters one of Infocom's worlds,
it must be crafted into a living,
riveting, definitive experience.
Judging from the public's reac-
tion, it's worth the wait. For
instance, Creative Computing
welcomed DEADLINE™ as
"thoroughly engrossing and real-
istic," while a Softalk readers'
poll recently voted ZORK™ I and
ZORK II the most popular adven-
tures of 1981.
And now, for the moment, your
wait is over. ZORK III, your final
step in the underground
trilogy, and STARCROSS,™
an exploration of a new
dimension in science fiction,
are ready for you.
Look at them up there,
the little worlds of Infocom. As
our universe expands, compan-
ions will come to help fill that vast
expanse of white space. Till
then, they'll continue to stand
alone as the best of all possible
worlds.
inFocom
55 Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
Infocom's worlds are available for Apple? Atari? IBM, TRS-80? Commodore, NEC, Osborne, CP/M? and DEC."
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Atari is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc. TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. DEC is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
MatheMagic
Computation Made Easy
International Software Marketing may
be onto something big in MatheMagic, a
program which turns your computer into
a powerful calculator with many possible
applications in technical, scientific and
academic settings.
The Apple II version we saw, written
in Applesoft Basic by Joe Luciano, loads
from one disk drive, although the user
manual points out that a data disk is
required and that the program is more
easily run when two drives are available.
MatheMagic is not a VisiCalc style
spreadsheet program but a tool for turn-
ing the Apple into a programmable calcu-
lator. When you think about it, micro-
computers are called upon to do many
chores, such as compiling information,
storing and retrieving data, sorting files,
and executing commands to a variety of
peripheral devices, but they are seldom
used to compute — to do mathematical
chores. With MatheMagic, a new era
begins.
In simple terms, what MatheMagic does
is to create files of formulas which the
user can store on separate data disks for
retrieval as needed. MatheMagic then
solves mathematical problems using these
retrieved formulas. It sounds simple
enough, but there is a world of possible
applications for MatheMagic.
Let's take a closer look at the program.
As the documentation says, you are better
off with two disk drives because you work
with a program disk and one or more
data disks which are used for storing the
formulas you create and save. The data
disks are initialized in the usual way.
Once you have your disk initialized,
relax; the program manual and the pro-
gram itself give you appropriate cues
when it is time to switch disks in your
Brian J. Murphy. 133 Post Road, Fairfield, CT
06430.
Brian J. Murphy
single drive. Users with two drives will
find that the switching is automatic.
All command options are displayed on
screen menus. The first menu offers the
housekeeping options. You can decide
which slots are to be used for the drives,
how many drives are to be used, which
user will operate the program, whether to
have a floating decimal, and whether to
print hard copy.
The next task is to create formulas.
Before we discuss that, however, let's
digress and discuss applications. After all,
the formulas you write depend on your
own personal or business needs. Stop
here. If, by now, you can't think of any
computations you would like MatheMagic
to do for you, or if the ones you think of
are as easily done on a $12 calculator,
you probably don't need MatheMagic.
If on the other hand, you do the same
calculations over and over again, or if
you frequently solve complex equations,
MatheMagic can be a godsend. Certainly
architectural engineers, electronics
experts, statisticians, and other profes-
sionals in technical fields will find the
program of great potential value. Theo-
retical scientists will also find abundant
applications for MatheMagic, although
the program is not equipped to do cal-
culus.
Educators and parents may also find
MatheMagic quite useful. Teachers will
find that it is a painless way to get students
to think mathematically as they create
formulas, test them, and store them in
their own files. Parents may also find the
program useful in turning the Apple II
into a learning tool that can re-ignite the
interest of a child who has been "turned
off" to math in school.
Now we must ask, how difficult is it to
create and save files of formulas with
MatheMagic? The answer is that it is not
too difficult, but to use the program
effectively takes a little practice. The
major functions of MatheMagic are run
from a "Formula Menu" from which the
user creates the formulas, edits them,
saves or loads them through the disk
system, and performs the calculations.
There is a small glossary of symbols
and abbreviated commands which stand
for MatheMagic functions. These include
the standard Apple II symbols for the
basic operations, such as / for division,
and * for multiplication.
For more complex functions there are
three-letter codes which seem fairly log-
GPeattve GomputinQ
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: MatheMagic
Type: Calculation program
System: 48K Apple II with
Applesoft, NEC PC-8000,
IBM PC, CP/M based
systems, and at least one
disk drive
Format: Disk
Language: Applesoft or Microsoft
Basic
Summary: Calculator for scientific,
academic, and
technical applications.
Price: $89.99
Manufacturer:
International Software
Marketing
Suite 421, University Building
120 E.Washington St.
Syracuse, NY 13202
50
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
ically derived. A few of them are LOG
for common Jog, TAN for tangent, SQR
for square root, and DEC for the decimal
value of a hex number. Variables can be
signified in your formulas by any combin-
ation of letters up to 30 characters long.
For example, in a suggested mileage
calculation formula, MatheMagic recom-
mends that you subtract a variable called
MILESTHEN from a variable called
MILESNOW and divide the result by
GAS for gallons. The formula you type in
looks like this:
(MILESNOW-MILESTHEN) / GAL
The result, once you give the CALCU-
LATE command is your miles per gallon.
If it occurs to you that you don't have
to express the formula more algebraically
(X = (a - b)c) you have grasped one of
the major advantages of using Mathe-
Magic. When you call up your MPG
formula it might take a little time to figure
out which of the expressions in X = (a -
b)c is supposed to be gallons, which old
miles and so forth. Using the MatheMagic
system there is no such confusion.
MatheMagic can also handle arrays of
formulas and functions. For example, if
you have a formula for the Pythagorean
Theorem under the name @PYTH, and
you want to find a number that is five
times the result of the formula, you input
5*@PYTH and the computer calls up the
formula, asks for the values of the vari-
ables, and instantly gives you a result
multiplied by five.
Similarly, you can combine formulas
for more sophisticated calculations. This
is one of the more appealing facets of
MatheMagic. It works like this: suppose,
for example, you have a formula which
determines the number of units you can
manufacture in a given span of time. You
can create this formula with MatheMagic
and save it under the name UNIT.
Suppose now you want to write a
program which calculates unit costs. You
can do so, saving it under the title COST.
Now, if you want to figure out how many
units you can make and the total cost
involved, you do so by commanding
©UNIT * ©COST.
If you have another formula to calcu-
late shipping costs, you can command
©UNIT * ©COST + ©SHIP. If you want
to consider three production runs, you
command 3 * (©UNIT • ©COST +
SHIP). If you plan to use these formulas
frequently, you save them under one title,
such as ©PROD. Every time you call up
©PROD, you get ©UNIT • ©COST +
©SHIP.
The potential for combining and
recombining your most frequently used
formulas is almost unlimited. You can
create formula libraries swiftly, and han-
dle the variables easily, thanks to the
logical system of naming them with words.
When you are through you can get a full-
size sheet of hard copy from your serial
or parallel printer, instead of cramped
figures from a calculator tape which must
be copied onto a larger format.
Improvements to MatheMagic are cur-
rently in the works. The most important
of these are adaptations so that the
program will work even more efficiently
with hard disk retrieval systems. The
version we evaluated was designed for a
48K Apple II. MatheMagic is also avail-
able for the IBM Personal Computer and
CP/M systems. Versions for Radio Shack
and Atari computers are said to be in the
works. □
CIRCLE 346 ON READER SERVICE CARD
"Simply the best word processor... anywhere"
For the Apple™
No hardware additions
needed — What you
see is what you get.
All functions are
displayed on the
screen exactly as they
appear in print
including:
• Underlining
• Bold
• Superscript
• Even normal
justification
• Lower and |
upper case
Block
movement
• Global replace
• Plus many more
features
\\
Word Handler is simply
the best word processing
software I could find
anywhere Dy far.
William R. Moroney
President
Electronic Funds
Transfer Association
^°Ust Handler o
w orK with *e Ca , c n.
(interlace 8 **" es
Once you buy a Word Handler we
don't forget you; our customer service
department is available daily. We
support our products
When upgrades are introduced you are
supplied with a replacement disk FREE*
Contact your local Applet dealer for a
demonstration. You'll be glad you did.
Silicon Valley Systems, Inc. 1625 Ei Camino Real *4 Belmont, CA 94002 (415) 593-4344
Silicon Valley Systems
CIRCLE 2 73 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AN ATARI
ii
JNI
HOME COMPUTER
AND A FATHER'S LOVE COMBINED
TO HELP CHILDREN EVERYWHERE.
Fernando Herrera became the first
grand prize winner of the ATARI
Software Acquisition Program
(ASAP) competition because he
oelieved in computers, his son
and himself.
The story of Herrera s success
began with his son s sight problems.
Young Steve Herrera had been
born with severe cataracts in both
eyes and, naturally, his father
was concerned. Herrera reasoned
that the boy s learning abilities
could be seriously affected by grow-
ing up in a world he could not see.
Having just purchased an
ATARI 800 Home Computer, it
occured to Herrera that this could
be the perfect tool for testing
Steves vision. So he wrote a pro-
gram simply displaying the letter
"E" in various sizes.
Success! It turned out that
2 -year-old Steve could see even
the smaller U E s" without special
lenses. Herrera was first relieved,
nd then intrigued when he dis-
covered that not only could his son
see the u EsT but he would happily
play with the computer-generated
letters for hours. So Herrera added
a picture of an elephant to go with
the "E|' and then more letters and
pictures. Thus, "My First Alphabet"
was born, a unique teaching program for chil-
dren two-years and older consisting of 36 high
resolution pictures of letters and numbers.
Herrera submitted the program to the
ATARI Program Exchange, where it became
an instant best-seller. ATARI was so im-
pressed with the outstanding design, suit-
ability and graphic appeal or My First
Alphabet',' that the program is being incorpo-
rated into the ATARI line of software.
In addition to his grand prize winnings
of $25,000 in cash and an ATARI STAR
trophy, Herrera also automatically receives
royalties from sales of his program through
the ATARI Program Exchange.
But Fernando Herrera wasn't the only soft-
ware "star" that ATARI discovered. Three
other ATARI STARS were awarded at the
ASAP awards ceremony for software sub-
mitted to the ATARI Program Exchange and
RECORD LENGTH = 83 „_„..__
PRE55 AMY KEY TO COMTIMUEB
•••WSX*' C>**» - . • •JL23
eABCDEFGHIJKLMMOPQRS
«dbtdefghi jklhnopqrs
udged by ATARI to be particu-
arly unique and outstanding.
Ron and Lynn Marcuse or
Freehold, New Jersey, teamed
up to write three winning
entries in the Business and Pro-
fessional category for home
computers: "Data Management
System 1 / "The Diskette Librae
ian" and "The Weekly Planner'
Sheldon Leeman of Oak Park,
Michigan, captured an ATARI
STAR for his exceptionally
well-engineered "INSTEDIT"
character set editor.
Greg Christensen of
Anaheim, California, became
our youngest ATARI STAR
winner at the age of 17.
Christensen designed the
clever "Caverns of Mars' game
program, which also will be
incorporated into the ATARI
product line. Greg designed
the program in V/i months
after owning his ATARI Home
Computer for less than a year.
Every three months, ATARI
awards ATARI STARS to the
writers of software programs
submitted to the ATARI Software
Acquisition Program and judged first,
second and third place in the following
categories: Consumer (including entertain-
ment, personal interest and development);
Education; Business and Professional pro-
grams for the home (personal finance and
record keeping); and System Software.
Quarterly prizes consist of selected ATARI
products worth up to $3,000, as well as an
ATARI STAR, plus royalties from program
sales through the ATARI Program Exchange.
The annual grand prize is the coveted ATARI
STAR trophy and $25,000 in cash.
To be eligible, your software idea must be
accepted by the ATARI Software Acquisition
Program. Your program can have a broad
application or serve a very specific purpose.
DATA DICTIONARY
RECORD
FILE MAMC ~ PA «.---
APPLICATION - PHOME/ADDRE**
ELEM
IS HEADING
LENGTH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MANE L,F
STREET
CITY, 5TATE
ZIP CODE
AREA CODE
PHONE NO.
BIRTHDAY
20
20
20
5
3
8
6
EDIT
NUMERIC
NUMERIC
DATE
4S6789: ; <=>?
TUVKKVZI\1 A _
TTT
After submittal, consultation
from ATARI is available if you
need personal assistance with
sound, graphics, or other tech-
nical aspects of your program.
To make your job easier,
ATARI provides some 20
software development tools
through the ATARI Program
Exchange. A list and descrip-
tion of the various system
software is published quarterly
in the ATARI Program Ex-
change Catalog. These tools
enable you to utilize all the
ATARI resources and software,
including the six ATARI
programming languages.
Fernando Herrera had a
great idea that made him a star.
ATARI would like to give you
the same opportunity.
ATARI
AWarnef Communications Comotny
Enter the ATARI ASAP competition and you
could win $25,000 in cash, royalties, some great
prizes and an ATARI STAR.
SUBMIT TO: ATARI® Software Acquisition Program
Dept. C3R , PO. Box 427
155MoffettParkDr.,B-l
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
OR CALL: 800-538-1862; in California, 800-672-1850.
I'm reaching for the stars. Please send me
an entry form today.
Name
Address.
City
State/Zip.
ATARI HOME COMPUTERS
We've Brought The Computer Age Home.
©1982 ATARI. Inc
CIRCLE 115 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Solutions Without Programming
...the friendly, menu-driven software that
provides solutions without programming. From
simple calculations to sophisticated
mathematics, MatheMagic is infinitely useful
in business, classrooms, laboratories or the
home. Effectively eliminates the programming
gap between user and computer.
Easy to learn...easy to use.. .in normal math
notation. Priced under $100.
m ■! h II hi l' : - : -
■ • ■■■ ••• • «•••• • ■■
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■ ^^^^^^r ^^H •••••••••••• ••• ••• • •■
^v ^M ^L^H ■ •••••••••••• ••■ ••• • ••
^^. ^M ^W ■ ■ ■•••••■•■■■• •■■■ ■•■* ■•■
^r^H ^^ ^r^Hi ••■••■•••••■ •••• •••■ •■■
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■ M ■•••••••••••• ••••••••■ •••
^ W\ II ■■ I :::•::
TM
Draw Your Own Conclusions
...once you've reached the solutions without
programming, GRAPHMAGIC lets you draw
your own conclusions. Mastered in minutes, it
creates representational charts and graphs
from mathematical data. Ideal for classroom or
business presentations. Allows ample text
anywhere on graphs.
Operates fully stand-alone and is also
compatible with MatheMagic™, VisiCalc™ or
any DIF* file product... stores and recallsdata
from disks... utilizes full color capability...
overlays graphs... supports the most popular
printers.. .and is universally affordable at
under SI 00.
illustrated in full color and animated graphics,
with vivid sound effects, it has irresistable
appeal for all age groups. PRISM involves the
search for three very real, solid gold keys valued
at thousands of dollars hidden within the
continental United States that maybe retrieved
by solving the puzzles and riddles in the story.
Finders keepers!
A puzzle for all ages.. .contains simple to
complex clues.. .utilizes the powers of the
computer to entertain as well as challenge...
priced between SI 9.95 and S24.95 (depending
upon computer model).
MatheMagic is available on: Apple //. IBM PC,
CP/M and NEC PC 8000. Coming soon on
TRS-80 Models I and III. GRAPHMAGIC is
available on: Apple II and II+. Coming soon
on IBM PC and NEC PC 8000. PRISM is
available on: Apple II, Atari 400/800 Disk and
Atari 400/800 Tape.
VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.
DIF is a trademark of Software Arts. Inc.
Apple II and //+ are registered trademarks of Apple Computers. Inc.
IBM /'C is a registered trademark of International Business
Machines Corp.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.
NEC PC 8000 is a registered trademark of Nippon Electronics Co.
Atari is a trademark of Atari. Inc. a Division of Warner
Communications.
See MatheMagic, GRAPHMAGIC and PRISM
at yourfavorite software dealers or computer
store. If they are not available, ask your
dealer to contact us. You may also write or
call us directly for complete information on
all ISM products at:
f-
nl
A Fantasy To Treasure
...this Storydisk™ from ISM brings literature to
the microcomputer. PRISM, the first in the
Storydisk series, is a fascinating story of
heroes, villains and treasure! Lavishly
CIRCLE 192 ON READER SERVICE CARD
International Software Marketing
Suite 421, University Building
120 E. Washington Street
Syracuse, New York 1 3202
(315)474-3400
683 Armadale Road
Feltham, Middlesex TW14-OLW
England
01-751-5791
PFS: Graph
COItt
Charts and Graphs from
an Apple Computer
David H. Ahl
PFS .Graph is a software package for
making line, bar and pie charts with an
Apple II computer. The minimum system
configuration is a 48K Apple II, one disk
drive (two are preferable) and, according
to the manual, an optional printer or
plotter. For reasons discussed below, I
felt the printer (or plotter) should not be
listed as optional but rather as manda-
tory.
A functional block diagram of the
PFS.Graph system is shown in Figure 1.
Six Basic Functions
In the Enter/Edit data section, you can
either enter data directly from the key-
board or retrieve data from a VisiCalc
DIF file or PFS file. X axis data may be in
one of three formats: numeric, identifier
(labels), or date (month, day, year,
quarter, etc.). Y axis data is always
numeric.
Function 2 displays a chart or graph.
Function 3, Define Chart, changes the
way PFS.Graph displays your chart and
lets you add explanatory information to
® ENTER/EDIT
DATA
creative coittpatiRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: PFS: Graph
Type: Charting and graphing package
Authors: Sebessi Chin and Stephen Hill
System: 48K Apple, disk drive, printer
Format: Disk
Summary: Bar, line and pie charts for
up to four variables
Price: $125
Manufacturer:
Software Publishing Corp.
1901 Landings Dr.
Mountain View, CA 94043
DISPLAY CHART
i\Ci' N
1
1 \
1 \
C
. .
■
■
•
] 1 1 \\ 1 1
PRINT PLOT
(5)get/remove chart
Figure 1. Block diagram of PFS: Graph.
November 1982° Creative Computing
it. You can display your graph as a bar,
line or pie graph. You can stack individual
graphs on top of one another or show
them comparatively, side by side.
Functions 4 and 5 are used to save
charts on to disk and to retrieve them
again.
Finally, using Function 6, Print/Plot,
you can print your chart with a printer or
plotter.
PFS.Graph is a menu-driven system. It
always comes up with the main graph
menu displayed. From this menu, any one
of the six functions illustrated in Figure 1
may be selected. To give you some experi-
ence playing with the system before
making your own graphs, a disk, which
contains a wide variety of graphs and
charts, is included. The introductory
55
section of the tutorial manual is devoted
to getting operational with the system
and familiarizing yourself with the func-
tions using the sample charts.
The balance of the manual is divided
into six chapters, each of which describes
in detail one of the six functions. The
manual also includes four appendices
which list and explain the error messages,
provide a quick reference summary of
the whole system, and provide informa-
tion on using various printers and
plotters.
Entering and Editing Data
Upon selecting Get/Edit Data on the
main menu, a second menu is displayed
which asks whether you wish to enter or
PFS: Graph continued...
edit data from the keyboard, get a Visi-
Calc file, or get a PFS file. If data are to
be entered from the keyboard, the screen
is divided into two columns, one labeled
"X data" and the other labeled "Y data."
The first thing you must do is tell PFS:
Graph what kind of X data are going to
be entered: identifier, numeric, or date.
An identifier is simply a collection of
characters that identifies something, such
as a department name, product name, or
product number. These names may be up
to fifteen characters long.
Numeric data may be integer or deci-
mal numbers ranging from 10°° or 10 30 .
They may be entered as "standard" num-
bers or in scientific notation, for example,
lE6or 1E-5.
Dates can consist of up to three groups
of digits that are separated by non-
numeric characters. Some examples of
acceptable dates are:
12/10/81
3 10 80
2:9:82
12/81
3 80
2:82
12
1980
82
Date format may specify days, months,
quarters, years or any legitimate combin-
ation of more than one variable such as
YM for months of more than one year.
The first graph I put in charted data from
April 1981 to March 1982. I used the
month format and entered the data in the
order that I expected it to be plotted.
However, because I had not specified
different years, PFS .Graph assumed I was
entering data out of order, and obligingly
reordered it for me, which, unfortunately,
was not at all what I wanted. This was
easily corrected by changing to the com-
bined YM(year month) format.
You can enter up to 36 pairs of X and
Y values (only 16 if X is an identifier). If
you make a mistake while you are enter-
ing data, the cursor control keys may be
used to move the cursor to the incorrect
value, which may be typed over to make
the correction. Thus, the system is some-
what similar to a memory mapped word
processing system. This is in contrast to
VisiCalc or VisiPlot which allow you to
jump from one value to another using the
arrow keys. In PFS.Graph only the for-
ward arrow key jumps to the next value.
If you wish to jump back, you must use
cursor control keys which move only one
space at a time.
When all the data for a graph have
been entered, you press CONTROL-C to
continue. Indeed, PFS.Graph uses
CONTROL-C in place of RETURN
throughout to indicate that data are being
entered to the computer. We understand
the reason for this: it is all too easy to
press RETURN to enter data and then
suddenly realize that you weren't really
ready to do so. CONTROL-C requires
much more deliberation. On the other
hand, after a while, having the two key-
*
LL.
O
<.'■•
i-
CftCATIUE COMPUTING MASZZNE
2T0 ; THOUSfiHDS>
PRINT RUN
! 82
E3 PRODUCTION
Figure 2. A maximum of 36 bars can be
displayed or plotted. This figure shows
24.
strokes required to enter practically any-
thing became rather annoying.
As soon as you have entered your data,
you may go back to the main menu and
ask to see it displayed. You need specify
no display parameters, formats, or labels.
PFS.Graph takes care of everything auto-
matically, at least in a rough way. You
may want to make your graph prettier
before printing it out, but at least you can
see what it looks like as you go along. We
found this a big advantage compared to
VisiPlot which requires several minutes
between the data entry function and the
graphing function.
If you have much data in VisiCalc files
you probably want to use the direct entry
capability rather than retyping these data.
The VisiCalc file must be stored in the
DIF format. Also, I found it worthwhile
to select just that portion of the VisiCalc
file that I wanted to graph and make a
new file containing that data. This avoids
the problem of selecting data from a much
larger VisiCalc file which, in PFS.Graph,
is a somewhat cumbersome operation.
Let me emphasize that you must know
the format of the VisiCalc files before
trying to read them into PFS.Graph. The
PFS.Graph program will not read a file
and then let you examine it for those
elements that you wish to plot. Rather,
you must specify at the time of reading
the data the number of the row (or
column) that will provide the X data and
the same for the Y data. You must also
know the format of the X data. If your
VisiCalc files are anything like mine in
which labels are occasionally mixed in
with numeric data, be warned that PFS.-
Graph will balk at these inconsistencies
and will not give you what you want.
PFS.Graph also has the ability to read
data from a PFS file without any special
preparation. Depending on the situation,
you can read data from all forms in the
file or from selected forms. Again, you
must be able to specify completely what
is coming in, as you will not be able to
examine it during the data transfer oper-
ation.
One rather nasty problem I had was
trying to get rid of data for an existing
graph when I started to enter data for a
new one. On page 1-5 of the manual it
states that "if you want to change the X
data format, you must clear the chart and
start again." Unfortunately, not until page
3-13, does the manual tell how to clear
out the old data. Once I learned I had to
enter a CONTROL-R from the Define
Chart Menu, I was okay. However, I felt
this should have been mentioned much
earlier in the manual to save unnecessary
gnashing of teeth and leafing through
pages.
The Way You Want It
The Define Chart function is used to
change the way PFS.Graph displays your
chart, and to add explanatory information
to it. Using Define Chart, you can display
most data in any of three formats (bar,
line, or pie chart). You can "stack" the
individual graphs on top of each other,
adjust the Y axis to a different scale, and
specify that the data in one or more of
the graphs be displayed cumulatively.
You can provide legends to identify data
from each graph and titles for the chart
«
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CREATIUE COMPUTING MAGZINE
(THOUSANDS)
A M J J
PRINT RUN
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81
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M D J F M
82
PRODUCTION COST
Figure 3. Same as Figure 2, but printed in expanded format (originally 8-1/2 x 11).
56 November 1 982 ° Creative Computing
At last count, more than a
couple of million Americans
owned personal computers. And
that number is expected to triple
by 1985.
That's a fertile environ-
ment for software sales. But a
lot of personal computer soft-
ware organizations are discover-
ing it's not as easy as they might
have thought.
The problems boil down
to these:
Lack of awareness on the
part of personal computer buy-
ers. Lack of understanding
on the part of personal
computer salespeople.
Lack of unlimited dollars to
advertise in the myriad
magazines that reach this
small segment or that
small segment of the
total market.
If any of this sounds
like a familiar frustration
to you, weVe got good
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its advent heralds a new
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To find out how LIST can
expand the awareness of your
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send us this coupon. (Hurry! We
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Or don't. And go on being
less well known than you
deserve to be.
LIST is published by Redgate
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WANT TO MAKE MORE PEOPLE AWARE OF MY SOFTWARE
NAME
M
1
□ Please send me literature that explains how LIST can help.
□ I don't want to wait on the mails. Call me right away.
Send to LIST, Redgate Publishing Co. , 3407 Ocean Drive,
Vero Beach, FL 32960. Or phone 1 800 327-1300.
TITLE
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TELEPHONE
ADDRESS
STATE
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LIST
The Software Resource Book
R)r Ffersonal Computer Users
I
CIRCLE 264 ON READER SERVICE CARD
PFS: Graph continued...
and axes. Finally, you can control the
horizontal grid line and display the chart
in color (if you have a color monitor).
While this sounds quite comprehensive,
it is at this point that various limitations
rear their ugly heads. The chart, X axis,
and Y axis titles can be up to 26 char-
acters long. Thus, in the charts labeled
"Creative Computing Magazine," maga-
zine must be spelled "magzine." Why not
40 characters as in VisiPlot?
In bar charts, up to four sets of data
may be displayed side by side. However,
because of screen and printer resolution
limitations, if four sets of data are dis-
played, only nine X axis data points may
be used. In other words, a maximum of
36 bars may be displayed in the X direc-
tion. Even so, it is a bit cramped. See
Figures 2 and 3 which display 24 bars side
by side.
Up to four data points may be "stacked"
in a bar (Figure 4 shows three stacked
values).
CREHTIUE computing press
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Figure 5. Line chart shows monthly sales
of three books.
is the ability to graph cumulative data.
When this feature is selected, each point
on the graph represents the total, or
cumulative, Y value up to that point.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate this capability.
Pie charts usually show quantitative
data in percents or absolute numbers that
are part of a whole, and can dramatize
comparisons between parts in relation to
the whole. PFS.Graph permits plotting
up to eight segments. The X axis labels
CREATIVE COMPUTING MAGZINE
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Figure 4. Bars can consist of up to four data points identified by color or shading.
Bar and line graphs may be combined
in a single chart. However, if bars are
stacked in the bar graph portion, the line
graph is stacked on top of the bars. Thus,
while I would have liked to show a line
graph of the total print run on top of the
stacked bar graphs showing printing costs
(Figure 4), this was not possible. While
VisiPlot is more cumbersome in speci-
fying the /ayout of graphs, it would have
allowed me to combine these items. Also,
VisiPlot allows a line graph to overlap a
bar graph, whereas with PFS.Graph, the
line chart must always be above and
separate from the bar chart portion.
VisiPlot permits a "floating" label to be
placed anywhere on the chart. PFS.Graph
does not have this feature.
An outstanding feature of PFS.Graph
determine the number of segments and Y
axis values determine the size of each
segment. Whether you want it to or not,
PFS.Graph always converts the absolute
numbers to percentages in the pie chart
labels (see Figure 7). Unfortunately, if
you want to use the same data for both a
bar and pie chart it probably will have to
be entered twice because the X labels for
a bar chart are likely to be different from
those on a pie chart.
For a more pleasing appearance, it may
be desirable to rescale a graph. I had one
uncomfortable moment trying to rescale
the bar graph showing Creative Com-
puting Magazine print runs from the
300,000 maximum provided automatically
by PFS.Graph to a more visually pleasing
250,000 (see Figure 8). I specified a Y axis
58
CREATIUE C0HPUTIN8 PPESS
2Qj ■I'^yfrAiiyy.'
(A
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° KATIE I COMPUTP ♦ COMPUTERS MATH
rvjRfc BASIC BflHE
Figure 6. Using the same data as Figure 5
but plotted cumulatively.
range of 0-250 and got the graph shown in
Figure 9. This is clearly not what I desired,
and it took me several minutes to realize
that the rescale value must be in terms of
the total units (250,000) and not in terms
of the value shown on the scale (250).
Using the correct value produced the
desired result (see Figure 10).
Printing and Saving Graphs
The Print/Plot routine allows any graph
to be printed on a Silentype, Epson, or
any other printer connected with a
Grappler interface card. It may also be
plotted on an HP7470A Plotter. The
graphs may be printed in both "normal
size" (approximately 3" x 4") or in
expanded size to fill an 8 1/2" x 11" page.
Figures 3 and 4 are printed in the
expanded format. Note the much better
resolution. All the illustrations for this
article, by the way, were printed on a
Silentype printer.
A much better copy on paper or trans-
parency may be produced with the
HP7470A plotter. The program has an
option to halt for a pen change after
plotting a given portion of the informa-
tion. This permits multicolored charts to
be drawn. The quality of these charts is
outstanding.
The Get/Remove Chart function is
used to "save, retrieve or delete" a chart
stored on a diskette. I had anticipated
that saving a chart in this way would
permit it to be retrieved by one of the
slide show systems such as the Lotus
Executive Briefing System, Screen Direc-
tor System, or C & H Slide Show. But
alas, this does not seem to be possible.
The PFS.Graph system stores slides in a
peculiarly-formatted disk system which
PRODOC r
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ENGINEERING
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Figure 7. Pie chart values are always
converted to percentages.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
y
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:reatiue c ohpu t r nq m*gz i he
CREATIUE COMPUTING WhGZINE
i 00 ■
PRINT PUN
Figure 8. Creative Computing print run,
4/81-3/82. Scaling is chosen automatical-
ly by PFS: Graph.
•— t
a.
o
O
M
5
t
b
X
250
225
208
175
198
125
188
75
88
H
r\
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1 1
PRINT RUN
91
Figure 9. Result of re-scaling Figure 8
using to 250 (the value printed on the
axis).
•jt
CREmTIUE COMPUTING MmGZINE
h n J J *
81
PRINT RUN
N D J F H
i *2
Figure 10. Correct re-scaling using to
250,000 and 25,000 Y-axis dividing lines.
can be read only from the PFS.Graph
software system (or perhaps from Pascal).
Indeed, it is not even possible with Apple
DOS to list a catalog from a PFS.Graph
data disk; nor is it possible to store a
graph in the hi-res page and BSAVE it to
another disk because the normal DOS is
not operative with the PFS.Graph system.
This is a real pity because, in general, it is
easier to make a chart using PFS.Graph
than with VisiPlot. However, the manual
gives no clue how to use these graphs
with any other system if, indeed, it is
possible at all. Thus, as I stated at the
beginning, it is necessary to have a printer
or plotter if you wish to disseminate the
information from PFS.Graph.
CREHTXVE COMPUTING NftGSINE
MARCH 1982 ISSUE
W/w/M
□ 3.6**
PREPARATION
23 26.65%
PRINTING COST
E3 68.66%
PrtPCT COST
. ff.+ fffSA
r.- .• ' .* j" .' .• .* .' .* ,'•"
Figure 11. Pie chart percentages are
automatically rounded to two decimal
places.
The Bottom Line
In summary, PFS.Graph is an easy-to-
use, versatile system for producing bar,
line and pie charts on a Apple computer.
The finished graphs can be produced
more quickly than with VisiPlot and the
expanded printer option is a decided plus.
The menus are clear and self-explanatory.
The ability to graph cumulative data is
excellent. On the other hand, PFS.Graph
is not as versatile as VisiPlot in labelling,
data manipulation, or combining several
graphs on the same chart. Furthermore
the manual gives no instructions for
retrieving the graphs with any other
software system. □
CIRCLE 350 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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November 1982 ° Creative Computing
59
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Introducing the
Sinclair ZX81.
If you 're ever
going to buy a personal
computer, now is the time
to do it.
The Sinclair ZX81
is the most powerful, yet
easy-to-use computer
ever offered for any-
where near the price:
only $99.95* completely assembled.
Don't let the price fool you. The ZX81 has
just about everything you could ask for in a per-
sonal computer.
A breakthrough in personal computers.
The ZX81 is a major advance over the origi-
nal Sinclair ZX80-the first personal computer to
break the price barrier at $200.
In fact, the ZX81 's 8K extended BASIC offers
features found only on computers costing two or
three times as much.
Just look at what you get:
■ Continuous display, including moving graphics
Sinclair technology is also available in Timex/Sinclair computers
under a license from Sinclair Research Ltd.
THE $99.95
■ Multi-dimensional
string and numerical arrays
■ Mathematical and scien-
tific functions accurate to
8 decimal places
■ Unique one-touch entry
of key words like PRINT,
RUN and LIST
■ Automatic syntax error
detection and easy editing
■ Randomize function
useful for both games and serious applications
■ 1 K of memory expandable to 16K
■ A comprehensive programming guide and
operating manual
The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It
hooks up to any television set to produce a clear
32-column by 24-line display. It comes with a
comprehensive programming guide and oper-
ating manual designed for both beginners and
experienced computer users. And you can use
a regular cassette recorder to store and
recall programs by name.
Order at no risk.**
We'll give you 10 days to try out the ZX81 . If
you're not completely satisfied, just return it to
Sinclair Research and we'll give you a full refund.
And if you have a problem with your ZX81,
send it to Sinclair Research within 90 days and
we'll repair or replace it at no charge.
Introducing the ZX81 kit.
If you really want to save money, and you
enjoy building electronic kits, you can order the
ZX81 in kit form for the incredible price of just
$79.95.* It's the same, full-featured computer,
only you put it together yourself. We'll send com-
plete, easy-to-follow instructions on how you can
assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours. All you
have to supply is the soldering iron.
A leader in microelectronics.
The ZX81 represents the latest technology in
microelectronics. More than 10,000 are sold
every week. In fact, the ZX81 is the fastest selling
personal computer in the world.
We urge you to place your order for the
ZX81 today.
To order.
To order, simply call toll
free. Or use the coupon below.
Remember, you can try it for
10 days at no risk.** The sooner
you order, the sooner you can
start enjoying your own
computer.
Call toll free 800-543-3000.
Ask for operator #509.
In Ohio call: 800-582-1 364;
in Canada call: 513-729-4300.
Ask for operator #509. Phones
open 24 hours a day, 7 days
a week. Have your MasterCard
or VISA ready.
These numbers are for orders only. If you just
want information, please write: Sinclair Research
Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.
* Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and
FREE manual.
** Does not apply to ZX81 kits.
NEW SOFTWARE: Sinclair has
published pre-recorded pro-
grams on cassettes for your
ZX81. We're constantly coming
out with new programs, so we'll
send you our latest software
catalog with your computer.
16K MEMORY MODULE: Like
any powerful, full fledged com-
puter, the ZX81 is expandable.
Sinclair's 16K memory module
plugs right onto the back of
your ZX81 . Cost is $49.95, plus
shipping and handling.
To order call toll free: 800-543-3000
Price*
Ad Code A1CC
Qty. Amount
ZX81
$99.95
ZX81 Kit
79.95
16K Memory Module
49.95
Shipping and Handling
4.95
$4.95
MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd.,
One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061 .
Nam* 1
TOTAL
Address
BEHIND EVERY
GOOD SINCLAIR
IS A MEMOPAK
If you own a Timex-Sinclair 1000 or
ZX81 computer, you should have a
Memopak behind it. From increased
memory to high resolution graphics,
Memotech has a Memopak to boost your
system's capabilities. Every Memopak
peripheral comes in a black anodised
aluminum case and is designed to fit
together in "piggy back" fashion to enable
you to continue to add on and still keep an
integrated system look.
Printer Interface-^ Memopak RAM
High Resolution Graphics
Order at no risk
All Memotech products carry our 10
day money back guarantee. If you're not
completely satisfied, return it in ten days
and we will give you a full refund.
And every Memotech product comes with a
six month warranty. Should anything be
defective with your Memopak, return it to
us and we will repair or replace it free of
charge. Dealer inquiries welcome. To order
any Memotech product call our toll-free
number 800/662-0949 or use the order
coupon.
Uviiy
CORPORATION
7550 West Yale Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80227
(303) 986-1516
TWX 910-320-2917
i Mail to: Memotech Corporation,
1 Code: CC-11
7550 West Yale Ave., Denver, CO 80227 I
*Price Qty. Total
1 64KRAM
$17995
32KRAM
10995
| 16KRAM
5995
Centronics Parallel Printer Interface
104.95
1 RS232 Printer Interface
13995
High Resolution Graphics
144.95
I Shipping and handling
4.95
$4.95
* All prices quoted in U.S. dollars
Tax**
* Colorado residents please add sales tax
□ Check D MasterCard □ Visa
Total
' Account No
Exn.
I Name
. Address
[city
State Zip 1
Memopak 64K RAM The 64K RAM extends the
memory of your Sinclair by 56K to a full 64K. It
is directly addressable, user transparent, is
neither switched nor paged and accepts such
basic command as 10 DIM A (9000). The
Memopak 64K turns your Sinclair into a
powerful computer suitable for business,
recreational and educational use. No additional
power supply is required.
Memopak 32K RAM The 32K RAM Memopak
offers your Sinclair a full 32K of directly
addressable RAM. Like the 64K Memopak, it is
neither switched nor paged and enables you to
execute sophisticated programs and store large
data bases. It is also fully compatible with
Sinclair's or Memotech 's 16K RAM to give you a
full 48K of RAM.
Memopak 16K RAM The Memopak 16K RAM
provides an economical way to increase the
capabilities of your Sinclair. And at the same
time, it enables you to continue to add on other
features with its "piggy back'' connectors. It is
compatible with the Sinclair 16K or a second
Memopak 16K or Memopak 32K to give 32K or
48K of RAM respectively.
Memopak High Resolution Graphics The
Memopak HRG contains a 2K EPROM monitor
and is fully programmable for high resolution
graphics. The HRG provides for up to 192 by 248
pixel resolution.
Memopak Printer Interface The memotech
Centronics parallel or RS232 printer interface
paks enable your Sinclair to use a wide range of
compatible printers (major manufacturers'
printers available through Memotech at
significant savings). The resident software in the
units gives the ASCII set of characters. Both
Memopak printer interfaces provide lower case
character capabilities. The RS232 Interface is
also compatible with modems.
New products coming soon Memotech will
soon be introducing four new Sinclair
compatible products: a high quality, direct
connection keyboard, a digitizing tablet, a 16K
EPROM and a disk drive. Watch for our future
advertisements.
Make Your Apple Into a Slide Projector
David H. Ahl
From the spate of new product releases,
one might conclude that personal com-
puter software vendors are taking aim at
Kodak and the slide show market. Within
three months, four software packages
designed to create electronic slide shows
have been released for the Apple alone.
Two packages also offer the ability to
make up text images (slides), while one
additionally offers the capability of
making graphic images.
We took a close look at all four systems
and their capabilities. In addition, I asked
Kerry Shetline of our Software Develop-
ment Group to write a "Poor Man's Slide
Show System." It lacks the elegance and
speed of the other systems, but if you
don't mind a bit of typing and a seven- to
ten-second slide load time, the price is
right (free).
ELECTRONIC SLIDE SHOW SYSTEMS FOR APPLE II
Executive
Screen
The Slide
Apple
"Poor
Briefing System
Director
Show
Flasher
Mans"
Capability to create or
modify text slides
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Capability to create or
modify graphics slides
Yes
No
No
No
No
User Interface
Menu
English-like
commands
Menu
Menu
Program
command
Images (Slides) per disk
32
17
16
16
16
Slide Transitions:
Timed automatic (seconds)
2 or more
5 or more
8-999
2-240
8 or more
Keyboard/game button
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Forward and reverse
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Select any slide
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Transitional effects
5
2
20
1
1
Print Slides
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Pages in manual
157
122
52
6
n/a
Price
$199.00
$150.00
$39.95
$34.50
free
November 1982 • Creative Computing
63
Lotus Executive
Briefing System
The Executive Briefing System is a
graphics package designed to present a
series of text or graphics "slides" on a
monitor or TV set controlled by an Apple
computer. The "slides" may be created
with the Executive Briefing System or
with other hi-resolution graphics pack-
ages, such as VisiPlot or Apple Business
Graphics Package.
The program allows the user to create
a slide show on disk which can run
automatically or manually using paddle
controllers or the keyboard to advance,
backup, or view individual slides.
The Executive Briefing System package
comes complete with a demonstration
diskette (the Conoco Takeover), exten-
sive manual including a 95-page tutorial
section and 53-page reference section
and, of course, the program diskette.
The system requires a 48K Apple, one
or more disk drives (two preferred),
Applesoft Basic in ROM (or a language
card), monitor or TV set (color pre-
ferred). Graphics printer and paddle
controller are optional.
The system is easy to learn and use. It
took me only about an hour before I was
comfortable with most of the features
and able to produce slides of my own.
Quick progress is aided by the excellent
tutorial manual which contains screen
photos on virtually every other page.
Tutorial Lesson 1 uses the demonstra-
tion disk, "The Conoco Auction," to
demonstrate how to present a slide show
with the EBS run-time program. A slide
show can be run automatically with the
user specifying the amount of time (in
seconds) that each slide is to remain on
the screen. If you want to allow more
time to read a particular slide or point
something out to an audience, the show
can be interrupted by simply pressing the
space bar. The show is then resumed by
pressing any key.
It is also possible to use the right and
left arrow keys to advance to the next
slide or go back to the previous one. With
the show set up for automatic advance,
the left arrow key reverses the direction
of the show. The Conoco demonstration
diskette is set up to display each new
slide with a rising curtain effect. However,
other effects are possible, including a
falling curtain, dissolve, spiral (out from
David H. Ahl
the center), or simple cut. For variation,
it is possible to specify "random" which
as its name implies, produces a random
dissolve to the next slide. All of these
parameters may be changed either when
the show is being made up or at run time.
One last option at run time is the ability
to view a slide out of sequence. By
bringing the main menu to the screen
during the slide presentation and selecting
VIEW, the current slide is replaced by a
double-column list of all the slides on the
disk. Using the cursor and right or left
arrow keys you simply select the slide
you wish to view, press Return and it is
immediately shown.
Lesson 2 is devoted to creating a slide
show diskette with the EBS edit program.
This lesson also encourages the user to
step through all of the menus and become
familiar with the creation aspects of the
package.
The entire package is menu driven.
There are two main menus, one for
creation and modification of slides and
the other for running a slide show. The
Run Time menu has two submenus while
the Creation menu has fifteen submenus.
While this may sound complicated, in fact
it is not. When the cursor is placed over
any menu item (all of which are full
words), an explanation of that item
appears in the top line on the screen.
Items needing additional explanation use
larger areas of the center of the screen.
In the tutorial portion of the manual, the
menu is frequently illustrated along with
a diagram snowing one or two diskettes
that indicate what is being transferred
between them.
rra*H
ORDER
AUTO MAN
STATUS OF OPTIONS
* SLIDE SHOW hDUANCE
- MANUAL
* SPECIAL EFFECTS
- CUT
t MULT I -DISK SHOW OFT ION
- CLEhRED
SOURCE
DEST
Executive
Briefing System
Program
Diskette
r^
W
SETUP Menu
Run-Time Program
SLIDES Menu
Slides
("Conoco Auction, Parts 4-5")
OPTIONS Menu
Options
(Effects, etc.)
Backup 2
(Your Scratch
Diskette)
]
Figure 1. Illustration from manual shows computer screen and diagram of data
transfers on disks.
64
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Fernando Herrera Strikes Again!
In ASTRO CHASE , his first program since winning the ATARI® STAR AWARD, Fernando delivers: Fast,
Super, ARCADE GRAPHICS • 100% MACHINE LANGUAGE • SMOOTH SCROLLING UNIVERSE (different
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FIRING • INTELLIGENT ENEMY ATTACK SHIPS • SINGLE THRUST PROPULSION™ • INVISIBLE
FORCE FIELDS * MULTIPLE SKILL LEVELS • Many more INNOVATIVE and UNIQUE features.
"THERE IS HO ESCAPE!"
Ask for FIRST STAR SOFTWARE at your local dealer.
Retail and Distribution inquiries invited.
' When being first counts... we 're number one
//
*!*&
PS
vctf
$x&
&&
0*
To Order:
Call TOLL FREE 800-223-1545
nationwide except in New York
phone 212-889-1073
When using your MASTER CARD or
VISA please have ready:
your card number & expiration date.
Send your check or money order
for $29.95* plus $2.00
shipping and handling to:
First Star Software, Inc.
22 East 41st Street
New York, NY 10017
When ordering, please specify
DISK or TAPE
'New york residents please add
7% sales tax.
>•_
FIRST
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Single Thrust Propulsion «• is a registered trademark of First Star Software, Inc.
ASTRO CHASE, "there is no escape!" 1 " is a registered trademark of First Star Software, Inc.
©, 1982 First Star Software, Inc.
OP TUJ FIRE inc
CIRCLE 172 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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CIRCLE 108 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Executive Briefing, continued...
Lesson 3 comprising the next 30 pages
of the manual is a tutorial on typing and
drawing slides. For the most part, the
cursor behaves the same as it does on a
regular Apple except that there is no wrap
around at the end of a line or bottom of
the screen.
Three type fonts are available' Mono-
space (upper and lower case, looks like
the regular Apple font), Compressed
b>*l«> ol Computers
coshM flu, 000
In this 1
•i amp' 1 €r I 1 9x'
HOME
ha i been 1^88 1||| SCHOOL
used to liocclimi
horizontal
bar chart
This i= one
o t m my
pf" 1C 1 1 C 3 1
u f e s o t
the DRAM
feature
While it is possible with all the type
faces to go wild in creating "spectacular"
slides, I found that by sticking to one or
two type fonts and styles I produced a far
more readable finished slide. I also found
that lower case Compressed was barely
readable in color, even on a high quality
color monitor. Hence, I avoided this style
except where I had to squeeze a caption
into a very small space.
In addition to text, EBS provides the
ability for doing both high and low reso-
lution drawing. Although the manual
PIXSAVE, a command which is rarely
used if you are using VisiPlot by itself.
Executive Briefing System gives instruct-
ions for transferring files from one disk to
another, however I found it just as easy to
save the VisiPlot pictures directly on my
EBS data disk. EBS will save slides in
either a packed or normal format.
One minor annoyance: once a name
has been assigned to a slide, it is extremely
difficult to change it without several disk
transfers. A word to the wise: think out
the name for each slide and make it as
EBS CAN BE USED
AS A DESIGN AID
1988
I*
1986 |g OFFICE
i •; "
1988
IENTIFIC
Mroom
>MhLL business
b<ck porch
bedroom
Nmihj kftdtl
room
S f
\ — i i
/ 1
. 1 , _
X IJMMIMJI •••■HI
bedroom
o
o
FIF'Sl FL00F
Architects work at home and send finished
product to office
(upper and lower case, about 1/3 smaller
than Monospace) and Large Caps (upper
case only, about 1/3 larger than Mono-
space). In addition, all type faces are
available in regular or boldface style
(upper case letters only) and in reverse
(black on white instead of white on
black).
If these fonts aren't enough, Lotus has
72 additional fonts (Lotus Alphabets)
available on three disks of 24 each ($25
per disk). Some are quite astounding and
substitute small graphics characters
(hearts, diamonds, etc.) for punctuation
marks.
creative coiRpattng
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Lotus Executive Briefing
System
Type: Business graphics package
Author: Mitchell Kapor
System: 48K Apple, Disk Drives
Format: Disk
Language: Applesoft Basic with
machine language routines
Price: $199.00
Manufacturer:
Professional Software
Technology Inc.
\W Franklin St.
Cambridge, MA 02139
(617) 497-2077
Figure 2. Detailed slides can be produced
using the "Draw" feature.
states, "the possibilities are limitless," we
found that drawing with a one-pixel wide
cursor using the keyboard was extremely
tedious. On the other hand, we won't
deny that folks with the patience of Job
will be able to produce some outstanding
graphics. Witness those on the Conoco
demonstration disk and in the manual.
In both the text and drawing modes, six
different colors are available: green,
purple, orange, blue, white and black.
Black, of course, is most useful for erasing
mistakes made in the other colors.
In the drawing mode, there are two
different cursor sizes: regular (the same
as the standard Apple cursor) and micro
cursor (1/6 the size of the regular cursor
or one-pixel in width). There are also two
other cursors provided, one is six pixels
high and the other six pixels wide.
Although interesting, I never found any
real use for either of them.
The fourth tutorial lesson addresses
creating and backing up a single or multi-
disk show. It emphasizes the importance
of back-up disks, and explains the use of
the "help" menu. It also explains how to
print slides with the Silentype, Epson and
IDS printers.
Although I created some slides using
the draw features of the Executive
Briefing System, I found it far easier to
create graphs and charts using VisiPlot
and load them into the Executive Briefing
System. Incidentally, you must save the
pictures created in VisiPlot using
short as possible so that it will fit on the
screen when you view the directory menu.
Remember, only 16 characters will be
visible.
When editing slides created by VisiPlot,
you'll find that the text lines are not in the
same place. Hence, it will not be possible
simply to overwrite a title line. In fact, to
erase certain areas of the VisiPlot screen
such as the nasty numbers which are
always printed on the X axis and which I
rarely want, it is necessary to use the full-
size cursor to erase most of them and the
micro cursor (drawing in black) to erase
the top three pixels. On the other hand,
"My subscription to Creative Computing just
expired!"
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
67
Executive Briefing, continued.
CREATIVE COMPUTING
1400
- STEADY GROWTH
CREATIUE COMPUTING
1400
- 8TEADY GROWTH
#1 IN SOFTWARE
HMD APPLICATIONS
1979 19£© 1981
QUARTERLY REUENUE
400--
20©
1979
T3?< wnnuAL
FOuriDinG :m
1999
19S1
GROWTH ©iriCE
HOME TIBER :i.'ii« i ;, «l
Figure 3. Graph produced by VisiPlot can be modified to include labels, colored type and borders.
the effort was well worthwhile as I was
able to get a far more attractive final slide
using the combination of VisiPlot and the
Executive Briefing System than using
VisiPlot alone.
In summary, the Executive Briefing
System is easy to learn, easy to use, and
produces professional results in a mini-
mum amount of time. Applause goes to
the author, Mitch Kapor, for following
his successful VisiTrend/ VisiPlot package
with the Lotus Executive Briefing System.
D
CIRCLE 342 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AVERAGE 8Y8TEH COST
r:
;:i E Ml P IHI E R A IL OHMERBHXP
I TOTflL OWNING
A
COMPUTER
$2290
B
PERIPHERALS
1600
C
SOFTWARE
600
D
MEDIA
400
E
OTHER
400
TOTAL
$4200
p
E
R
C
E
N
T
BOUGHT IN
LAST 12 H0$
H
12 3 4 5 6
1 LINE PRINTER 4 ADD-ON hErlORY
2 LETTER PRINTER 5 FLOPPY DISK DRIME
3 MONITOR 6 MODEM
AVERAGE AMOUNT SPENT IN LAST 12 MONTHS = $2000
Figure 4. Line printer output is not as good as the screen since colors are not clearly differentiated.
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CIRCLE 158 ON READER SERVICE CARD
68
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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CIRCLE 133 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Screen Director
As the software world moves toward
making software packages more user-
friendly, there seem to be three distinct
approaches. The first I call KISS, for
Keep It Simple, Stupid. The "attract"
mode on a game is an example of this. By
watching the computer play for a while,
you can get the hang of the game, and are
able to move right into it without any
further instructions. In general, this
approach does not work for larger, more
complex software packages. The majority
of those programs today use a menu-
driven approach. For example, the Visi-
series of programs, PFS and Lotus pack-
ages all rely heavily upon a menu-driven
approach. The third approach is to make
software packages accept English-like
commands. An extreme example of this
is The Last One. In some sense, the Cobol
language was a forerunner of the English-
like approach to simplicity.
In any event, Business & Professional
Software, Inc. have chosen the English-
like approach to make Screen Director a
user-friendly package. In effect, Screen
Director is a mini-language for creating
and showing slides in contrast to, say, the
Lotus Executive Briefing System which is
a completely menu-driven system. Since
the approaches are so completely differ-
ent, I can say with a reasonable degree of
certainty that if you like one you will not
like the other.
The Screen Director system consists of
a manual (10 chapters, 4 appendices), a
Kodak hand-held remote slide projector
controller with a connector that plugs
into the game port on the Apple com-
puter, and two disks. One disk holds the
Screen Director program, and the other
is a demonstration disk with several slides
and sample data.
Using a graphics package such as the
Apple Business Graphics package or
VisiPlot, the user creates graphic images
which are stored on a data diskette. These
can then be accessed from the Screen
Director program, arranged in sequence
and shown as an electronic slide show.
The Screen Director also has the ability
to create and edit text slides. It will print
both graphic,, and text slides on a wide
variety of printers including the IDS prism
printer for full color output.
David H. Ahl
As I mentioned earlier, Screen Director
uses a set of English-like commands at
the system command level. The basic
structure of a command is:
Verb (noun) (preposition) (modifier(s)).
Command elements in parentheses are
not used in all commands. Some examples
of commands that Screen Director under-
stands are:
CLEAR TITLES
LIST DESCRIPTIONS PRINTER
SET TITLE "OIL IN THE US"
DISPLAY IMAGE SHOW: OILAXES.S.DATA
ADD
LIST
VERIFY
CREATE SHOW: BOOK SALES
SHOW FROM 8 AUTOMATATIC 1
REMOVE FIRST, 4, 8 THRU 10
MOVE 3, 5-9, LAST BEFORE 1
HELP EDIT
HELP SETUP
As you can see from this short list,
Screen Director has its own language.
But it is a rather natural language. I found
by laying the reference card on top of the
Apple, I could pretty much figure out
how to create a slide show without con-
stantly referring to the manual. Of course,
I did read the manual first!
Chapter 1 of the manual is simply a
description of the Screen Director system.
Chapter 2 plunges right into a tutorial
which takes you through creating a pre-
sentation (using the sample data on the
second disk), making a title slide, showing
the slides manually and automatically, and
saving the finished show on a disk. By the
time you have finished the 17 pages of
this chapter, you will probably have more
questions than answers. This is because
many of the commands are presented
simply to enable you to get your hands on
the computer and show what it can do;
the explanations for the commands are
not given until later in the manual.
Chapter 3 presents some of the con-
70
cepts of a slide tray and screen. There
are three main types of screens. The first
is an image such as a line graph, area
plot, bar graph, picture, etc. A text screen,
as its name implies, holds alphanumeric
text. A message screen flashes short
messages on the monitor during a presen-
tation for instance, to remind the user to
change diskettes in the drive.
Chapter 4 defines the basics of the
Screen Director language. It also lists
valid file and disk names.
Chapter 5 starts getting into the meat
of things. It describes how to set up a disk
for the creation of a slide show. It also
describes the help commands. These are
incredibly useful, particularly when you
are first learning the system. There are
eight help commands which describe all
the other commands. In addition, there
are two levels of help. The first simply
describes the commands and their struc-
ture for, let's say, setting up. Typing
CONTROL-A while in one of the eight
help files will show you an explanation of
the use of each command.
Chapter 6 deals with creating and
saving a tray of slides. Note that the
terminology throughout Screen Director
is as close as possible to that used by
someone showing a Kodak carousel tray
of slides.
Each slide in the tray must be com-
pletely defined; it is not enough simply to
give the name of the image. Five char-
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Screen Director
Type: Slide show utility
System: 64K Apple, disk drive
Format: Disk
Language: Pascal
Summary: Electronic slide show
Price: $150
Manufacturer:
Business & Professional
Software, Inc.
143 Binney St.
Cambridge, MA 02142
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
D
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fer^
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the
classic
fantasy
game
for the
Apple II
Don Worth
now in
hi-res
can yot/
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apple?
Don Worth, the co-author of Beneath Apple DOS and Bag of Tricks, has returned to his first love — fantasy adventure! This
special edition of the game that Softalk magazine labels a "classic" is far better than the popular original — with faster
reaction time, high resolution graphics, sound effects, a deeper dungeon, and more monster types and magic items Lots of
adventure at a reasonable price . . . $29.95.
Runs on any 48K Apple II or Apple II Plus with one disk drive.
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CIRCLE 256 ON READER SERVICE CARD
We could tell you we make
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SERPENTINI
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You keep Broderbund at the top of the best seller
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Broderbund
Br0derbund products are available at your retailer or by writing to:
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Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Atari is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc.
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i
CIRCLE 126 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Vol. 1 No. 1
Apple adds a whole new cast of characters.
As you may already know, both
the Apple® II and III can drive virtually
every printer on the market.
Regretfully, not every printer on
the market can offer you the same level
of service and support you'd expect
from Apple. So the same kindly, com-
petent dealer who healed your Apple
overnight may have no idea how to fix
your Samurai Ichiban daisywheel.
Silentype. Dot Matrix. Letter Quality.
That's why we thought it would be
nice, maybe even profitable, to offer
a full line of printers that would look like
Apples, last like Apples, with Apple
warranties and Apple dealer service
and Apple documentation.
We even gave them Apple names:
The new Apple Dot Matrix Printer.
The new Apple Letter Quality Printer.
And the new Apple Thermal Printer.
(Which is really the old, reliable
Silentype"")
Taking it from the top, our 7 x 9
Apple Dot Matrix Printer is a superb
machine for correspondence-quality
printing. With exceptionally legible,
fully-formed characters, it gives you
a choice of eight different type sizes
and five different fonts. It can also give
you proportional spacing. Plus boldface
printing, underlining, varied pitches,
varied line spacing and more.
With 1 44 x 1 60 dots per square
inch, our Dot Matrix can put all
kinds of high resolution
graphics on paper— from
bar charts and line graphs
to digitized portraits.
The Apple Letter Quality
Printer, on the other hand, is
the preferred machine for just that.
In fact, for any word processing or data
processing applications where
graphics aren't a primary concern.
For one thing, it lets you get the
words out faster. At a blazing 40 cps
(instead of the usual 30-35), it's
the speediest letter quality printer in
its price range.
It also offers a full 130-
character print wheel. (The
current standard is a not-
so-full 96 characters.)
Plus varied pitches and
spacing, form or line feed,
operation pause-seemingly
unimportant talents until you
discover your machine doesn't
have them.
Both the Apple Letter Quality and
Dot Matrix printers come with self-
teaching diskettes. So your Apple
computer can tell you how to use your
Apple printer.
Naturally, all our printers -including
the sturdy, inexpensive Silentype™- are
deliberately designed to take full
advantage of all the advantages
built into every Apple computer.
The interfaces are clean, the
electronics compatible. So
you don't have to go peeking
and poking to adapt print
commands or parameters, or
spend your summer vacation
kluging an interface. Which is
a lot more than we can say for the
Samurai Ichiban.
All of which should stimulate you,
we hope, to see the newest Apples
up close.
They look good, even on paper.
(800) 538-9696 (California (800) 662-9238). Apple Computer Inc.. Advertising and Promotion Dept . 20525 Manam Ave . Cupertino. CA 95014
CIRCLE 110 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Screen Director, continued...
acteristics are necessary to define a slide:
screen type (image, text, etc.), file (file
and slide name), description, flash screen
(yes or no) and display time. Flash screen
means showing the slide like a blinking
cursor; this really gets your attention!
Figure 1 shows a list of slides in a tray
with their characteristics.
slide presentation. Unfortunately, there
is no provision for adding, deleting, or
editing material on a graphics slide as
there is in the Lotus Executive Briefing
System. I found this a disadvantage, as
the slides that I created on VisiPlot were
not always in the final form in which I
wanted to show them. Furthermore, Visi-
Plot has only one size type and I would
like to have been able to use the large
r
//l SCREEN TYPE =
F ILE =
DESCRI PT lONr
FLASH SCREEN=
DI SPLAY T I ME =
//2 SCREEN TYPE =
F ILE =
DESCR I PT ION=
FLASH SCREEN=
DISPLAY T1ME=
m SCREEN TYPE=
FILE =
DESCRI PT ION=
FLASH SCREEN=
DI SPLAY T IME=
IMAGE
SHOW: O I LAXES . S .DATA
OIL AXES
YES
IMAGE
SHOW:OlLCONS . S .DATA
OIL CONSUMPTION 1960-1978
NO
I MAGE
SHOW: O I LPROD. S .DATA
OIL PRODUCTION 1960-1978
NO
TYPE <CTRL-C> TO CONTINUE, <ESC> TO EXIT
Uk SCREEN TYPE=
F ILE =
DESCR I PT ION=
FLASH SCREEN=
DI SPLAY T IME=
IMAGE
SHOW: O I L IMPO . S .DATA
OI L IMPORTS 1960 - 19 7
NO
Figure I. List of four slides and their "characteristics. "
Chapter 7 describes how to clear and
set default values such as display time,
screen type, and flash screen. •
Chapter 8 describes how to make
changes to trays you have created and
saved previously, and also describes how
to combine one or more trays, add
screens, remove screens, and change their
positions and characteristics. Frankly, I
found this chapter somewhat confusing
and I got myself into several predicaments
which could only be remedied by restart-
ing the system. I am not sure whether this
was the fault of Screen Director, the 32K
memory board in my Apple, or a raging
thunderstorm outside. On the other hand,
it was not a one-time occurrence.
Chapter 9 describes various procedures
and commands used for presenting a tray
of screens (slides). It first recommends
the use of the verify command to make
sure that all the screens you want to use
are on-line and then goes into the show
command for presenting the tray either
manually or automatically. In automatic
presentation mode, the slides may be
shown for the same amount of time
(specified at show time) or for the display
time specified on each slide. In addition,
if you wish to view a slide longer than the
display time or automatic time, you may
simply press the space bar and that slide
will stay on the screen until the space bar
is pressed again.
Chapter 10 describes the creation of a
text screen for inclusion in your graphic
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
and inverse type faces available in Screen
Director.
Slides may be printed on any one of
several line printers as well as the IDS
Prism Color Printer. Unfortunately, the
entire show must be printed automatically
or manually. No provision is provided for
printing individual slides, say slide 7 or
slide 13, from a show. Trying to print to a
printer whose slot has not been specified
hangs the system. Your only recourse,
then, is to re-start.
Screen Director permits 17 image
(graphics) screens to be stored on a disk.
I felt this number was rather low, particu-
larly in light of the many excellent hi-res
packing routines on the market. For
example, the Lotus Executive Briefing
System stores 32 screens on a disk. Per-
haps the reason that a disk stores so few
slides is that Screen Director stores much
additional information about each slide.
Although a Kodak slide projector con-
trol is provided, you may also use the
push buttons on a set of paddles or
joystick. One button moves the show
forward one slide while the other moves
it backward. Sorry, there is no focus con-
trol.
In contrast to the Executive Briefing
System, which has several methods of
switching from one slide to the next
(downward roll, upward roll, dissolve,
etc.), Screen Director has only two slide
change methods: dissolve and overlay.
The overlay is rather interesting. For
75
example, if you wished to show a graph of
oil consumption as one slide followed by
a graph of oil production and oil imports
as the next two slides, each could be
overlaid on the previous slide as shown in
Figure 2.
In summary, Screen Director is an
excellent program for displaying hi-res
graphics made by some other program
along with text slides produced by Screen
M
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OIL IN I HE U.S
r 13
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16-
14
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19-
8—
6
4
2—
a JL
S
60
62 64
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YEttR 1960-1978
M
26 -
18-1
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64 66 68 70 72
VEHR 1968- 1978
OIL IN THE. U.S
T
76
T~
,.ih t tp = CONSUMPTION
BLUE - PRODUCTION
€..€ 68 "0 72 '
VEmP 1968- 1978
. b
M
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OIL IN THE
itOHITE - CONSUMPTION
BLUE - PRODUCTION
ORANGE
60 62 64 66 60 70 72 74 76
vEmR 1966-1978
Figure 2. "Overlay" dissolve technique
allows an image to be overlaid on a
previous one. Here, three images are over-
laid.
Put your
business forms
on an Apple 1 1
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complete with 32" high robotic arm • power pak
• controller card • cables • manual • tool kit
• Use with any RS-232C computer
port or modem
• Rigid %" open aluminum
construction
• Six powerful DC Servo gear
motors
• Digital choppers on all axes
• Controller card with Intel* 8748
CPU
• Built-in self test program
• Reach: 22.5" maximum
• Grasp: 2"
• Lift: 16 oz. at extension
"Hands-on-Introduction to
ROBOTICS, The Manual for
XR-1 " may be purchased
separately @ $20.00 ea. p.p.
Immediate delivery. Shipped F.O.B
Champaign, IL (IL residents please
add 5% sales tax) Price &
specifications may be altered
without notice.
Dealer/Rep. inquiries invited.
Sandhu Machine Design, Inc., Dept. CC-2
308 S. State, Champaign, IL 61820
217/352-8485
CIRCLE 269 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Screen Director, continued...
Director. This electronic slide show capa-
bility should be valuable in business and
industry. The English-like commands will
appeal to many users. The program may
have a special appeal to Pascal users since
it is written in Pascal and allows the
running of other Pascal programs, such
as Apple Business Graphics, from within
the Screen Director program. The inclu-
sion of a Kodak slide changer is a nice
touch. On the other hand, the system falls
short in its ability to modify or edit graphs
or charts produced by another software
system. Assuming you are happy with the
output produced by Apple Business
Graphics or VisiPlot, this is not a severe
limitation. The ability to overlay one slide
on the previous one is excellent, however,
I would have liked to see greater visual
versatility in the slide changing methods.
While the English-like commands com-
bined with the eight help screens and
reference card made using the system
reasonably straightforward, I was still
obliged to consult the manual more often
than I do with a good menu-driven system.
Also, it was not at all clear from the
manual that loading an image from Visi-
Plot or some other system, displaying it,
and storing it as a slide would require a
disk change although common sense tells
you that this must be so. (Note: none of
the other slide systems deal adequately
with this operation either, although it is
extremely vital.)
Screen Director is not for everyone. If
you like writing programs or have learned
a foreign languge in school, you will have
no trouble with it and will find it does an
extremely competent job. On the other
hand, if you are oriented to off-the-shelf,
packaged software of the KISS or menu-
driven variety, you should take a look at
the Screen Director manual at your local
computer store before sinking $150 into
it. □
CIRCLE 343 ON READER SERVICE CARD
fif*
" Yes, this is my first day on the job, why?"
NEECO
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MON tRI9:00 5:i0f.S.T.
(61 7) 449-1 760
TELEX: 951021
MAST CAR UISA
CIRCLE 230 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Slide Show
The Slide Show is a software package
designed to allow the Apple computer to
emulate a 35mm slide projector on a TV
or monitor. Since the authors are mainly
involved with videotape production, they
have put much emphasis on video-like
special effect transitions between stand-
ard hi-res pictures (slides). The Slide Show
provides 20 different transitions to use
between images.
In contrast to the Lotus Executive
Briefing System and the Screen Director
system, The Slide Show has no provision
for creating slides; rather it is simply a
system to take hi-res images created by
other software packages and show them
in sequence.
A slide sequence may contain up to 75
hi-res images. Although a maximum of 16
images may be stored on one disk, the
program works with single or multiple
disk drives, so longer sequences can be
shown.
The Slide Show provides three methods
of advancing slides. For a show under the
control of the operator, either the paddle
button or a key press may be used to
advance the slide. Alternatively, slides can
be set to run automatically with the timing
of the slide advance set at anything
between eight seconds and seventeen
minutes. Furthermore, these methods
may be intermixed in a slide show.
The manual is divided into five sections.
The first section is an introduction and
David H. Ahl
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: The Slide Show
Type: Slide show utility
Authors: Bruce A. Cash,
Robert W. Hench
System: 48K Apple, disk drive
Format: Disk
Language: Applesoft Basic
Summary: Electronic slide show
Price: $39.95
Manufacturer:
C & H Video
1 10 West Caracas Ave.
Hershey, PA 17033
describes the features of the system. The
second section takes you step by step
through running a demonstration
sequence which is included on The Slide
Show disk.
The third section of the manual
describes the seven main commands in
the menu. They are: Create, Display,
Erase, Load, Modify, Print and Save.
The fourth section comprises the bulk
of the manual (28 pages). It is a tutorial
which takes you through all the features
of the system. The balance of the manual
consists of six appendices and an adden-
dum.
The Slide Show system is completely
menu-driven; the only thing you will ever
have to type is the name that you wish to
assign to a slide and the file name under
which it is currently stored on a disk.
The two commands used most are
Create and Display. Create is the option
used to create a slide sequence. Upon
selecting Create, the program asks you to
enter the name of the slide and press
RETURN. The name of the slide is the
same as the filename of the hi-res image
on the disk. The menu then allows you to
select the drive number from which the
slide will be loaded. Following this, the
program prompts you for the type of slide
advance to be made from Slide 1 to Slide
2. If you do not select a type of advance,
the program will automatically default to
a key press of any key. The program then
asks you to input the letter for the type of
transition between Slide 1 and Slide 2.
The 20 transitions available are shown in
Figure 1.
The list of transitions is provided as
Appendix D in the manual or may be
shown on the screen by pressing
CONTROL-L. After selecting a transition,
Create goes back to Step 1 and asks you
for the name of the next slide in the show.
When you have finished the creation
process, ESCAPE takes you back to the
main menu from which you may select
another option.
To view the show that you have
created, you simply press D for Display.
There are no options with the Display
78
command: you simply see the show as
you have created it.
The Modify option steps through a
show in the following order: slide name,
type of slide advance, and type of transi-
tion. If you wish to change an item, you
simply type over the existing information
or use the menu to select a different
option.
Save, as its name implies, saves a slide
show sequence on a disk. Load brings it
back in, and Erase eradicates it from
memory (but not from the disk). With the
Print option, a slide show sequence may
be printed on a line printer. Note that it is
the sequence of slides that are printed
and not the hi-res images.
The Slide Show package includes three
important programs which are external
to the menu-driven portion of the system.
The Initialize and Copy programs allow a
new disk to be initialized and slides to be
copied on to it. Using Copy, 16 hi-res
slides may be copied on one disk. This is
two more than could be "normally"
copied using FID or another standard
copy program. On the other hand, the
images are not packed nearly as densely
as they can be with some of the "picture
packer" routines.
Another program, Create Run-Time,
allows a complete slide show along with
APPENDIX D - LIST OF
SLIDE TRANSITIONS
A) COLUMNS
B) COLUMNS 2
C) HALVES IN
D) HALVES OUT
E) HALVES W/BLUE
F) HORIZ L/R FAST
G) HORIZ L/R RIPPLE
H) HORIZ L/R SLOW
I) HORIZ L/R FAST
J) HORIZ R/L SLOW
K) NORMAL CHANGE
L) OVERLAY DOWN
M) OVERLAY L/R
N) PSEUDO-DISS 1
0) PSEUDO-DISS 2
P) QUADS
Q) RIPPLE
R) THIRDS
S) VERT DOWN
T) VERT UP
Figure J. List of 20 types of transitions
from one slide to the next.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Musician or not, experience the
ultimate in audiovisual pleasure.
Music Maker
The maximum in entertainment.
Infinite in variety.
Pinball
Adventure on a grand scale.
Space Vikings
Superlative software
Don't settle for less.
48K Apple II disk.
See your dealer.
or write for brochures.
"Apple" is the registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
CIRCLE 294 ON READER SERVICE CARD
The Programmable Cube is like the popular physical game: it
comes in many colors, you can turn its faces and rotate it, you
can scramble it and solve it by moving the faces. It even comes
with a complete solver for any scrambled cube. But it has an
extra twist: it speaks a language especially designed for cubes
through which you can write your own cube programs, either to
produce fancy patterns or even to solve a scrambled cube with
your own cube-solving strategy.
High resolution graphics, color or black and
white, shows all 6 sides and simulates motion.
Tell it about your scrambled cube— it will
lead you through the solution.
Write your own cube programs: comes with
complete programming environment including
editor and debugger.
■ Available for Apple II® or Apple II Plus", 48K
Or 64K. Apple is a Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
How to Order:
Send $34.95, W "
Check, VISA or l<
MasterCard to: "= =
Specify 48K or 64K
Conn residents add 7' 2% Sales Ta
/MET4COMET
SOFTWARE
P.O. Box 31337, Hartford, CT 06103
CIRCLE 205 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Slide Show, continued...
all the display information to be stored
on a run-time disk. The Create Run-Time
program is menu-driven and very easy to
use.
In summary, The Slide Show is an easy-
to-use package for the creation of an
electronic slide show. While it is unlikely
that anyone would want to use all 20
transitional effects, it is nice to have such
a large selection available. The manual,
unfortunately, does not do justice to some
of these effects. I would have liked to
have seen some screen illustrations in the
manual and a summary of the menu
commands. Also, the long tutorial section
and absence of an index in the manual
made the going rather slow.
On the other hand, the menu-driven
nature of the system combined with the
relatively complete explanations of the
allowable commands at any particular
point made using the system relatively
straightforward and trouble free. I would
have liked to see a high density packing
routine used for storing images on a disk
to allow more than 16 images. Neverthe-
less, The Slide Show meets its goals with
nerve and, if you are not looking to create
or modify images created with other
programs, represents a good buv for
$39.95. rj
CIRCLE 344 ON READER SERVICE CARD
PERSONAL
FINANCE For the ATARI* 800
The Scitor" Personal Finance and Record
Keeping package provides your home
with a sophisticated yet simple
automated records system. You can easi
ly organize and keep track of expenses,
checks, credit cards, energy utilization,
jogging logs, diet and fitness programs,
and other personal records. Reports, high
resolution graphs, and color bar charts
can be generated from the records pro
viding you with insight into expenses,
budgets, and progress versus goals. A
General Ledger capability is provided
allowing use of this package by a small
business. In addition, ledger data may be
interchanged with VISICALC
♦ *
DEALER INQUIRIES WElLOME
BSCITOR
TRADEMARK OE ATARI IN(.
TRADEMARK OF VlSlCORP
710 LAKfWAY SUITE 290
SUNNYVALE CA 94086
i408i 730 0400
CIRCLE 272 ON READER SERVICE CARD
H
"D
(0
O
>
b
to
u
'c
o
o
a>
LU
RUSH THIS POSTAGE-PAID CARD
FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG -a
NO SALESMAN WILL CALL
NEW!
• Computer electronics with new TRS-80
Model III state-of-the-art computer
• TV/Audio/Video servicing with choice
of computerized Heath /Zenith color
TV, videocassette recorder, or stereo
system
• Industrial Electronics for Instrumenta-
tion and Control technicians with TRS-80
Color Computer for hands-on training
• Electronic Design Technology with
design lab program for creative circuit
and equipment design
Name
(Please Print)
Age
Street
CHECK ONE:
I | Microcomputers and
Microprocessors
□ Color TV, Audio, and
Video System Servicing
1~~1 Digital Electronics
I I Electronics Design
Technolgy
|~1 Industrial Electronics
Communications
Electronics • FCC
Licenses • Mobile
• Aircraft • Marine
O Basic Electronics
□ Small Engine Servicing
|~~l Appliance Servicing
[~] Automotive Servicing
□ Auto Air Conditioning
□ Air Conditioning, Heat-
ing, Refrigeration, &
Solar Technology
Building Construction
CC
City
State
Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of
the National Home Study Council
Zip
175-112
All career courses approved
under Gl Bill. | ] Check for facts.
NO POSTAGE
NECESSARY
IF MAILED
IN THE
UNITED STATES
BUSINESS REPLY CARD
FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 10008 WASHINGTON, DC
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE
NRI Schools
McGraw Hill Continuing
Education Center
3939 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20016
X
Now NRI takes you inside the
new TRS-80 Model III microcomputer
to train you at home as the
new breed of computer specialist!
NRI teams up with Radio Shack
advanced technology to teach
you how to use, program and
service state-of-the-art
microcomputers . . .
It's no longer enough to be just
a programmer or a technician. j
With microcomputers moving into
the fabric of our lives (over
250,000 of the TRS-80tm alone
have been sold), interdiscipli-
nary skills are demanded. And
NRI can prepare you with the
first course of its kind, cover-
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the microcomputer.
Learn At Home
in Your Spare Time
With NRI training, the program-
mer gains practical knowledge of
hardware, enabling him to design sim-
pler, more effective programs. And,
with advanced programming skills, the
technician can test and debug systems
quickly and easily.
Training includes the TRS-80 Model III microcom-
puter, professional LCD multimeter, the NRI Discov-
ery Lab, Computer Assisted Instruction programs
and hundreds of demonstrations and experiments.
(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)
Only NRI gives you both kinds of
training with the convenience of home
study. No classroom pressures, no night
school, no gasoline wasted. You learn
at your convenience, at your own pace.
Yet you're always backed by the NRI staff
and your instructor, answering questions
and giving you guidance.
You Get Your Own Computer
to Learn On and Keep
NRI training is hands-on training
with practical experiments and demon-
strations. You don't just program your
computer, you go inside it. . .watch how
circuits interact. . . interface with other sys-
tems. . .gain a real insight into its nature.
You also work with an advanced
liquid crystal display hand-held multi-
meter and the NRI Discovery Lab,® per-
forming over 60 separate experiments.
Both microcomputer and equipment
come as part of your training for you
to use and keep.
Computer Assisted
Instruction
Your TRS-80 even helps train you.
You receive 8 special lesson tapes in BASIC
computer language. Using them in your
microcomputer, you "talk" to it as you
progress. Errors are explained, graphics
and animation drive home key points.
Within a matter of minutes, you'll be able
to write simple programs yourself.
Send for Free Catalog. . .
No Salesman Will Call
Get all the details on this exciting
course in NRI's free, 100-page catalog.
It shows all equipment, lesson outlines,
and facts on other electronics courses
such as Electronic Design, Industrial
Electronics, TV/Audio/Video Servicing...
11 different career opportunities in all.
Keep up with the latest technology as you
learn on the latest model of the world's
most popular computer. If card has been
used, write to:
NRI Schools
McGraw-Hill Continuing
Education Center
3939 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20016
We'll give you tomorrow.
Apple Flasher
software o?
Apple Flasher is a software package
designed to find and display hi-res pictures
which have been stored on disks by other
Apple programs.
Hi-res graphic images stored on disks
as binary files must be loaded into an
area of the memory, normally designated
hi-res Page 1 or Page 2, in order to be
seen. The normal load routine supplied
w th Apple DOS takes about 10 seconds
to load a hi-res image after the name of
the file has been typed by the user. Apple
Flasher both automates and speeds up
this display process. The system is almost
entirely menu-driven and requires only
one keystroke to execute each com-
mand.
After loading the Apple Flasher disk, a
logo screen is displayed and you are
invited to "press any key." The program
then asks you to place a picture disk in
Drive 1. At this point, you may remove
the Apple Flasher disk and put it away.
On the other hand, if you have two drives,
you may press 2 to use Drive 2 instead of
Drive 1. Pressing any other key will then
read the names of the files into the Apple
Flasher program.
Once these files have been read in, the
menu screen appears showing the names
of the files along with a letter (A to P)
assigned to each filename.
David H. Ahl
creative GOittpatiRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Apple Flasher
Type: Electronic slide show
Author: Paul W. Mosher
System: 48K Apple, Applesoft,
disk drive
Format: Disk
Language: Applesoft Basic
Summary: No-frills slide show
Price: $34.50
Manufacturer:
Crow Ridge Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 90
New Scotland, NY 12127
The menu then allows you to enter one
of three display modes: Scan, Projector,
and Auto-Display.
Scan automatically shows in sequence
all the pictures in the most recently read
disk drive. The pictures are shown for
about two seconds each so this is an
efficient way to search a disk quickly for
a particular picture. The Scan may be
halted temporarily by striking any key; it
is resumed in the same way.
Striking the space bar during a Scan
makes the display show information about
the picture on the bottom four lines of
the screen. This information consists of
the letter that has been assigned to the
picture, the filename, and the time in
seconds which that picture is to be dis-
played in the Auto-Display mode.
Projector mode imitates the action of a
carousel slide projector. When this mode
is selected, the first picture on the disk is
displayed. By using either the game pad-
dle buttons or the arrow keys you can
move ahead to the next picture or back
to the previous one. Paddle Button or
the right arrow key moves ahead, while
Button 1 or the left arrow key moves
backwards.
The Auto-Display mode shows each
picture for the amount of time specified
in a timing code "hidden" in the name of
the file. Using time codes, you can create
sequences of pictures that will be dis-
played for varying lengths of time
according to their content. The time
interval may be varied between two
seconds and four minutes. As in Projector
mode, any key will interrupt the display.
Timing codes are put in the picture
names with a separate Applesoft program
or keyboard routine. This routine is
shown in Figure 1. Note that this portion
of the Apple Flasher system is not menu-
driven and requires a fair amount of
typing on the part of the user. We are
told by Crow Ridge Associates that they
will soon be releasing Showmaker, a
utility for setting up slide shows including
an automatic method of placing time
marks in the picture files. Nevertheless, I
did not find the existing procedure too
onerous and found I could make a display
disk in about the same amount of time as
it took with one of the more sophisticated
systems.
On the other hand, in contrast to the
Executive Briefing System or the Slide
Show, Apple Flasher does not offer the
user any choice in transition effects, nor
does it offer the ability to create or edit
slides.
The manual is skimpy but adequate.
The author assumes that the user knows
how to use his Apple and create hi-res
images.
Unfortunately, no provision is made to
put the run-time system and a slide show
on a single disk. This would be highly
desirable so you could make a show, store
it on a disk, and distribute multiple copies
to stores, sales people, or other members
of your organization. In its favor, Apple
Flasher is a straightforward, easy-to-use
electronic slide show system at a modest
price. It is what it claims to be, "a
convenient, rapid way to find and display
hi-res pictures," in a no-frills package. D
CIRCLE 345 ON READER SERVICE CARD
(1) Boot with an ordinary DOS 3.3 disk
Do not use the APPLE FLASHER disk for this process!
(2) Piace the disk with the picture In drive 1
(3) Type HGR so you can see screen 1 -- it'll be black
(<0 Type BLOAD MYPIC,A$2000 -- you'il see your picture
(5) type FOR N - 8312 TO 8319: POKE N, 0: tCXT
(6) Type Poke 831^, 20 <--this is the number of seconds
(7) Type BSAVE MYPIC, A$2000,L$2000
Figure 1. Procedure to put timing codes on slides.
84
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521
idex
TM
/
Never having to type the word
'CATALOG,' or trying to remember
how to get from one part
of a program to another!
If you could do these functions, and many
more like them, at the STROKE of a SINGLE
KEY, would you? We thought you would! So,
we invented the Enhancer ][ and the Function
Strip. More than just another lower case
adapter, the Enhancer ][ is an intelligent
keyboard processor. Now characters, strings
of data, commands and statements can all be
stored in your Enhancer ][ for immediate recall
by pressing JUST ONE KEY!
Features that you would expect only on larger
systems now can be yours. EASILY! For
instance, wouldn't you like auto-repeat, and hi-
speed repeat? How about a type-ahead buffer?
Even user-definable function keys are available
for greater input flexibility.
The Videx Enhancer ][ and Function Strip; it
really is the Dawn of a New Era for Apple ][ rM .
Suggested Prices
— ENHANCER ][ 149.00
FUNCTION STRIP 79.00
Package Deal 215.00
dtafc I
Apple ][ is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Enhancer ][ and Function Strip are trademarks of Videx. Inc
V •
c ^ •? -
^
1
jfll
i
mmm
Lsi
—
CIRCLE 309 ON READER SERVICE CARD
A. A
■i: *«>
ORE6A.ONLYS595.
What nobody else can give you at twice the price.
mv
^■■B
"THE COMMODORE 64
COULD BE THE
MICROCOMPUTER INDUSTRY'S
OUTSTANDING NEW PRODUCT
INTRODUCTION SINCE
THE BIRTH OF THIS INDUSTRY."
-SHEARSON/AMERICAN EXPRESS
They're speaking to a group as interested
as anyone else in the future of computers: the
people who buy stock in the companies that
make computers.
It on the other hand, you're a person
whose livelihood depends on a personal com-
puter—or whose leisure time revolves around
one— what follows should impress you even
more than it impresses investors.
MIGHT MAKES RIGHT .
The value of a computer is determined by
what it can do. What it can do is largely deter-
mined by its memory
The Commodore 64's basic RAM is 64K.
This amount of power is unusual enough in a
micro at any price.
At $595, it is astonishing.
Compared with the Apple ll+° for in-
stance,the Commodore 64" offers 33% more
power at considerably less than 50% of the cost.
Compared with anything else, it's even
more impressive.
PILE ON THE PERIPHERALS .
Because the basic cost of the 64 is so low
you can afford to buy more peripherals for it.
Like disk drives, printers, and a telephone modem
that's priced at around $100.
This means you can own the 64, disk
drive, printer and modem for a little more than
an Apple II + computer alone.
HARD FACTS ABOUT SOFTWARE .
The Commodore 64 will have a broad
range of custom software packages including ,
an electronic spreadsheet; business graphics
(including printout); a user-definable diary/
calendar; word processing; mailing lists,
and more.
With BASIC as its primary language, it is
also PET BASIC compatible.
The Commodore 64 will also be program-
mable in UCSD PASCAL, PILOT and LOGO.
And, with the added CP/M* option, you
will have access to hundreds of exciting soft-
ware packages.
THE FUN SIDE OF POWER .
The Commodore 64 can become very
playful at a moment's notice.
You can use Commodore's plug-in game
cartridges or invent your own diversions. All
will be enhanced by brilliant video quality
(320 x 200 pixels, 16 available colors, 3D
Sprite graphics), plus outstanding sound.
The 64's built-in music synthesizer has
a programmable ADSR (attack, decay, sustain,
release) envelope, 3 voices (each with a 9-octave
range) and 4 waveforms. All of which you can
hear through your audio system and see in full
color as you compose or play back.
NOW'S YOUR CHANCE .
If you've been waiting for the "computer
revolution," consider it as having arrived.
Through its 25 years of existence,
Commodore has been committed to delivering
better products and lower prices.
Today, the company's vertical integration
has resulted in the Commodore 64's price per-
formance breakthrough heralded by Shearson/
American Express.
Visit a Commodore Computer dealer and
discover the 64 soon.
It will expand your mind without deflating
your wallet.
"CP/M " is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.
Commodore Business Machines/Personal Systems Division
P.O. Box 500 Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428
Please send me more information on the Commodore 64™
*" I
Name,
Company.
Address
City
Zip
.State.
Phone.
Cs commodore
COMPUTER
CRC-11
CIRCLE 138 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Poor Man's
Slide Show System
This is a short program in Basic that
will do a "slide show" presentation of hi-
res pictures on the Apple. Load the
program, then insert the disk containing
your pictures in Drive 1. Type RUN, and
the program asks if you wish to see a
catalog of images (slides) on the disk.
You are then prompted to type the names
of the pictures you want displayed in their
proper sequence. Press RETURN without
typing a name when you are done. If you
Kerry Shetline
make a mistake, enter a "/" instead of a
file name and the procedure starts over.
After all the names have been entered,
the program automatically starts to load
and show the slides.
The program can be controlled by
paddles or keyboard. Use the right arrow
or Button 1 to advance through the
pictures, and the left arrow or Button to
move backwards. The program immedi-
ately displays the next picture in the
sequence when you push the paddle
button or arrow key. While that picture is
being viewed, the next picture in the
sequence will be loaded. You will hear a
beep when the load is completed (about
6-10 seconds) and can move on to the
next picture at that point. You may stop
the program by pressing ESCAPE. D
i u u
1 1.
I ... m
X A.. \f
1 3
i • ••
I. -+
.1 50
1.60
REH3 Creative Cowputing slide show prog rati, by Kerry Shetline
D I ii A 4> < 1 4 > s BO- 4 9 2 4 9 s B 1 « B •♦■ 1 - S 1 ■ 4 9 2 36a K B » 4 9 1 5 2 s C K B ■ 4 9 i 6 8 8 L * == C H R * < 4 ) •♦•
"BLOAB " s S*< )■•■ f A*2000 n s 3i< :i. )■" v A*4000 M
ONERR GOTO 290
BEF FHPi X ) = X- :i •♦< Pi 1 >*< NOT X >s BEF FHFk X >«X+1~< P+l )*< X»P >
TEXTS HOMES PRINT"- PRINTS INPUT "DO YOU WISH TO SEE THE CATALOG?"; R* a
tr LEF7*< R* f i ^"Y" THEN
p R I N T s P R I N T C H R * ( 4 ) " C A T A L G ' '
PRINTS PRINT "ENTER THE NAMES OF THE PICTURE5a"a PRINT
FOR P»0 TO 14 a
PRINT "PICTURE It" CHR*< 32*< P<9 > >;P+ij « INPUT A*< P )i
IF A*< P )» ,,n THEN 190
IF A*< P)« ,, / n THEN :i 40
NEXT P
p=P~la HGRs POKE 4*234, 0s [i=0s 5«0a PN*0a PRINT L*$ A*< >;S*< >a PRINT Lij
Ai< I. >J 5*< 1 >
PRINT CHR$(7)s POKE CKK y
l\ ~ P E I::. I\ <, l\ B 1' > -
IF PEEK* Bl>> 127 OR K>149 THEN 270
IF PEEK(B0»127 OR K«136 THEN 250
IF K«155 THEN
POKE CKB„0s TEXT:: HOHEa END
bG i 210
PN«FWP< PN)a
.ii D rHEN
5«N0T 5a POKE Sl*5 f 0a PRINT L*J A*( FNP< PN ) >$S*< NOT S )a GOTO 200
D»N0T Da PRINT Li; A*< PN )| S*< S >a PR1HT L*|A*< FNP< PN > >|;S*< NOT S>s GOTO 200
PW»F NF< P'r^ >s
IF NOT D THEN
5«N0T Ss POKE Sl+S,0a PRINT L*; A*< FNF( PH ) >? S*< NOT S )a GOTO 200
:80 D*N0T Ba PRINT L*J Ail PN )? $%< S >a PRINT L*? A*< FNF< PN > >;S*< NOT S)a GOTO 200
<: k /\> i Ea i s HOHE s
i F P E E r\ \ 2 2 2 >\ > 2 t:> 5 i H E N
VTAB 12a INVERSES PRINT TAB( .1.6 > CHR*< 7 >"BGS ERROR!" SPC<15)a NORMALS
FOR X*l TO 2000s
NEXT Xs
buTu i^u
.i /
1 u
ivu
200
2 i
2 2
230
2 ** i >
... MM ..
»•: ^j u
.; ^.) u
2 7 ^>
88
November 1982 c Creative Computing
The First Computerized Jigsaw Puzzle
v
#*
k
. BH
Spend fascinating, intriguing, challenging hours
of endless, hi-res entertainment... with JIGSAW.
Great for anyone and everyone.
IL
lmH-lV<i It»kV«MkfcX*jiilw^
supplied pictures (full-color, hi-res graphics). Each puzzle breaks apart into 180 separate
pieces. Never repeats the same sequence of shapes-each game you randomly generate
a brand-new puzzle.
Thejpjctures supplied by JIGSAW c
ten in machine language, permits fast loading, quick picture generation, rapid response. A
super teaching aid for young people (for size, color, and shape relationships)
CAUTION: PLAYING JIGSAW MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR HEALTH.
i fun and excitement are infectious and you'll spend hours in front of your computer!
FIEj IHJ
TiiisJBrogcam was Written by Joe Calabiese JIGSAW requires Apple II, 48K. Now available at yoi
.' t ^1 fife. \W W\ 1 :-.
■
micro fun
E is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
opynght 1982 Micro,
WANG
4£
.***
*#
f
apple
w
■*^m
i
i
■V
Look Who
Picked the Peach
Did¥)u?
They did.
And perhaps you did too. If you
own an IBM Personal Computer/"" an
Apple III,™ a Zenith Z-89™ or a
Hewlett-Packard HP-87; v you've had
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Software m to get the most out of
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ing Proofreader, Mailing List Manager
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to all areas of the office.
Those qualities made our software
the natural choice of these big manu-
facturers. But they're not the only
ones who've picked a peach. So have
tens of thousands of individual users
of the better CP/M™ —compatible
microcomputers.
If you haven't picked the Peach,
isn't it about time you did?
*We improved Magic Wand,™ and it's so good
we put our name on it.
Please send me information on Peachware™ by Peachtree Software.
Name:
Company:.
Address:_
City:
State:
Zip:.
I am a: □ prospective dealer □ user of software
Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company
3445 Peachtree Road, N.E./8th Floor / Atlanta, Georgia 30326/(404) 239-2045
IBM is a trademark of International Business
Machines Corp.
Apple III is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
Z~89 is a trademark of Zenith Corporation.
HP-87 is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company.
CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.
Peachware, Peachtree Software, Peachcare,
Peachpak, PeachPay, PeachText and PeachCalc
are trademarks of Peachtree Software Incorporated,
an MSA Company.
Copyright © 1982 Peachtree Software Incorporated,
an MSA Company.
CC 1182
Peachtree
Software
CIRCLE 242 ON READER SERVICE CARD
A game of ups and downs,
with a laugh at every floor!
Quick! Run to the hotel lobby! Grab the luggage!
Race to the penthouse! Rush back for more!
Everybody's in a hurry, and the tips keep running
out! No time to waste — no time even to wait for
the elevator. You only have time for laughing,
chuckling, chortling and a giggle or two. (Oops
— look out for that luggage-stealing Hotel Ghost!)
Your time's running out, but the fun never does.
Pack your game bag with BELLHOP, family fun
from Hayden Software.
to order call:
1-800-631-0856
(in N.J. call 201-8434)550, ext. 382)
BELLHOP, #19109, Apple II disk, $34.95
HAYDEN
CIRCLE 182 ON READER SERVICE CARD
^MHMHMBMH
^^Kmtmmmmmmm^^^m^^^m^
Micro-Dynamo
A Language for Simulating the World
creative GonepatiRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Micro-Dynamo
Type: Model-building language
System: Apple II, two disk drives,
language or RAM card
and Pascal
Format: Disk and 114-page manual
Summary: Builds and runs complex,
multi-equation models of
business, environment,
economics, health care,
the world, etc.
Price: $245
Manufacturer:
Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company
Jacob Way
Reading, MA 01867
Christopher U. Light
Perhaps the first attempt at building
a mathematical model of the economy
was Thomas Malthus's observation in
1798 that the population of the world
was growing geometrically while the
food supply could grow only arith-
metically.
Christopher U. Light, 919 North Michigan Ave,
Suite 3008, Chicago, IL 6061 1.
November 1982 c Creative Computing
If the number of people were to
double every 25 years (l... 2. ..4. ..8. ..16
...32...) and the amount of food pro-
duced were to grow at a linear rate ( 1 ...
2...3...4...5...6...) every quarter cen-
tury, Malthus pointed out, in time
there simply wouldn't be enough food
to feed all the people. The inevitable
result: widespread starvation, misery,
poverty, war, famine and pestilence.
This conclusion lead Thomas Carlyle
to dub economics "the dismal science,"
a sobriquet it has yet to outgrow.
Malthus's prediction was not ful-
filled — at least in the short run — in
part because he couldn't foresee the
great advances in technology that
would happen in the next two cen-
turies. In essence, his model was very
incomplete and would remain so until
the invention of the computer.
His work, however, was never for-
gotten. Thoughtful people have long
been aware that the world's resources
are finite and may someday be used
up. A decade ago two events based on
this realization shocked the world.
93
The second of these was the 1973
OPEC embargo on oil and subsequent
doubling, tripling and quadrupling of
its price. This followed by little more
than a year the publication of the first
"doomsday" study to use modern
model-building and computation
techniques.
Sponsored by the Club of Rome and
entitled the Limits to Growth, this
study attempted nothing less than to
model mathematically the entire
world using who knows how many
variables and equations birth rates,
fertility rates, land available for culti-
vation, industrial output, pollution,
capital formation — and the inter-
action and feedback loops between
these variables.
Although the final model reported
in the book examined only five major
variables, these were actually sum-
mary variables produced by sub-
models and were based on consid-
eration of hundreds of factors. It was
a staggering project which required the
power of the biggest computers of its
day.
The results are well known: no
matter how the authors varied their
assumptions within reason, each simu-
lation run predicted that, unless man-
kind could develop conservation
measures immediately, sometime in
the early to middle part of the 21st
Micro-Dynamo, continued...
century the world's resources would
simply be insufficient to support its
ever growing population. The result:
poverty, famine, war, misery and a
rapid decline in the total population
caused by deaths due to these factors.
The technique of forecasting
changes in complete systems with
variables that impinge upon and inter-
act with each other, is called "system
dynamics/ 1 and a language called
Dynamo for what were then con-
sidered giant mainframe computers
such as the IBM 360 was developed
in 1958 by Alexander Pugh and others
working with him.
Later it was made interactive and
revised for the mini-computer.
Micro- Dynamo is a rewriting of it
in Pascal for the Apple.
Writing and Running the Model
Although the manual for Micro-
Dynamo is subtitled "System Dynam-
ics Modeling Language," the complete
Pascal/Dynamo package is far more
than just another language. It con-
tains the essential elements of a word
processor and includes many menu-
driven prompts that require only one-
key responses.
In brief, the steps in writing and
running a model that will plot over
time four variables in four colors
simultaneously on a color monitor or
print a plot of 10 variables at a time
on a printer are:
1) Hit E, so the command menu will
run the editor, and then type in your
program.
2) Hit Q so the editor menu will
present its save menu.
3) Hit W to write your program on
a disk with the name you give it.
4) Hit E to exit the editor.
5) Hit L (for linker) to call the
compiler.
6) When prompted, re-enter the
name of your file.
7) Wait while your program is com-
piled and error messages are printed
out.
8) Return to the editor, correct the
errors if necessary and repeat the
above steps, or, if no corrections are
needed, simply wait while your pro-
gram is run and the predicted values
of all of your designated variables are
first listed numerically and then
plotted.
If you hit Reset or Escape at the
wrong time, you'll curse a blue streak,
but otherwise error-trapping seems
just fine.
So that is the system itself similar
to a word processor except that it deals
in equations and also runs a program.
The language in which you write your
program is not especially difficult to
learn, but it is neither Basic nor
Fortran and has some surprises for
programmers familiar with those two.
Dynamo is a very specialized, single
purpose language whose only function
is to make it easy for a model-builder
to enter and run a dynamic model
(one in which all variables except
constants are mathematical functions
of time). While this specialization
does, of course, reduce its versatility, it
also means that the unexpected occurs
less often and the language can be
learned quickly.
An experienced Apple user who is
familiar with either Basic or Fortran
and also with model-building should
need only a day or two to grasp both
the language and its editor/ printer
system.
Modelling Malthus
Perhaps the best way to discuss
Micro- Dynamo as a programming
language is with an illustration. Be-
cause most of the examples that come
with the package are long and com-
plicated (Jay Forrester's World
Dynamics model, for example), let's
write a little program using Malthus's
observations.
Let's assume, as he incorrectly did,
that the population of Great Britain is
15 million and that it isdoublingevery
25 years (which is an annual com-
pound growth rate of about 3%).
Let's assume that food production
grows by 5% of its initial amount
every year. At the end of 25 years, it
will be 125% higher, while the popula-
tion will have doubled.
Let's also assume that all of the
British farmers in 1798 could grow
enough food to provide 3000 calories
a day for each of the 15 million
people, but that each person requires
2000 calories a day. In other words,
there is a surplus of food in time zero
(1798), but with the population grow-
ing exponentially and food production
linearly, the annual surpluses will
become shortages at some point in the
future. Question: in what year will
this happen.
To find out, we have written a short
program in Micro- Dynamo that
appears in Listing 1 . As you study the
program, probably the first thing you
will notice is that there are no line
numbers. Micro- Dynamo does not
use line numbers because you can
enter the lines in any order and the
language will sort them in memory so
that they will be in the correct order
when the program is run.
The second thing you will note is
that there is no asterisk between
(DESPOP.K) and (RATE) in line 3.
Although Micro- Dynamo does recog-
nize the asterisk as a multiplication
sign, and requires it if there are no
parentheses, it also accepts back to
back parentheses as a command to
multiply their contents.
In place of line numbers, this
language uses the first lew columns
(up to the first space) to indicate the
kind of instructions the line contains.
The asterisk in line 1, for example,
makes that line the title that will be
printed at the head of the graph.
In the second line, L indicates a line
defining a difference equation for a
level (a stock that is constant at a
point in time but which changes over
time), while R indicates a rate (a flow
over time that changes the level of the
stocks). Think of water flowing into or
out of a bucket at some rate per minute
but which is at a certain level in the
bucket if measured at a given time.
The letter C indicates that the line
sets the value of a constant, while A
stands for auxiliary and is used for
equations that have the same time
period on both sides.
PRINT tells which variables should
have their values printed. PLOT does
the same thing for a graph. And SPEC
sets certain specifications including
the number of time periods the pro-
gram is to compute.
Listing I.
t MALTHUS I AN POPULATION GROWTH
NOTE
L DESPOP. K=DESPOP. J+ (DT) * (NEWPOP. JK)
R NEWPOP . KL= ( DESPOP . K ) ( RATE )
C RATE=.03 GROWTH RATE
L CAL.K=CAL- J+(DT) <-05*ICAL)
C ICAL=45000
N CAL=ICAL
A C ALPOP - K=C AL . K / 2000
N DESPOP=15
NOTE POPULATION IN MILLIONS
A POP - K=M I N ( DESPOP . K , CALPOP . K )
PR I NT DESPOP , C AL , POP
PLOT DESPOP=D , POP=P ( , 300 ) Z C AL=C ( 40E03 , 300E03 )
SPEC DT= 1 /PLTPER= 1 OZPRTPER= 1 0/LENGTH= 1 OO
RUN
94
November 1982° Creative Computing
Me8aWa s a ,ea ' THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER
time space battle
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CIRCLE 139 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CONFLICT
Attacking, evading, scanning, com-
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CIRCLE 184 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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■■■i
Micro- Dynamo, continued...
Letters following a dot are time-
scripts, subscripts indicating time
periods. There are only three: J is the
previous time period; K the one the
program is calculating currently, and
L is the next one. Double timescripts
(.KL, lor example) indicate that that
variable doesn't change between those
two time periods.
Now study the example in Listing 1.
The first L line says that the desired
population (that produced by un-
checked growth and thus presumably
desired by the parents of the children,
hence the variable name) in any given
year is equal to its value in the previous
year plus the new population per time
period multiplied by the number of
time periods between each computa-
tion (DT which is, in this model, one
year).
The next line, R, states that next
year's new population will be equal to
this year's total population times the
annual growth rate. The constant line
following sets that growth rate at 3%
a year; the term "growth rate" that
follows is one of the permissible ways
of making a remark.
The following line is like the first
and states that the total number of
calories available to feed the popula-
tion is the same as last year plus the
new production which is 5% of the
initial value each year. ICAL sets the
initial daily average food production
for Great Britain at 45,000 million
calories or 3000 per day per capita.
The letter N that begins the next line
signifies that the information in the
line initializes some variable. In this
case CAL with no subscript — is
given its initial value in time period
zero.
The auxiliary line that follows deter-
mines the population that can be fed if
each person requires 2000 calories a
day.
Another initializing line sets the
beginning population at 15 (in mil-
lions), while the line beginning with
NOTE is a third way of making a
remark.
The next line illustrates one of the
logical operators of the language. In
this case the actual (or maximum pos-
sible) population equals the lower
(minimum) of the unchecked popula-
tion, DESPOP, or the population that
can be fed, CAL POP.
The PRINT line says to print values
of the unchecked population, the total
food available measured in calories
per day, and the actual population.
PLOT says to use D when plotting
DESPOP on a daisy wheel printer, P
for POP and C for CAL and to set the
bottom and top scales of the graph at
and 300 for the first two and at 40
thousand and 300 thousand for the
third.
The specification line sets the basic
time interval as one period (one year),
but plots and prints points every ten
years for a total of 100 years . . . Whew!
When the program is run, Micro-
Dynamo sorts the equations into a
usable order (to get the initial values at
the beginning, for example), compiles
the program and searches for errors,
computes the values of the variables
time period by time period, prints
them on the screen and finally plots in
hi-res color a graph of these values.
The graph for our little Malthusian
model is shown in Figure 1. On it the
straight line above the other lines is
average daily total food available (in
••:;■'
fi
r*^
....-••
..••■
^
,jL
v*
:::
:.. r
^
e <--TIME-->
l^§JE;D£'Efi£.< = 309)
CjftL< 40T ! 38BT >
180
Figure 1. Graph of Malt bus's "dismal"
model.
thousands of millions of calories) each
year for 100 years. The curved line
beginning near the origin and dis-
appearing off the graph at the top is
unchecked population. Superimposed
on this curved line for part of its dis-
tance and then branching off to the
right below it is actual (or maximum
possible) population, which is the
lower of the unchecked population or
the number of people that could be led.
After running the program and pro-
ducing its plots. Micro- Dynamo asks
if you would like to change any of the
parameters and rerun it. We could, for
example, set the initial population at
10 million, graph two centuries in-
stead of one and change the scale of
the graph and we could do all of
this directly from the keyboard during
the rerun phase.
The program would then be run
again with the new values but without
having to be compiled anew. Only if
the structure of the model is changed
is it necessary to return to the editor
and then recompile to make the altera-
tions.
History Updated
At Addison-Wesley, I had the opportunity to briefly
use Micro- Dynamo. Having run some of the first articles
on Dynamo in the November 1974 and March 1975 issues
of Creative Computing, I was curious to see how far
dynamic modeling had come in the last eight years.
In 1973, Pugh-Roberts Associates released Dynamo,
a compile-and-go processor. In the March *75 article.
Jay Anderson of Bryn Mawr found that Dynamo was
somewhat cumbersome and slow for classroom use. He
recommended using a "recipe" for translating System
Dynamics models or existing Dynamo programs into
Fortran IV. Although it required more programming
effort, the result was a program that was more trans-
portable and which ran much faster.
With Micro- Dynamo on the Apple, the transport-
ability problem has been largely solved. However,
the speed problem has not. Forrester's World Model,
admittedly a large model with 249 statements, took
5.2 minutes to load, 4.1 minutes to "reorder" the equa-
tions and a few seconds more to display the results.
One particularly unfriendly aspect of the software is
that in some places it expects a Return after an input
and in other places it doesn't. By itself this would not
be horrible except that in certain places a Return is
interpreted as no response. For example, to load a model,
you should type:
L (no return)
MODEL NAME (Return)
If you type, as I did:
L (Return)
MODEL NAME (Return)
the program assumes that the Return after the L means
no model name is to be loaded and it terminates. Yes,
terminates. That puts you back into Apple Pascal and
you must start over from scratch.
On the bright side, once your model is loaded cor-
rectly and the equations reordered, new model condi-
tions (not equations), may be input reasonably easily
and executed reasonably quickly. Coupled with the
forthcoming book from Addison-Wesley, Micro-
Dynamo is an excellent system, particularly for educa-
tional and scientific environments. DHA
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
97
y&'J-$ffil>#W!'s
Computer Exchange — The IBM-PC Supply Center
PERSONAL COMPUTER
HARDWARE
AST RESEARCH. Combo Plus. 64K with one option
Combo Plus. 256K with one option
for the
IBM PC
NEW*
NEW
LIST
PRICE
$ 495
$1095
OUR
PRICE
$379
$729
SOFTWARE
BUSINESS
ASHTONTATE. dBase II
COMSHARE TARGET. Target Planner Calc
DENVER SOFTWARE. Easy (Executive Accounting System)
INFORMATION UNLIMITED. Easywnter II (a WPS)
Easyspeller (88K Words)
Easytiler (a DBMS)
INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE. TIM III (a DBMS)
* INSOFT. Data Design (a DBMS)
INNOVATIVE. Spell Guard
ISM. MatheMagic
MICRO LAB. The Tax Manager
* MICROPRO. WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual
MailMerge™
SpellStar™
Special! All Three Above. WordPac
WordStar Training Manual
MICROSOFT. Muftiplan (uses MSDOS)
PERFECT SOFTWARE
Options Async Comm Port . Para Printer Port , Clock/Calender
Add $80 for second option and $55 for third
Parity Memory Card, 64K $ 395 $279
256K $ 995 $659
Note All of above cards are memory upgradeable
§YAO INC.. DS1. Z80B for CP/M 80
DS2. above with serial port. (Sept)
CORVUS. Hard Disk System. See Corvus Section This Page
CURTIS, PC Pedestal. r m (or Display on PC
3 Foot Cable for IBM Mono Display
DAVONG. DS 1-501 Hard Disk. 5 Meg
64K RAM Card
256K RAM Card
«*. MICROSOFT, 64K RAM Card w /Parity RAM Drive & Utility
128K RAM Card w/Panty, RAM Drive & Utility
256K RAM Card w/Parrty, RAM Drive & Utility
64K RAM Chips T M w /Parity. RAM Drive & Utility
* QUADRAM CORPORATION
Quadboard, 64K expandable to 256K. 4 function board
256K, four function board
Microta/er or Interfa/er
TG PROOUCTS. Joystick
TANOON. Disk Drives
TM 100-1 Single Sided 160K
TM100 2 Double Sided 320K
VISTA COMPUTER. 576K Maxicard
XEOEX. Baby Blue. 64K plus CP/M operation
660
760
80
50
$1995
299
799
350
525
875
175
$570
$660
$ 65
$ 39
Call
Call
Call
$259
$395
$659
$129
$ 595
$ 995
$449
$689
Call
$ 65
$ 49
$1395
$ 600
Call
Call
$1195
$495
SELECT INFO.. Select
SORCIM. SuperCalc
SuperWnter
Spell Guard.
VISICORP. V.siCalc*/256K
VisiDex
VisiTrend/Plot
VisiFile
Desktop Plan
Perfect Writer T M
Perfect Speller™
Perfect Filer T M
(a WPS)
call on availability
call on availability
for the
IBM PC
LIST
OUR
PRICE
PRICE
EW! Call on availability
$ 50
$ 39
jm) $ 725
$545
$ 350
$259
$ 175
$129
$ 400
$299
$ 495
$369
NEW' $ 225
$169
$ 295
$220
$ 90
$ 69
$ 250
$189
lanual $ 495
$249
$ 150
$ 79
$ 250
$149
$ 895
$459
—
$ 25
$ 275
$199
$ 389
$239
$ 189
$119
$ 289
$179
$ 595
$375
$ 295
$219
$ 395
$295
Call
$ 250
$189
$-250
$199
$ 300
$239
$ 250
$199
$ 300
$239
UTILITY
NAGY SYSTEM
NORELL DATA.
Copy/PC. Backup Copier and Utilities
™ System Backup. Bit Copier
35
50
29
39
HOME & EDUCATIONAL
LIST
PRICE
OUR
PRICE
ACORN. Lost Colony
AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS.
AVALON HILL. Galaxy
Temple of Apshai
Midway Campaign
Computer Stocks and Bonds
Voyager
Draw Poker
CONTINENTAL. The Home Accountant Plus
DAVIDSON, The Speed Reader
INFOCOM. Deadline
Zork I
Zork II
ON-LINE SYSTEMS. Frogger
SIRIUS. Conquest
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
30
40
25
21
25
25
21
90
75
50
40
40
35
30
24
29
$ 20
$ 17
$ 20
20
17
$
$
$112
55
39
29
29
26
23
PRINTERS, Daisy Wheel
*- QUME. Sprint 9. 45 Cps RO
Sprint 5. 45 Cps RO
Limited SPECIAL 1
Limited SPECIAL 1
$2660
$2995
$1660
$1795
PRINTERS, Impact
EPSON. See Epson section below
IDS. Prism 132. Color w/Graphics $1995 $1549
Prism 80. Color, w/Graphics $1795 $1450
* Pager Tiger 445C. w/Graph.cs & 2K Limited Special' $ 895 $495
Microprism 480. near letter quality $ 799 $699
OKIDATA. Microlme 82A. 120 Cps 80 Col Para & Serial $ 649 $495
*•
* CORVUS SYSTEMS
6 Meg Hard Disk
11 Meg Hard Disk
20 Meg Hard Disk
IBM PC Interface (IBM DOS). Manual & Cable 5'
Mirroi built m for easy backup
Apple Interface. Manual & Cable 5
Other Interfaces. Omni Net. Constellation. Mirror All in Stock
LIST
OUR
PRICE
PRICE
$2995
$2495
$4795
$3995
$5795
$4795
$ 300
$239
$ 790
$649
$ 300
$239
EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES
MX80 x/Graftrax • (to be discontinued by Epson)
MX80 F/T w/Graftrax ♦
MX100 F/T w/Giaftrax ♦
Cable. IBM PC to MX80 80FT or 100
$ 645
$ 745
$ 995
$ 60
$445
$525
$695
$ 45
Apple Man CP M IBM VisiUic WordStar jnr) /BO ur
registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inr Warner
Communications Co Digital Research Inc Inter
national Business Machines Corp VtsiCrxp Inc MicroPro
international Corp and /nog Inc respecti»ely MicroPro
MailMeige SpellStar DataStar SuperSort and CalcStar
are trademarks oi MicroPro International Corp Insotl and
Data Design are trademarks o* Insott Inc RAMCard
Microsoft Mulliplan and MS are trademarks ol Microsoft
Corporation Videi and Videolerm are trademarks of
Videi inc VisiCorp VisiDei Visilrend Plot Visifiieand
Desktop Plan are trademarks of VisiCorp Inc VIC20 is a
trademark ol Commodore
MONITORS
NEC
12" Green
12" Color. Composite
SANYO. 9" B&W
+ 9" Green
12" B&W
12" Green
13" Color. Composite
13" Color RGB
Monitor Stand
12" Green
12" Green #300
13" Color I, Composite
13" Color IIA. RGB. Hi Res. (Ap II. Ill & IBM PC)
13" Color III. RGB. Commercial, (Ap II, III)
DVM. Color II or III to Apple II Interface
Note Color II and III come with cable for IBM PC
ZENITH.
AMDEK.
LIST
OUR
PRICE
PRICE
$ 249
$159
$ 450
$349
$ 190
$149
$ 200
$119
$ 250
$199
$ 260
$199
$ 470
$349
$ 995
$795
$ 50
$ 39
$ 150
$119
$ 200
$159
$ 449
$359
$ 999
$799
$ 569
$469
$ 199
$175
OTHER CALLS
(503) 772-3803
vka
NATIONAL
ORDERDESK lULLrKtt
(800) 547-1289
OREGON ORDERS: 772-3256
Portland. OR. Cash & Carry Outlet. 11507 D SW Pacific Hwy . Terrace
Shopping Center. Tigard. OR. over the counter sales only On 99W be
tween Rte 217 and Interstate 5 Call 245 1020
MB
«.» ~« sm BUSINESS & DEVELOPMENT
8 CP/M SOFTWARE
ADVENTURE. Adventures #1 to #12 inclusive. 8"
ASHION TATE, dBase II. 8"
COMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalc
FOX & GELLER. QuickC ode for dBase II
Quickscreen for dBase II
dUtil tor dBase II
INFOCOM. Deadline. 8"
Zork I. 8"
Zork II 8"
INNOVATIVE. Spellguard. 8
ISM. MatheMagic
MICROCRAFT. Legal Billing & Time Keeping
Prof Billing & Time Keeping
it MICROPRO. WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual
MailMerge T M
SpellStar T M
Special" All Three Above WordPac
WordStar Training Manual
DataStar' M
SuperSort' v
CalcStar' M
Special 1 All Three Above, DataPac
MICROSOFT. Multipian (uses MSDOS)
OASIS. The Word Plus (a WPS)
MICROSOFT. Fortran 80. 8"
BASIC Compiler. 8"
COBOL 80. 8"
BASIC 80. 8"
PEACHTREE. Magic Wand. 8"
GL. A/R. A/P or Inventory. 8"
PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer r M
Perfect Speller™
Perfect Speller ' M
QUALITY. GBS with 3 generators, (a DBMS)
SELECT INFO.. Select (a WPS)
SORCIM. SuperCalc
Super Writer, call on availability
Spell Guard, call on availability
LIST
OUR
PRICE
PRICE
$ 129
$ 95
$ 700
$495
$ 50
$ 39
$ 299
$249
$ 149
$129
$ 99
$ 75
$ 60
$ 45
$ 50
$ 39
$ 50
$ 39
% 295
$220
$ 100
$ 75
$ 750
$395
$ 750
$395
$ 495
$249
$ 150
$ 79
$ 250
$149
$ 895
$459
—
$ 25
$ 350
$199
$ 250
$150
$ 350
$180
$ 695
$359
$ 275
$199
$ 150
Call
$ 500
$325
$ 395
$295
$ 750
$545
$ 350
$275
$ 500
$350
$ 750
$495
$ 389
$239
$ 189
$119
$ 289
$179
% 10ft
VVft
$ 595
$375
$ 295
$219
$ 395
$295
$ 295
Call
ES3
HEWLETT
PACKARD
H/P 85A Microcomputer
H/P 87A Microcomputer
H/P 125 Microcomputer
H/P 7225A Professional Plotter
H/P 8290B Serial Printer
H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter
H/P 41C Calculator
H/P 41CV Calculator with 2 2K Memory
H/P 41 Card Reader
H/P 41 Opbcal Wand
Wide variety of software and accessories available
Limited Special
Limited Special
Limited Special
Limited Special
Limited Special
New 1
LIST
PRICE
$2750
$2495
$2750
$2750
$ 945
$1550
250
325
215
125
OUR
PRICE
$1699
$1599
$1699
$1699
$599
$1125
$185
$245
$175
$ 99
Call
C* commodore
Qz commodore V/lf^I?fl *
..\VV:H.VVVVV
VIC ZU Home Computer
Oatasette VIC 1530
Disk Drive VIC 1540
Super Expander VID 121 1A 3K with lots ol extras
3K Memory Expander Cartridge
8K Memory Expander Cartridge
16K Memory Expander Cartridge
VIC Modem. Telephone Interface
Joystick
Game Paddle Pair
Software full line in stock. Call
$300
$229
$ 75
$ 59
$ 600
$479
$ 70
$ 56
$ 40
$ 29
$ 60
$ 48
$ 159
$115
$ 120
$ 96
$ 10
$ 8
$ 20
$ 15
DISKETTES
• Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special
CDC. 120 each 5. with ring. SS SO (Apple. IBM etc )
12 each 5 « with ring. SS. SD (Apple IBM etc)
12 each. 5 . with ring. SS. DO (H/P IBM etc)
12 each 8". SS. SD
10 each. 5 « with ring. DS DD (IBM)
VERBATIM. 10 each 5«, with ring. SS. SD or SS. DD
MAXELL. 10 each 5 ■.. SS. SD
DYSAN. 10 each 5 «. SS. SD
10 each 5 DS DD
Limited Time!
$ 450
$195
$ 40
$ 22
$ 51
$ 28
$ 51
$ 28
$ 50
$ 39
$ 50
$ 28
$ 55
$ 35
$ 55
$ 39
$ 65
$ 49
ADnrDILIf* llirADIIATIAII AUnTmilC All Mail PO Box 1380. Jacksonville. OR 97530
UKUtKINu I II r UKMAMUIM ANU ItKlYlo! WeshipimmediatelyonCashierChecks.MoneyOrders.FortunelOOOChecks.andGovernmentChecks
Personal Checks and Company Checks allow 20 days to clear Add 3"' for VISA or MC Add 3' for shipping, insurance and handlm ^minimum $51 UPS ground is standard AddlO more
for US Postal. APO or FPO Include telephone no No COD Prices subiect to change and typographic errors, so call to verily All goods are new include factory warranty and are guaranteed
to work Due to our low prices all sales are final Call before returning goods tor repair or replacement ORDER DESK HOURS 8to6PST.MF 10to4Sat&Sun 1pm hereis4pm in NY
OUR REFERENCES! We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980 Banks First Interstate Bank. (503) 776 5620 and Jefteison State Bank
(503) 773 5333 We belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503) 772 6293. or call Dun & Bradstreet if you are a subscriber Computer Exchange is a division of Tech Group
SffcS 3
*^
.&»
Manufactured
Exclusively for
Bell e, Howell by ^CippkZ computer
LIST
OUR
PRICE
PRICE
SAVE
$ 1725
$ 1195
$ 530
$ 645
*520
$ 125
$ 525
$ 450
$ 75
B&H Apple II+
64K (48K + ALS 16K)
DISK II w/3.3 Cont.
DISK II Only
OR: SAVE OVER *350 on a pair of drives.
Buy a pair of Micro-Sci A2 Drives.
See opposite page.
apple ii/ii+
supply center
Apple II* differs from the
Apple Apple II* only in that it is in
black hammertone color and its
warranty is longer
Warranty Factory warranty is by
Bell and Howell (not by Apple) and
is one year parts plus 90 day labor
Warranty service available at Bell
and Howell service centers or
return to Computer Exchange
* Mi
195
(149
149
$ 59
249
$169
425
$319
599
$459
125
$ 75
1395
$995
345
$245
345
$249
249
$229
375
$319
345
269
149
749
$249
$199
$ 59
$450
CP M book
HARDWARE
for Apple 11/11 +
LIST OUR
PRICE PRICE
MICRO-SCI. Disk Drives. Plug/software compatible
to Apple See Micro Sci section
RAM CARDS
Microsoft. 16K RAM Card
* ALS. 16K ADDRam
Saturn Systems. 32K
64K
128K
VC Expand 40 or 80
Axlon. 320K RAM Disk system
80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:
ALS. Smarterm
Videx. Videoterm
See more ALS and Videx below
Vista. Vision 80
M&R. Sup R term
MISCELLANEOUS
ALS. Smarterm 80 Col Card Special
Z Card (Z 80) W/CPM Special
16K ADDRam Special
>f Synergizer Pack Special
Synergizer Pack includes above 3.
Note Above is a limited time offer
Apple Computer.
Silentype II Printer
Graphics Tablet
Joystick II
Game Paddle
Numeric Keypad
jf Axlon. 320K RAM Disk System
CCS. Serial Interface 7710A
Other CCS Cards in stock
Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips
Hayes. Micromodem II
Smart modem
jf Keyboard Company.
Joystick II
Game Paddle
Numeric Keypad
M&R. RF Modulator
Sup R fan
licrosoft. Z80 Softcard
16K RAM Card
Softcard Premium Pack!
Mountain.
CPS Multifunction Card
» Clock/Calendar
Novation. Applecat Modem
Orange Micro. Grappler
^ Practical Peripherals. * cable &
MBS 8K Serial (Epson)
MBP 16K Para (Epson)
* Microbuffer II 16K. (printer")
Microbuffer II 32K. (printer ")
RH Electronics. Super Fan II
SSM.A10 Serial Para Interface
TG Products: Game Paddles
Joystick
Select A Port
4- Videx. Videoterm 80 col
Soft Video Switch
Enchancer II
Enchancer (Rev 6 or 7*)
Function Strip
Full Videx Line Call, up to
395
795
50
30
150
1395
150
Call
50
379
279
50
30
150
30
50
399
195
775
239
280
389
165
Conn )
159
159
259
299
75
195
40
60
60
345
35
149
129
79
5 off
$335
$675
$ 39
$ 19
$119
$995
$139
Call
$ 39
$289
$229
$ 39
$ 19
$119
$ 25
$ 39
$269
$149
$579
$209
$245
S329
$119
$129
$129
$209
$229
$ 59
$159
$ 29
$ 45
$ 45
$249
25
99
99
59
SOFTWARE
on disk for Apple 11/11 +
OUR BEST SELLERS - CALL ON OTHERS
BUSINESS
LIST
PRICE
Apple Computer. Inc.
The Controller (Accounting)
Apple Writer II
Apple Pascal
Apple Fortran
DOS Tool Kit
DOS 3 3 Upgrade Kit
Apple Pilot
DJ Portfolio Evaluator
How to 1
Microcouner
Micro Telegram
Time Manager
Apple Logo
Applied Soft Tech., Versa Form
Artsci. Magic Window
Ashion tate. dBase II (CP M)
Beagle Bros.. Utility City
DOSS Boss
Borderbund. G/L with A/P
A/R (call on avail )
Payroll
Continental. GL. AR. AP or PR ea
1st Class Mail
Property Mngmt
dBase II for Apple 11/11* CP/M
Fox ft Geller.
Quickcode for dBase II
Hayden. Pie Writer (Specify brd
High Tech.. Store Mgr
L Job Control Sys
Info Master
Howard Soft.
Creative Financing
Real Estate Analyzer II
1982 Tax Preparer
Info. Unhm . Easywnter (PRO)
k Innovative. Spellguard (CP/M)
Insoft. Accountant (CP/M)
For each GL. A/R. A/P or Payroll
k Micro Craft.
(CP/M) Professional Billkeeper
Legal Billing & Timekeeping
Micro Lab. Data Factory ver 5
Visifactory
Invoice Factory
Tax Manager
Micro Pro. (all CP/M)
625
150
250
200
75
75
150
50
50
250
250
150
175
389
100
700
30
24
495
495
395
250
75
495
700
295
170
250
750
189
195
195
150
175
295
750
750
300
75
200
150
OUR
PRICE
$499
$119
$199
$159
$ 59
$ 59
$119
$ 45
$ 39
$199
$199
$119
$139
$289
$ 75
$479
$ 22
$ 18
$369
$369
$295
$189
$ 59
$369
$479
$259
$115
$189
$350
$119
$145
$145
$115
$129
$150
$ 99
$395
$395
$249
$ 56
$129
$ 95
WordStar* ♦ Training Manual
$ 375
$199
MailMerge™
$ 125
$ 69
SpellStar T M
$ 200
$119
SPECIAL 1 All 3 above
$ 700
$350
Data Star T M
$ 295
$169
CalcStar T M
$ 195
$119
SuperSort T M
$ 200
$119
SPECIAL' All 3 above
$ 690
$345
WordStar* Training Manual
—
$ 25
Muse. Super Text II
$ 150
$113
Super Text 40/80
$ 175
$129
Form Letter
$ 100
$ 75
On-Line. Expediter II*
$ 136
$ 75
Screenwriter II
$ 130
$ 95
General Manager
$ 150
$115
100
OUR
PRICE
$ 49
LIST
PRICE
Osborne C P. Soft.. (Disk and Book)
Some Common Basic Programs
75 Business. Statistics and Math
programs for the Apple II $
Practical Basic Programs
40 more very valuable programs
beyond "Some Com Basic Prog" $
Peachtree. GL. AR. AP, INV or PR $
Magic Wand (Specify board) $
Perfect. Perfect Writer $
Perfect Speller $
Perfect Filer $
Sensible. Sensible Speller $
Silcon Valley. Word Handler $
Sof/Sys. Executive Secretary $
Executive Speller ' $
Solldus Softech
Stockfile $
Stockseller $
Software Publishing.
PFS II $
Graph $
Sorcim. SuperCalc. (CP/M) $
Southeastern.
Data Capture 4 0. specify brd $
Stoneware. DB Master $
DB Utility I or II $
VisiCorp Personal Software.
Visicalc 3 3 $
VisiDex Special' $
VisiFile $
Desktop Plan II or III Special 1 $
Visiplot $
VisiSchedule New 1 $
VisiTrend & VisiPlot Special' $
VisiTerm $
Zork $
UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT
Beagle. Utility City $
DOS Boss $
Central Point Software:
Filer. DOS Utility $
Copy II Plus (bit copier) $
Epson. Graphics Dump $
Insoft.
GraFORTH by Paul Lutus $
ALD System II by Paul Lutus $
TransFORTH II by Paul Lutus $ 125
Electric Duet by Paul Lutus $ 30
Microsoft.
AIDS $ 125
BASIC Compiler $ 395
Cobol 80 $ 750
Fortran 80 $ 195
Olympic Decathlon $ 30
TASC Compiler $ 175
Omega. Locksmith (bit copier) $ 100
On-line. Expediter II $ 100
LISA 2 5 $ 80
Phoenix. Zoom Grafix $ 40
Southwestern. ASCII Express $ 80
100
$ 49
400
$189
500
$250
389
$239
189
$119
289
$179
125
$ 95
250
$119
250
$189
75
$ 55
600
$350
700
$450
125
$ 95
125
$ 95
295
$219
90
$ 69
229
$179
99
$ 75
250
$189
250
$175
250
$199
250
$175
200
$159
300
$239
300
$210
100
$ 79
40
$ 33
30
24
25
40
15
75
75
$ 22
$ 18
18
35
9
59
59
99
25
$ 75
$299
$559
$149
$ 24
$159
75
75
60
29
59
THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM
wkil^
B&H APPLE II*
64K STARTER SYSTEM
SPECIAL
J F" $1,795
r SAVE $ 765
• 48K BftH Apple II*
• ALS 16K RAM Card
• Disk fl with 3 3 DOS ft Controller
• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor
Save $132 total Substitute a A2 Micro-Sci drive
for the Disk II.
Add another A2 drive and save a total of $888
//-sci
FOR THE APPLE 11/11- , III
DIRECT SUBSTITUTES
for APPLE DRIVES
MICRO-SCI
Micro-Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug
compatible substitutes for Apple drives and controllers
For Apple II
A2. 5 V\ 143K Disk Drive
Controller Card for A2 Drive
A40. m", 160K Disk Drive
A70, MT. 286K Disk Drive
Controller for A40 or A70
Filer. Disk Utility Software
For Apple III NEW
A3. 5 ■■.. 143K Drive
A73. Mt\ 286K Drive
A143. 5'A, 572K Drive
LIST
PRICE
479
100
449
599
100
20
449
649
799
OUR
PRICE
$369
$ 79
$359
$479
I 79
I IS
S359
$529
$669
OVERSTOCK SPECIAL
FOR APPLE 11/11+
VIDEX. Videoterm, 80 column S 345 $249
ALS 16K AddRAM Card $ 149 $ 59
ALS ZCard, Z80 CP/M Card $269 $199
ALS Smarterm 80 Col Card $ 345 $245
ALS Synergizer Pack $ 749 $450
HOME & EDUCATION
Autom Sim.. Crush Crumb Chomp $
Broderbund.
Apple Panic
Arcade Machine (call first)
Star Blazer
Many others
Budgeco. Raster Blaster
Cavalier. Bug Attack
Star Thief
Continental. Home Accountant
Home Money Minder $
Edu Ware
Hayden. Sargon II (Chess)
Infocom. Deadline
Zork I or II
Insoft. Electric Duet by Lutus
GraFORTH by Lutus
Lightning. Mastertype
Microsoft. Olympic Decathlon
Typing Tutor
Muse. Robot War
Castle Wolfenstem
On line. Pegasus II
Ultima II
Threshold
Cranston Manor
Mystery House
Softporn (X Rated)
Ulysses & Golden Fleece
Sentient. Oo TOPOS
Sirius. Gorgon
Twerps
Sir-Tec. Wizardry
Sub Logic. Flight Simulator
Pin ball
Strategic. Southern Command
OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK CALL
30
30
45
32
29
30
30
75
35
Call
35
50
40
30
75
40
30
25
40
30
30
55
40
35
25
30
40
33
40
30
50
34
30
60
$ 23
$ 21
$ 32
$ 24
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Micro-Dynamo, continued...
Our model is obviously incomplete,
as was Malthus's version of it. For
one thing, it fails to consider the effect
on food production of having more
labor to cultivate the land. Including
this would involve a feedback loop of
the sort that Micro- Dynamo is ex-
plicitly designed to handle.
Other Features
Nor can a simple program like this
one illustrate the rest of the features of
the language, which include pseudo
random numbers distributed either
uniformally or normally, sudden
shocks to the system, regular cyclical
behavior of one or more variables,
delays, smoothing (averaging) of a
variable and arbitrary relationships
between two variables entered by
using a table of numbers instead of
an equation.
Mathematical operators available
are the basic four (+,-,*,/), sin, cos,
sqrt, the exponential e and natural
logarithm. No operator is available for
raising a value to a power; logs must be
used instead. Although there is a max-
imum number of equations Micro-
Dynamo can handle at once strictly
speaking, a limit on the number of
mathematical operators this num-
ber is not given in the instruction
manual. The manual does, however,
note that about 100 different variables
are possible.
Logical operators are limited to
greater than, less than, greater than or
equal to, and less than or equal to.
Because the programmer neither has
nor needs control of the order in which
the program lines will be run, there
are no gotos, subroutines, or other
branches.
Lastly, Micro- Dynamo cannot
solve simultaneous equations. It must
find a starting point and work
sequentially along a time path. If it
can't, it stops and prints out the error
message SI M U LTANEOUS ACTIVE
EQUATIONS INVOLVINGandthen
displays the offending equations.
Like all high-level languages.
Micro- Dynamo has numerous ways to
tell the programmer he has made a
mistake 55 of them, in fact, not one
of which is "syntax error." Some are
reasonably familiar: DIVIDE BY 0,
MODEL IS NOT ON DISKETTE,
SQRT OF NEGATIVE NUMBER.
Others are very specific to the task of
the language: BAD LEFT SIDE OF =
(left hand side of an equation is in-
correct); NOT USED (some variable
you included in the program was
never actually used in your model,
indicating that an equation mav have
been left out); TOO FEW) also TOO
MANY) (when parentheses don't
match).
Because this is a compiled language,
errors are caught during the compila-
tion stage well before the program is
run. When an error is found, the
compiler stops, prints the error mes-
sage and the line it is in, and puts the
letter V above the line pointing at the
character it thinks is in error. Even
though the error may be serious
enough to prevent the program from
running, you are jiven an opportunity
to quit or to finish compiling to
search for more errors. Only after an
error-free compilation will the pro-
gram begin running.
Shortcomings
Unfortunately, as good as Micro-
Dynamo is — and, unless some hid-
den bugs come out in time, it should
find enthusiastic acceptance among
model builders it does have some
drawbacks. Most of these short-
comings stem from the fact that it is a
revision of a language that is now
almost a quarter of a century old
rather than a new package designed
specifically to accommodate the
abilities and limitations of microcom-
puters.
Although it has been shined up, its
age does peek through. Variable
names, for example, are limited to six
characters as in Fortran IV, and state-
ment lines can be a maximum of 80
columns long, which is the same num-
ber as on the cardboard IBM card that
was the only input device available a
couple of decades ago.
Even though an Apple monitor dis-
plays only 40 columns, statements
longer than that continue past the end
rather than wrapping around to the
next line as in Basic. To see the
remainder, you must press CON-
TROL-A to shift the screen light and
left — a pain in the neck.
Although the screen display is an
impressive hi-res color graph, printed
graphs use characters a number or
letter — for each plot just as they did
on the IBM 1401. (You rememberthat
one ... it was the Model-T of the in-
dustrv.)
Although you can get a hi-res plot
by hitting RESET, then booting DOS
from a slave disk (not the system
master, which zaps hi-res page one)
and using a graphics package to do a
screen dump to a printer, it is laborious
and erases both Micro- Dynamo and
your program from memory.
It is unfortunate that the author
of the micro version of this language
ignored the development of the dot
matrix printer and its graphics capa-
bilities in the interval since the main-
frame and mini versions were written.
And, perhaps most serious, the
Micro- Dynamo package itself makes
no provision for listing your program
so that you can proofread it easily.
This didn't matter when you could
have it all on a handful of cards that
could be listed off-line by any reader
printer, but editing a 200-line program
when you can see only 24 lines at a
time on the screen is a nightmare,
especially when it has no line numbers.
Because the program is saved on
the disk as a separate file, Pascal can
list it, but the Micro- Dynamo in-
structions don't explain how.
Dynamo, Pascal, and
the User
For our Micro- Dynamo review.
WC decided to find a reviewer who
was familiar with systems modeling
but not with Apple Pascal, the
computer environment under
which it runs. We felt that this
strategy would ensure the best pos-
sible "simulation" of a typical
Micro- Dynamo user.
A few capabilities of the Pascal
system that we forgot to tell our
reviewer about would have made
his job even easier. First, it is pos-
sible to print charts on paper
exactly as they appear on the screen
if you purchase a separate graphic
dump program that is compatible
with Pascal. Second, most 80-
column boards can be used w it h the
system for a fuller display of your
model as you work on it.
On the other hand the Pascal sys-
tem, and the reliance of Micro-
Dynamo on it can be blamed for
some of Mr. Light's problems. The
saving and printing of work files,
including models, has seldom been
adequately explained in print. The
authors of Micro- Dynamo could
have overcome the unfriendliness
of Apple Pascal only through great
effort. The Pascal system was de-
signed for programmers and many
non-programmers find it somewhat
confusing. — MC
A Bug?
Finally, either the package has a bug
or the instruction manual is not en-
tirely clear (and most of the time it is
so precise and lucid that it could serve
as a model instruction manual for the
industry which is sorely in need of
one).
When you wish to leave the editor
and run the program you have written,
you type Q for quit and then are shown
an exit menu. The author of the
manual suggests always selecting W to
write the program on a disk. This is
100
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
fine until you return to the editor from
the compiler to correct your errors.
When you have finished, pressing W
writes the old program back on the
disk rather than the corrected one.
Saving the corrected program is
laborious. You must type Q for quit,
U for update, R to return to the editor,
Q to quit again, W to write the up-
dated program to the disk, the name
of your program using DYN2: as a
prefix instead of the more familiar suf-
fix D2 if you want it sent to drive two
and finally E to exit the editor.
Knowledge of the Pascal operating
system is not strictly necessary to get
Micro- Dynamo up and running.
Nevertheless, you won't get the most
out of it unless you insist that your
dealer give you a ten-minute dem-
onstration on the Pascal operating
system before you leave his store.
Undoubtedly some of the out-of-
date features have been retained to
make it easy to convert programs writ-
ten for mainframe and mini versions
of Dynamo into Micro- Dynamo.
Those familiar with the capabilities of
microcomputers but new to dynamic
model building may find them a
nuisance, but nothing more serious
than that.
All in all, it is an exciting package
that should receive serious considera-
tion by professional forecasters and
model-builders and may even enter the
homes of a few Apple owners who like
to create doomsday scenarios for
parlor games. □
CIRCLE 352 ON READER SERVICE CARD
A Textbook for
Modelers
For those interested in systems
modelling who need more informa-
tion than the Micro-Dynamo
manual can provide, Addison-
Wesley has published a big, hard-
bound book called Introduction
To Computer Simulation: The
Systems Dynamics Approach.
Written by five people, the book
starts with explanations of the basic
ideas behind systems dynamics,
such as cause and effect thinking,
and feedback relationships. In the
course of more than 550 pages, it
presents an extremely broad view
of the tricks and techniques of
modelling.
The suggested price of the book
is $21.95. The Reading, Mass-
achusetts-based publishing com-
pany also plans an instructor's
Manual. MC
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4
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CIRCLE 103 ON READER SERVICE CARD
ZBasic 2.2
coira
Finally, A Compiler For Everyone
Harry McCracken
creative contpotiRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Z Basic 2.2
Type: Basic compiler
Format: Tape or disk
Summary: Excellent Basic compiler
Price: $79.95 on tape
$89.95 on disk
Manufacturer:
Simutek
4897 E. Speedway
Tucson, AZ 85712
Many TRS-80 programmers wish to
write programs which need a fast execu-
tion speed, such as business programs
which do lots of sorting and game pro-
grams with animated graphics. Some of
these programmers learn machine lan-
guage, but more of them are either intim-
idated by the complexity of machine
language programming or simply do not
have the time to delve into learning a new
language.
What these people need is a Basic
compiler; that is, a program which con-
verts Basic programs into machine lan-
Harry McCracken, 47 Carleton Street, Newton,
MA 02158.
November 1982 • Creative Computing
guage. There are several compilers avail-
able for the TRS-80, most of which are
expensive, require lots of memory and
disk storage, and are complicated and
time consuming to use. What has been
lacking until recently was a Basic com-
piler as flexible and simple to use as Level
II Basic itself.
Z Basic supports quite a
few commands and
functions beyond those
of Level II Basic.
Enter Simutek's ZBasic 2.2 by Andrew
Gariepy. ZBasic is the one Basic compiler
that offers the speed of machine language,
without giving up the many virtues of
Basic. It is cheap, as Basic compilers go,
runs on a 16K tape or disk system, and is
a joy to use.
Anyone with a fair knowledge of Basic
can easily put ZBasic to good use. It is an
interactive compiler; that means that the
Basic program and its compiled machine
language equivalent are both in memory
at the same time, and that you can jump
quickly and easily between them. That is
the key to both the power and the ease of
use of the compiler.
103
Both tape and disk versions of the
package include numerous versions of the
compiler; there are separate ones for 16K,
32K, and 48K systems, and versions with
and without high-precision math and disk
I/O. After you load the appropriate
version into the computer, ZBasic offers
you the option of changing the parameters
which allow you to relocate the program,
chain programs, and restrict string
lengths.
After that, you proceed normally. Write
your program and debug it to your heart's
content as you would without ZBasic;
you only need compile your program
when you want to execute the machine
language version.
Of course, since ZBasic, your Basic
program, and the compiled program must
all be in memory at once, space for your
program is limited; about 15K in a 48K
disk system, for instance. However, by
relocating or chaining programs, you can
make programs as big as or bigger than
you can under ordinary Basic.
Compiling The Program
Compiling your Basic program is very
simple: just hold down the Z, X, and C
keys at once, and, if your program has no
errors, ZBasic will compile it and give
you a menu allowing you to run your
compiled program, save it, or return to
Basic.
If ZBasic finds an error in your pro-
gram, it tells you what and where it is and
ZBasic 2.2, continued...
returns to Basic so you can fix it. ZBasic
can't find logic errors in the flow of your
program; it just detects syntax errors, and
other errors which prevent it from com-
piling your program properly.
While ZBasic can compile most Basic
commands and functions, there are a few
useful ones it cannot handle. Programs
with ON ERROR GOTO statements, for
example, must be adapted before they
can be compiled. While ZBasic lacks
several scientific functions such as SIN
and TAN, an appendix in the manual
shows how to get some of them by calling
the TRS-80 ROM.
Some Basic commands work slightly
differently in ZBasic. INPUT, for
instance, does not print a question mark
automatically. ZBasic is also more picky
about syntax than ordinary Basic. All
arrays must be DIMed, and complicated
string formulas may have to be broken
down.
The biggest difference between ZBasic
and Basic is the way ZBasic handles non-
integer math. The documentation calls
the ZBasic system @Math, because you
must put an @ before all non-integer math
statements. Stranger than that, though, is
the requirement that non-integer numbers
be in strings. That means that the Basic
statement A=B*.25 becomes @A$=B$*
".25" in ZBasic. That sounds very odd,
but it is easy to get used to. The main
problem is that it makes converting pro-
grams which use high-precision math into
proper ZBasic syntax a time consuming
task.
ZBasic supports quite a few commands
and functions beyond those of Level II
Basic. Most of these are equivalents of Z-
80 instructions, such as LDIR, and LDDR,
which make it possible to split-scroll the
screen. One of the nicest new commands
is a tone generator, which makes it simple
to add sound to any program.
While programs compiled by ZBasic
are generally not as fast as equivalent
code written in assembly language, they
are almost always at least ten times faster
than their Basic versions. Programs which
do not make extensive use of non-integer
math and string functions improve their
running times even more significantly. In
ordinary Basic, SET and RESET graphics
are so slow that they aren't often useful.
ZBasic makes them run so fast that they
become a real alternative to character
string graphics. Even the fastest sorting
methods seem to creep in Level II Basic;
ZBasic makes them zip.
/ like ZBasic so much
that I simply load it in
before doing any
Basic programming.
CMDFILE
The disk version of ZBasic includes a
utility which is a valuable tool in its own
right. CMDFILE, as it is called, is a
versatile program which lets you load in
machine language files from tape and
disk, relocate them, and save them back
to tape or disk. This not only allows you
to save ZBasic programs on disk to tape,
but also lets you save any non-protected
machine language tape to disk, and vice
versa.
On the whole, the documentation is
quite good. The bulk of the manual is
made up of an alphabetical list of ZBasic
commands and functions, what they do,
and any differences between the way
ZBasic and ordinary Basic handle them.
The section of the manual which
describes relocating and chaining pro-
grams is especially good; it makes fairly
complicated procedures easy to under-
stand.
Another useful chapter is the one which
explains how to convert programs so that
they satisfy ZBasic. The manual also
includes several useful subroutines and
programs, such as a sorting routine and a
primitive pong game.
The documentation for CMDFILE,
although well written, is far more tech-
nical than the rest of the manual; if you
don't understand hexadecimal, you really
won't be able to make much use of
CMDFILE. One other annoying although
nonfatal problem with my copy of the
manual is that several pages are in the
wrong places. I don't know if that is the
case with all copies of the manual or just
mine.
Anyone who is writing a program in
Basic with hopes of selling it to one of the
software publishers should think very
seriously about compiling it with ZBasic
before submitting it. The publishers of
some other compilers require that you
pay them a percentage of any royalties
you earn from programs compiled with
their compiler. All Simutek requires is a
credit line and copyright notice at the
start of the program and in the documen-
tation. That is a small request indeed,
considering that ZBasic can increase the
sales potential of a Basic program dramat-
ically.
If you are a Basic programmer who is
dissatisfied with the speed of Basic (I've
never met one who wasn't) the price of a
tape or disk copy of ZBasic is well justi-
fied by the speed and power you gain.
I like ZBasic so much that I simply
load it in before doing any Basic pro-
gramming; that makes it one of the few
programs I use almost every day. To my
mind, ZBasic 22 is as big an improvement
over Level II as Level II is over Level
I. □
Bit Pit
Chas Andres
104
November 1982° Creative Computing
NOW THE COMPUTER AGE
IS THREE TO THIRTEEN.
With Computer
Learning Games™
from The Learn-
ing Company
and an Apple
computer, you
can give your kids one of life's great-
est gifts —the love of learning.
As the company that makes learn-
ing playful, we can help you give
your kids a head start on life.
Younger kids will learn direction
concepts like "above or below" and
"left or right." Older kids acquire
logic skills while creating patterns
with colors and shapes. They'll also
learn computer-age skills like num-
ber plotting and computer chip cir-
cuit design.
All learned from creative games
using imaginary characters and
lively themes. From Juggles' Rainbow
to Gertrude's Puzzles, there are six
packages in all.
So if you've got kids aged three
to thirteen, take them to your local
Apple dealer and try our learn-
ing games.
Then you'll see how exciting learn-
ing really can be.
Please send me a copy of your
computer learning games catalog.
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE
ZIP.
The Learning Company
4370 Alpine Road, Dept. 103
Portola Valley, CA 94025
(415) 851-3160
c<^^ ^S^T
CIRCLE 201 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. Bumble Games, Bumble Plot, Juggles' Rainbow. Gertrudes Puzzles,
Gertrude's Secrets, Rocky's Boots, Logic Gators and Computer Learning Games™ are trademarks of The Learning Company
c
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CIRCLE 174 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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CIRCLE 234 ON READER SERVICE CARD
MMSFORTH
Forth For The TRS-80
If you are interested in one of the most
powerful computer languages ever
invented, then you will be interested in
this review of Forth.
Forth was created in 1969 by Charles
H. Moore at the National Radio Astron-
omy Observatory in Charlottesville, VA.
It has grown into a language that not only
controls the radio telescopes of that
observatory, but is used at other observa-
tories around the country. It is also one
of the better application languages around
because of the ease and speed with which
programs can be written in it.
When I became interested in Forth, I
didn't want to spend a great deal of money
just to try it out, so I invested in the
public domain assembly language source
code of the language which is offered by
the Forth Interest Group for less than
$20. That version is meant to be imple-
mented on an 8080 microprocessor based
machine, and is not easily converted to a
Z80 based microcomputer.
By far the easiest way to try Forth is to
purchase a version designed to run on a
Z80 computer.
The version I now have is MMSForth,
which costs $129.95 for the disk-based
version 2.0 from Miller Microcomputer
Services.
Getting Started
The first thing you notice when you
open the package is the loose-leaf, three-
ring binder containing 135 pages of infor-
mation on Forth: how to get it running,
how to program with it, and some
examples of simple programs. When you
send in your license agreement, you
receive another 67 pages which contain a
memory map, the Forth glossary, 8080
assembler tables, and several other tables
and lists.
Anthony T. Scarpelli, 98 Foxcroft Dr., Scar-
borough, ME 04074.
Anthony 7. Scarpelli
It takes several hours to read through
the manual, but to get started you need
read only the preface and the first appen-
dix.
The first appendix tells how to boot the
system disk. What appears after the boot
is the copyright information, your serial
number, a copyright message, and the
address of MMS. A few seconds later the
directory listing the options you have
available appears. You need not choose
any of them, though, the boot loads the
Forth language and is ready to go.
This directory is called the Utilities
menu, and allows you to choose from the
following:
FORMAT allows you to format a disk-
ette.
BACKUP allows you to back up the
system or any Forth diskette.
COPIES allows you to copy a range of
blocks (a block is 1024 bytes of infor-
mation).
SEARCH allows you to search for
occurrences of words.
TRANSLATE allows you to translate
from the older version 1.9 to the present
version.
ALLCAPS allows you to change lower-
case letters in some of the blocks to
uppercase if your system doesn't support
uppercase.
CUSTOMIZE allows you to configure
the system for your own TRS-80.
EXTENSIONS displays the system
options available.
PROGRAMS displays the programs
that are available on the other diskette.
The extensions include: DBL-PREC
(double-precision numbers), ARRAYS
(one and two dimensions), STRINGS
(similar to Level II strings), RANDOM (a
random number generator), GRAPHICS
(the TRS-80 graphics), SCREEN-PRINT
(prints the screen to your printer including
graphics characters), CASSETTE (tape
routines), CLOCK (time and date rou-
tines), and TOOLKIT (various other
handy routines).
The power of Forth comes from its
ability to create new words, and to create
words that define other words. When you
use a word, Forth executes it as long as it
is in the dictionary, and as long as any
parameters the word may need precede
it.
This version of Forth includes about
200 words with which you can create
more words. One of the ways to create a
word is with a colon definition. For
example, if I write:
: TEST word word word etc. ;
I have defined a word called TEST using
several previously defined words. The
colon precedes the new word, and the
semicolon ends the definition. This pro-
cess continues until an entire routine or
even a program can be called by just one
word.
All of the utilities, extensions, and
programs in MMSForth are words that
have been previously defined, words that
are made up of the core words, and core
words that eventually become machine
language routines.
Features
Let us now consider some of the fea-
tures that make this version of Forth a
very good buy and a very handy develop-
ment system.
MMSForth will run on a 16K machine
with only one disk drive. With 32K or
more, however, there is more room for
words and programs. Backing up a disk-
ette can be done on just one drive, so a
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
109
MMS Forth, continued...
minimum system is all that is needed to
use the language. It will also support
multiple drive systems, and a version for
the Model III is available.
One of the nice things about MMS-
Forth is that many of the features of Level
II Basic have been incorporated as exten-
sions. Strings and graphics use similar
words, and are used much like their Basic
counterparts. The difference is that the
execution speed of Forth is nearly as fast
as assembly language, so graphics and
string manipulation are much faster.
Another feature is that the screen-print
routine will print the TRS-80 graphics if
your printer is capable of handling them.
The printer driver can be the regular
ROM routine or a custom driver that can
be changed to fit your system. An
extended driver is available with page-
formatting features.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: MMSForth
Type: Language and programming
environment
System: TRS-80 Model I, III 16K,
IBM PC 32K
Format: Disk
Language: Machine
Summary: Good value
Price: TRS-80 version $129.95,
IBM version $249.95
Manufacturer:
Miller Microcomputer Services
61 Lake Shore Rd.
Natick, MA 01760
Programs
Some of the programs included on the
second disk show Forth at its best. The
SORT program demonstrates differences
in speeds between different types of sorts.
To show, for example, how slow an
insertion sort is, this program loads the
screen with a group of random characters,
then sorts them. It does the same for the
selection and Shell sorts, the quicksort,
and a quicksort with assembly partition.
It is fun to watch, and a good way to show
off your system.
The game of Life is an old favorite.
Programmed in Basic, the game takes a
long time to go through a generation, but
this Forth version is nearly as fast as an
assembly language program.
One of the handy things you can do
with Forth is to put assembly language
mnemonics right into the definitions. Or
you can create "code" words of just
assembly language mnemonics. This ver-
sion of Forth contains an 8080 assembler.
When the loops of Life are converted to
assembly language routines, the speed of
a generation is extremely fast— much less
than a second.
To start you off, a few patterns are
available to initialize the Life generations.
With the doodle routine, you can draw
your own patterns.
Another game on the disk, BREAK-
FORTH, demonstrates how a high level
language can be used to write a fast
action, real-time version of a popular
game.
CHECKBOOK is an example of a bus-
iness program written in Forth. The
source code for the program is provided
and explained word by word.
Using some of the standard Forth editor
commands, and some of its own, NOTE-
PAD allows you to write one page of text.
The Editor
The standard screen editor provided
with the system is one of the best I have
used. By using the CLEAR key, and the
SHIFT and CLEAR keys together, you
can delete, insert, and move characters,
lines and whole screens of information.
The arrow keys move the cursor around
the screen with ease.
Forth is written in blocks of 1024
characters which comprise one screen of
information (64 characters by 16 lines).
Writing Forth programs involves the
editing of these screens. Once a block is
edited, it is saved in one of the two block
buffers so another block can be edited.
When a third block is called up, the first
block is automatically saved on disk.
When you finish writing the program, the
word FLUSH saves the remaining blocks
to disk.
Documentation
I am a firm believer in good documen-
tation which provides as much informa-
tion about a program as possible. MMS-
Forth does a pretty good job of it, but
doesn't go all the way. If you were to buy
a Basic interpreter, you can be quite sure
you wouldn't get the source code for it.
With MMSForth you receive the source
code for the entire system disk except for
the first 13 blocks. You must list it
yourself, but it is there. You also get the
source code for the program disk.
The first 13 blocks contain the core
words and assembly language routines as
well as the disk I/O. The blocks which
are provided allow you to see high level
Forth programming, and when you
become good at Forth, you can modify
the code to improve upon or customize it
for your own purposes. A total of 128
blocks of source code is a great deal to
understand and change, but at least it is
there, and I commend MMS for providing
it.
If you have heard anything about stan-
dardization, it is probably that everyone
would like it, but little is being done about
110
it. There are currently four languages that
have been standardized, but Forth is not
yet one of them. However, thanks to a
great deal of effort on the part of people
who want to see Forth standardized, the
Forth-79 Standard has come into exis-
tence.
MMSForth 2.0 contains the words pub-
lished in this standard. This means that
source code created on the TRS-80 can
be transported to any other Forth
machine and vice versa. That is the
theory, anyway. I commend MMS for
going along with the standard, and hope
that in the future we TRS-80 owners will
be able to talk to an Apple or IBM owner
as easily as to another TRS-80 owner.
I have read everything available on
Forth, and I can say that, except for one
book, learning Forth from the available
information is like learning Chinese from
a dictionary. I thank MMS for providing
a great deal of information on Forth, but
Forth is an entire language, and you
cannot learn it simply by reading the
documentation normally provided with
the system. You must go to other sources,
and you must sit at the keyboard and
work with the language.
Forth was not an easy language for me
to learn. All of the manuals I have read
started out with the easy things, but had a
tendency to stop. The more difficult
concepts, the use of assembly language,
the extensibility of Forth, the best way to
program in Forth, and good programming
techniques, just were not there. I had to
struggle with words that were defined,
words that were not clearly explained,
and words that were not explained at all.
MMS provides you with enough to start
out, but you must purchase and study
some of the other books and manuals
available before you will become good at
Forth. Luckily, one of the best books,
Starting Forth by Leo Brodie (Prentice-
Hall, 1981), is also sold by MMS. I recom-
mend purchasing this book along with
this program.
Although I have been very pleased with
MMSForth, I have two real complaints
about it. The first is that looking up
unfamiliar information is very difficult.
There is a table of contents, but it is too
broad to be of much help.
My second complaint is that occasion-
ally some aspect of what I wanted to
know was not explained in sufficient detail
for a beginner. An index would be very
handy, and I understand that one is being
compiled. So there is hope. Whenever I
ran into a real problem, a quick call to
Miller Microcomputing got me an answer
to it.
Summary
My overall recommendation is to buy
this program if you want to try Forth. It is
definitely a good value. □
CIRCLE 349 ON READER SERVICE CARD
November 1982° Creative Computing
"The Philadelphia Story" in Reading:
Improved Skill and Comprehension
At a Price Any
District Can
Afford
Courseware Breakthrough
For the past fourteen years, the Philadelphia City Schools
have been using a Computer Assisted Reading Develop-
ment program throughout the district. It has undergone
constant revision and testing so that it can be described as a
model of computer-assisted learning. Now, Radio Shack has
adapted this program for our TRS-80 Model III microcompu-
ters, making it available to your district for the first time.
With C.A.R.D. I, your students can take advantage of a
proven program that requires a minimum of teacher super-
vision. Using clearly developed lessons designed to hold
their interest, they can improve reading comprehension.
Skill Development
C.A.R.D I: Sentences, the first of our Philadelphia-based
courseware packages, is broken down into four topics, each
of which builds a skill area in sentence use. The first topic,
Sentence Recognition, asks students to identify which
groups of words are sentences, while Labeling offers them a
selection of possible labels to express the relationship be-
tween keywords. Sentence Relationships asks them to iden-
tify sentences with a related meaning, while Ordering
Sentences has them put a series of sentences in logical order.
Each topic has a pretest, six or seven developmental lessons
and a post-test. If the student passes the first pretest, he or
she goes immediately to the pretest for the next topic. Other-
wise, the student works through the lesson sequence, before
tackling the post-test and going on to the next topic.
Now the Philadelphia School
District's Computer Assisted
Reading Development
Program (C.A.R.D.) Can Be
Included in Your School's
Curriculum as Part of a
New Series from Radio Shack.
Reinforcement and Branching
One of the significant learning aspects of the C.A.R.D. pro-
gram is that the computer provides immediate constructive
feedback to every student response in the form of congratu-
latory messages, reinforcement after correct answers, and
hints or corrections after incorrect responses.
In addition, key questions within the lesson are used as
criteria for branching students through different lesson
paths. When a student answers one of these questions, the
computer immediately evaluates the response and automat-
ically sends that student along the appropriate lesson path.
Comprehensive . . . Yet Affordable
C.A.R.D. I: Sentences will soon be joined by Paragraphs,
Directions and Comprehension to give your district the full
range of reading programs. C.A.R.D. I is priced at only
$ 199.00 and is ready to run on your disk-based Model III
with just the addition of either our TRS-80 AUTHOR I, a
complete computer lesson development program, or the
TRS-80 AUTHOR I Lesson Presentation Package.
For more information, visit your nearest Radio Shack
Computer Center, store or participating dealer — or contact
your Radio Shack Educational Coordinator.
For the name of the fall-time Educational
Coordinator in your area, call Radio Shack's
Education Division at 800-433-5682 toll-free.
In Texas, call 800-772-8538.
Radio /hack
The biggest name in little computers
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IBH^^H
JRT Pascal
com
Pascal For CP/M Systems
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: JRT Pascal 2.1
Type: Language
System: CP/M
Format: 8 inch single density disk
Language: Machine
Summary: Tremendous value for
the price
Price: $29.95
Manufacturer:
JRT Systems, Inc.
Box 22365
San Francisco, CA 94122
Roger Edelson
While the $29.95 price of JRT Pascal
may be the first feature which attracts
attention, the virtues of the compiler go
far beyond this reasonable price. For
starters, the floating-point operations are
performed in 14-figure BCD format which
allows calculations to range from 10~ 64 to
10+ 63 (a range of 128 magnitudes). Other
CP/M Pascal compiler implementations
offer only seven digit precision with a
dynamic range of 10 36 . With 14-digit
precision, JRT Pascal is suitable for both
business and scientific applications, and
as the data are stored in BCD format
there are no errors when converting from
internal storage to print format.
The second most noticeable features
of JRT Pascal are its ease of use and the
reasonable size of the resident compiler.
JRT Systems has solved the problem of
fitting the compiler and CP/M operating
Roger Edelson. 3270 Granville Ave.. Los Angeles,
CA 90066.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
into a 52K memory space with enough
room left over to produce useful results.
One well known and highly respected
Pascal compiler simply will not run under
CP/M on my NorthStar Horizon which
has only 56K of useable memory available
below the Disk Boot PROM.
The JRT compiler occupies approx-
imately 20K of memory and allows parts
of the program to be compiled separately
into "external modules/' These external
modules are then linked together at run-
time under the EXECutive interpreter.
For this reason, it is not necessary to run
a huge compiler when linking various
external procedures, and it is therefore
possible to run large, useful programs.
The use of external procedures by JRT
Pascal does not require any extra pro-
gramming effort as the "virtual storage
manager" handles everything auto-
matically. To make use of externals even
easier, they do not even have to be on the
same, or logged-in disk; the EXEC pro-
gram will search all available drives
automatically. As initially configured, the
EXEC interpreter will search drive A first,
followed by drive B. A customization
program is provided, however, which
allows the user to define the search
sequence as well as the drives to be
searched.
Dynamic Memory Management
The EXEC program is loaded starting
at the CP/M standard location of 100H
and then loads the referenced Pascal
program just above it. Both programs are
fixed in size — the EXEC.COM file as
113
defined in the release (about 20K) and
the Pascal Program Module, by the size
of the compiled .INT file.
The data stack (which contains all static
variables, as created by the VAR declara-
tions, and the parameters and procedure
activation blocks) is variable in size and
grows upward from the high end of the
Pascal program.
Dynamic storage, which contains the
I/O buffers, the dynamic variables, the
file control blocks, and the external
procedures, grows downward from the
top of available storage. If there is limited
available memory area, a collision
between the data stack and the dynamic
storage area is possible.
To avoid run time errors, the EXEC
virtual storage manager attempts to main-
tain a minimum of 64-byte buffer between
the two areas. If the memory space
between the two variable areas falls below
this value, the run-time system takes
several different actions to restore this
cushion. In the first stage, the least-
recently-used external procedure is
deleted, and then if necessary, the
dynamic storage area is compressed.
The use of separately compiled external
procedures coupled with the dynamic
memory management system allows the
size of the complete Pascal program to be
practically unlimited. The external pro-
cedures are loaded into the dynamic
storage area when first referenced by the
main program, a procedure which is
transparent to the user.
Unlike program chains or overlays, the
external procedures remain in memory
until an impending memory collision is
detected. When this condition occurs, the
EXEC program automatically unloads the
least-recently-used external procedure,
but to minimize the time required to
JRT Pascal, continued...
reload the procedure when again re-
quired, the control blocks associated with
the procedures are maintained. This
procedure makes the actual storage
capacity of the computer seem consid-
erably larger than would be inferred from
the actual memory size.
Another dynamic allocation feature
available with JRT Pascal is dynamic
strings. Similar to the string size dynamic
structure found in MBasic, the string size
is dynamically allocated. This means that
strings do not have to be padded to fill
the predefined size — a feature which
makes string operation easy and virtually
transparent.
Further, in JRT Pascal strings may be
of any length up to 65K bytes, if required;
the actual maximum size will be much
smaller, as determined by available
memory.
Debugging
JRT Pascal provides 75 specific English
text error messages of between one and
four lines, plus ten general run-time
messages which are identified and defined
in the manual.
To assist in debugging, significant addi-
tional information is provided when the
EXEC program exits on an error. After
the appropriate error message has been
displayed, the current line number and
last entered procedure name are provided
in most cases.
A system status display containing
useful information about the state of the
run-time system at the time of error
detection is created. The system status
display presents nine fields of information
indicating the address of the error, the
current usage information for the address
field. A typical system status display is
presented in Figure 1, along with a sim-
plified memory storage map.
JRT Pascal supports
both sequential file
processing and random
file processing.
Also presented in the system status
display is a count of the number of times
storage has been auto-compressed
(compr:), and a count of the number of
external procedures which have been
purged (purge:). The address given as
prog: is the starting address of the main
Pascal program; the HEX number at size:
gives the program size, which when added
to prog: gives base:— the bottom of the
data stack.
The two values low: and tos: provide
information detailing the amount of avail-
able memory which lies between these
two dynamically allocated storage areas.
It is this space (low:-tos:) which the
dynamic storage allocator attempts to
maintain at a value greater than 64 bytes.
JRT Pascal supports both sequential
file processing and random file pro-
cessing. Sequential file processing is
usually faster than using random files
because the disk operations can be organ-
ized sequentially, minimizing disk access.
JRT Pascal also allows improved disk
use by allowing the user to define the size
of the buffer which serves as a temporary
storage area for data written to or read
from the disk.
Often, it is not possible to prearrange
the order in which data files will be
required by the program; in these cases
the slower random file processing must
be used. In version 2.0 of JRT Pascal,
random files were limited to 65K. Version
2.1 has removed this limit, allowing file
sizes of 8Mb— the CP/M maximum.
JRT Pascal allows full random access
to data by the Relative Byte Address
(RBA) which gives the location of the
data item within the file. This technique
allows great flexibility, as the files may be
of random length rather than forcing all
files to be the size of the largest. A sample
program illustrating random access to a
file containing sales information is shown
in Listing 1; the records are located by
department number.
Figure I. Sample system status display memory allocation.
Listing I. Sample random file program.
System status display
addr :34F5
base :S3BC
low :A8B9
prog : 3BA7
cur :S9AC
compr: 00O2
size :4815
tos :SA33
purge: 00 00
I ow >
tos--
cur- -
base -
->
- /
->
prog- - >
100h-->
CP/M
dynamic
storage
unused
data stack
Pasca I code
EXEC run-tiint
system
reserved area
«'--adar (of error)
PROGRAM INQUIRY;
LABEL 10;
TYPE
DEPT
RECORD * RECORD
INVENTORY
MTD SALES
YTD SALES
DISCOUNT
END;
REAL;
REAL;
REAL;
REAL;
VAR
INPUT AREA
DEPT FILE
DEPT
: DEPT RECORD;
* FILE OF DEPT RECORD;
: INTEGER;
BEGIN <* INQUIRY *>
0PEN( DEPT.FILE, ' C : DEPTDATA. RND ' , BINARY );
REPEAT
WRITE* 'Enter dept number : ');
READLN( DEPT );
IF DEPT * 999 THEN GOTO 10; (# EXIT *)
READ< DEPT FILE, RRN, DEPT;
INPUT AREA ) ;
WRITELN;
WRITELN( 'dept', DEPT,
inv' , INPUT.AREA. INVENTORY: 9: 2,
disc', INPUT AREA. DISCOUNT: 9: 2);
WRITELN( ' MTD sales 7 , MTD SALES:9:2,
YTD sales', YTD SALES: 9: 2);
WRITELN;
10» (• EXIT LABEL •)
UNTIL DEPT « 999;
CLOSE ( DEPT FILE );
END <# INQUIRY •>.
114
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Kelly's
Computing
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D CRYPTS OF TERROR (CASS) 29.95 Now 25.50
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D EMPIRE OF THE OVERMIND (CASS) 29.50 Now 25.50
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D BASKETBALL (CART) 34.95 Now 29.50
D SUPER BREAKOUT (CART) 44.95 Now 33.50
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D DISK MANAGER (DISK).' 29.95 Now 25.50
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D MIDWAY CAMPAIGN (CASS) 16.00 Now 13.50
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D NUKEWAR (CASS) 16.00 Now 13.50
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D PACIFIC COAST HIGHWAY (DISK & CASS) 29.95 Now 25.50
D INTRUDER (DISK) 34.95 Now 29.50
D INTRUDER (CASS) 29.95 Now 25.50
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D TRACK ATTACK (DISK) 29.95 Now 25.50
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D PATHFINDER (AVAIL. FALL) (DISK) 34.95 Now 29.50
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a ACTION QUEST (DISK & CASS) 29.95 Now 25.50
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MOUSEKATTACK (DISK) 34 95
JAWBREAKER (DISK & CASS) 29 95
THRESHOLD (DISK) 39 95
SOFTPORN ADVENTURE (DISK) 29 95
THE NEXT STEP (DISK) 39 95
FROGGER (AVAIL. FALL) (DISK & CASS) 34 95
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THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE (DISK) 39 95
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CIRCLE 196 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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JRT Pascal, continued...
As mentioned, the use of separately
compiled external procedures eases the
size problems associated both with the
compiler and the run-time program and
adds no tedious details to the program-
mer's task. The external procedures are
auto-loaded as required by the run-time
program, EXC. The external procedures
and functions must be declared in fhe
main programs which reference them, and
these procedure declarations and par-
ameter lists must be consistent among
different files. This is very important as
the compiler will not check these declar-
ations and validate the consistency.
The external procedures produced
under the JRT compiler can access all
the global variables in the main pro-
gram—variables which have been de-
clared before any procedure or function
declarations.
In the example of Listing 1,
CUSTOMER-LIST is a global variable.
To access global variables or files, their
As distinct from the
original implementation
of Pascal, the JRT
version supports
extensive capability
for Input/Output
control.
CIRCLE 142 ON READER SERVICE CARD
declarations must be inserted in the
external procedure file following the
reserved word EXTERN, and preceding
the procedure header. These declarations
must be identical to the global declara-
tions in the main program, though addi-
tional constants and type identifiers may
also be present in this area.
While the structure of a JRT Pascal
external procedure is similar to a standard
"internal" procedure in format, there are
two minor differences. First, the PRO-
CEDURE statement must be preceded
by the word EXTERN, and second, the
END statement must be followed by the
standard semicolon and then a period, to
signify the end of the compile unit.
Activan
JRT Pascal provides Activan, an exclu-
sive external procedure, which monitors
the execution of a Pascal program. Act-
ivan monitors the line numbers as used
by the compiled program and keeps a
line counter record for all numbers within
the specified range. Both the range of
line numbers to be monitored and their
spacing may be specified, and can be
changed as the program is executing.
The output of Activan is a graph show-
ing the amount of time spent executing
each portion of the program— an invalu-
able aid in tuning and optimizing program
operation. All that is required to use the
Activan facility is to compile a program
with the %LTRACE directive or to set
the $L switch on; the program is then run
by specifying the $A switch at run-time
(i.e., EXEC TESTPGM $A).
As distinct from the original implemen-
tation of Pascal, the JRT version supports
extensive capability for Input/Output
control. It is possible to make use of a
built-in procedure, "CALL, to make direct
calls to the CP/M operating system, BIOS
(user dependent Basic Input/Output
System), or any machine language code
present in the main storage.
As a complement to this built-in pro-
cedure, JRT Pascal also provides a special
purpose assembler which translates
assembly code into relocatable external
procedure modules. These external pro-
cedures are then automatically loaded as
required at run-time just as any other
external procedure.
Additionally, if a Microsoft format
assembler (RMAC, or Macro-80) is avail-
able, then the CONVERT utility converts
REL files produced by these assemblers
into .INT format files. These files may
then be accessed as external procedures.
These features are not found in the
"standard" implementations of Pascal,
and therefore JRT Pascal is not portable
to the extent that such functions are
used.
As most Pascal implementations have
evolved away from the original UCSD
version, this lack of portability is no real
handicap, and the additional features are
very worthwhile.
Documentation
The 125-page manual is well written
and complete. There are sufficient exam-
ples of all the functions that even an
inexperienced user can readily make use
of the advanced features. The Table of
Contents is so complete that the lack of
an Index is hardly noticed.
Initially, JRT Pascal was available only
as a CP/M compatible program on 8"
single density (IBM 3740 format) disks,
but JRT Systems has informed me that
the latest version is available in many
popular 5 1/4" formats. Through an
arrangement with Allenbach Industries,
JRT Pascal may now be obtained in
NorthStar, Osborne, Apple CP/M, Super
Brain, and Heath soft-sector formats.
While "there is no such thing as a free
lunch," JRT Pascal at $29.95 (which
includes postage) certainly allows the user
to experience champagne and caviar at
cafeteria prices. □
CIRCLE 341 ON READER SERVICE CARD
116
November 1982 c Creative Computing
YOU NEVER HAD IT
SO SOFT!
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APPLE, COMMODORE OR VIC!
ATARI HOME COMPUTER
PROGRAMS
HOME OFFICE
CX404 ATARI Word Processor. $119.00
CX8102 Calculator $29.00
CX412 Dow Jones Investment
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CX4109 Graph It Joystick
optional $17.00
CX4104 Mailing List $20.00
CX41 15 Mortgage & Loan
Analysis $13.00
CX4103 Statistics I $20.00
CX8107 Stock Analysis $20.00
CXL4015 TeleLink I $23.00
HOME STUDY
CX4101 An Invitation to
Programming I $20.00
CX4106 An Invitation to
Programming 2 $23.00
CX4117 An Invitation to
Programming 3 $23.00
CX4107 Biorhythm $13.00
Conversational Languages (ea.) $46.00
CX4121 Energy Czar $13.00
CX4114 European Countries
& Capitals $13.00
CX4108 Hangman, Joystick
optional $13.00
CX4102 Kindgom $13.00
CXL4007 Music Composer $34.00
CX4123 Scram, uses joystick . . . $20.00
CX41 1 2 States & Capitals $1 3.00
CX4110 Touch Typing $20.00
HOME ENTERTAINMENT
PAC MAN $35.00
CENTIPEDE $35.00
CAVERNS OF MARS $32.00
CXL401 3 Asteroids $29.00
CXL4004 Basketball $27.00
CX4105 Blackjack $13.00
CXL4009 Computer Chess $29.00
CXL4012 Missile Command $29.00
CXL4008 Space Invaders $29.00
CXL401 1 Star Raiders $39.00
CXL4006 Super Breakout $29.00
CXL4010 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe $27.00
CXL4005 Video Easel $24.00
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES & AIDS
CXL4003 Assembler Editor $47.00
CXL4002 ATARI BASIC $47.00
CX8126 ATARI Microsoft Basic . $70.00
CXL4018 PILOT $72.00
CX405 PILOT(Educational) .... $105.00
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Eastern Front '41 $25.50
Avalanche $15.50
Outlaw $15.50
747 Landing Simulation $15.50
Babel $15.50
Dog Daze $15.50
Downhill $15.50
Attack! $15.50
Blackjack-Casino $15.50
Reversi II $15.50
Domination $1 5.50
Solitare $15.50
Disk Fixer $15.50
Supersort $1 5.50
Data Management $15.50
Chameleon $15.50
Instedit $15.50
Insomnia $1 5.50
My First Alphabet $25.50
Mapware $18.00
Number Blast $11.50
Family Cash Flow $15.50
Weekly Planner $15.50
Bowler's Data Base $13.00
Banner Generator $11.50
Visicalc $189.00
Letterperfect (Word Processor) . $99.00
Data Soft
Textwizzard $89.00
Canyon Climber $24.00
Tumble Bug $24.00
Shoot Arcade $24.00
Pacific Coast $24.00
Bishops Square $24.00
Micro Painter $27.00
Data Sam $119.00
Clowns & Balloons $24.00
Color Print $32.00
Graphics Master $30.00
Data Lisp $70.00
Mail List $20.00
OnLine
Jaw Breaker $27.00
MouskATTACK $31.00
Invasion Orion $18.50
Mission Asteroid $22.00
The Next Step $34.00
Softporn $27.00
Wizzard & Princess $29.00
Upper Reaches $32.00
Curse of Ra $32.00
Arcade Plus
Ghost Hunter (cassette) $24.00
Ghost Hunter (disk) $30.00
KByte
KByte Krazy Shoot Out (ROM) $39.00
K-DOS $69.00
K-Razy Kritters $39.00
K-Star Patrol $39.00
K-Razy Antiks $39.00
Stick Stand $6.99
Compumax
Accounts Receivable $110.00
General Ledger $1 10.00
Inventory $130.00
Payroll $110.00
Personal Finance $130.00
Synapse
File Manager 800 $79.95
Dodge Racer $19.00
Chicken $24.00
Slime $24.00
Nautilus $24.00
Disk Manager $24.00
Fort Apocalypse $24.00
Assembler $39.00
Protector $24.00
Shamus $24.00
Page 6 $24.00
EPYX (Automated Simulation)
Ricochet $14.50
Crush, Crumble & Chomp . . . $24.00
Star Warrior $29.00
Rescue at Rigel $24.00
Datestones $16.00
APPLE
Apple Dictionary $79.00
Visicalc $189.00
— CALL FOR PRICES ON —
Visicalc Advance VISI FILE
Visicalc Business Forcast VISI DEX
Visischedule VISI PACK
Visiterm VISI PILOT
VISITREND
COMMODORE
BUSINESS MACHINES
SOFTWARE
Word Pro 5 Plus $319.00
Word Pro 4 Plus $299.00
Word Pro 3 Plus $199.00
Commodore Tax Package $589.00
Visicalc $189.00
Medical Billing $449.00
The Source $89.00
OZZ Information System $289.00
Dow Jones Portfolio $129.00
Pascal $239.00
Legal Time Accounting $449.00
Word Craft 80 $289.00
Power $79.00
Socket 2 Me $20.00
Jinsam $Call
MAGIS $Call
CPA $Call
Real Estate Package $Call
The Manager $209.00
Softrom $129.00
BPI Inventory Control $319.00
BPI Job Costing $319.00
BPI Payroll $319.00
BPI General Ledger $329.00
Creative I SAM $79.00
Creative General Ledger $229.00
Creative Accounts Receivable $229.00
Creative Inventory $229.00
VIC 20
VIC1901 VIC AVENGERS $23.00
VIC1904 SUPERSLOT $23.00
VIC1906 SUPER ALIEN $23.00
VIC1907 SUPER LANDER $23.00
VIC1908 DRAW POKER $23.00
VIC1909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE .... $23.00
Terminal 40 col. exp SCall
UnWord $13.00
Grafix Menagerie $11.00
VIC PICS $15.00
Ticker Tape $13.00
Banner Headliner $13.00
RS 232 $39.00
VT 106A Recreation Pack A $44.00
VT107A Home Calculation Pack $44.00
VT164 Programmable Character/
Gamegraphics $12.00
Household Finance $27.00
VIC Games $19.00
VIC Home Inventory $13.00
VIC Rec/Ed II $13.00
VL101 Introduction to
Computing $19.00
VL102 Introduction to BASIC
Programming $19.00
VM1 10 VIC20 Programmers
Reference Guide $15.00
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CIRCLE 146 ON READER SERVICE CARD
W€St
800- 648-33 1 1
P.O. Box 6689
Stateline. Nevada 89449
(702) 588-5654
A
ATARI
400
16K . . . $ 249
32K . . . s 369
48K . . . $ 469
410 Recorder $76.00
810 Disc Drive $449.00
822 Printer $269.00
825 Printer $589.00
830 Modem $159.00
820 Printer $259.00
850 Interface $169.00
CX40 Joy Stick $18.00
CX853 16K RAM $77.95
800
16K ... $ 649
32K . . . $ 724
48K . . . s 769
Microtek 16K RAM $74.95
Microtek 32K RAM $119.95
Ramdisk (128K) $429.95
Intec 48K Board $219.95
Intec 32K $119.95
One year extended warranty $70.00
481 Entertainer $69.00
482 Educator $130.00
483 Programmer $49.00
484 Communicator $344.00
FRANKLIN
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III
64K Personal Computer
Hardware, software and
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Apple II and even has some fea-
tures not found on the Apple.
MICRO SCI Apple ll/Franklin compatable Disk Drives!
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A HOT ATARI -
GAMES A<
PAC MAN $35.00
Centipede $35.00
Caverns ot Mars $32.00
Asteroids $29.00
Missile Command $29.00
Star Raiders $39.00
Canyon Climber $25.00
Protector $24.00
Mouskattack $31.00
Jawbreaker $27.00
Ghost Hunter $24.00
Telecommunications
Modems
Hayes
Smart $239.00
Chronograph $199.00
Micromodem II $279.00
Micromodem 100 $309.00
Novation Auto $239.00
D Cat $169.00
Cat $159.00
Anchor Modem $79.00
KBYTE
ROM CARTRIDGE GAMES
FOR YOUR ATARI
I Krazy Shoot Out $39.00
Krazy Kritters $39.00
Krazy Antics $39.00
|K-star Patrol $39.00
STICK STAND .«L
Sg99
ARCADE ACTION FROM YOUR
ATARI JOYSTICK \l
AMDEK
MONITORS
300G $169.00
Color I $339.00
Color II $699.00
Color III $429.00
OTHERS
Zenith 9 " (Green) $109.00
BMC 12" Green $85 00
PERQOM
Finally, a dual disk drive for
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and dual drive models read
both sides of the disk! Will
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810. CALL FOR INTRODUCT
OR Y PRICE!
SEC
COMPUTERS
8001-A $749.00
8031 $749.00
8012 $549.00
PRINTERS
8023 $549.00
7710/7730 $2399.00
3510/3530 $1789.00
MONITORS
JB 1201 $179.00
JC-1201 $349.00
JC-1202 $899.00
SANYO 1000 COMPUTER $1599.00
VISICORP
VISICALC
Apple II ♦ $189.00
Atari $189.00
Commodore $189.00
IBM $189.00
Also available are:
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MD I (box of 10) $36.00
MD II (box of 10) $46 00
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CIRCLE 146 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Programming in Pascal
So, you say you are fed up with the
different dialects of Basic. You have had
enough of its slow execution times, of
having to fill up memory space with REM
statements so you won't become tangled
in the variable jungle. Your GOTO state-
ments sometimes lead off to Fantasy
Island and your GOSUB and FOR...
NEXTs are for the birds. In short, your
program structure is about as solid as the
kids' first tree house and you want out of
the whole mess.
After reading all the reviews and arti-
cles you have decided to step up to
structured programming and take part in
the new wave that the ads tell you is
sweeping the world of micros and minis.
You have decided to hop on board the
Pascal wagon and find a better way of
doing things.
Zipping down to the local computer
book store you return with a bushelful of
manuals and texts on Pascal and settle
down to learn. However, it has been a
long time since graduation, and you can't
seem to pick up the information from the
printed page as easily as you once did.
You need help. You need a teacher.
You need an audio-visual presentation of
the fundamentals of the language. Well
Greg Greene, 207-885 Craigflower Rd., Victoria,
B.C. Canada, V9A 2X4.
Greg Greene
friend, here it is.
Just such a course is now available from
the Heath/Zenith folks, at your local
Heathkit store or Heath/Zenith Data
Systems dealer. The course is entitled,
"Programming in Pascal, an individual
learning course." It consists of a 510-page
manual and five cassette tapes. The tapes,
of course, provide the audio and the
manual the visual part of the instruction.
Of special interest is the way the mate-
rial is presented. The manual consists of
several lessons which break the material
into easily digested parts. The manual is
not just a printed version of the material
on the tape. The authors have used the
instructional techniques that work best
on paper in the manual, and those that
work best in audio on tape.
The pages of the manual do not consist
of mere words; they incorporate overhead
projections and flip charts. That is not to
say that the actual film is presented. It
isn't, but the page looks as the film would
when projected. In fact, I believe that
you could reproduce the page for pro-
jection purposes if you desired. In any
case the effect is the same as sitting in a
classroom.
120
The audio tapes are keyed to the text.
You are told which tape to use, and when
to turn it on. The voices on the tape are
both pleasant and well modulated— one
male and one female. I defy you to fall
asleep while listening to it. Both speakers
are very good.
The course presents standard Jensen
and Wirth Pascal. It is divided into 10
modules. The tapes are approximately 30
minutes in length, and the lessons take
about two hours each to complete.
A final examination is provided, and at
the conclusion of the course you send it
to Heath to be marked. Credits can be
assigned upon successful completion of
the course. These are Continuing Educa-
tion Credits, and I believe they are recog-
nized by some, if not all, colleges in
Michigan. Now let's take a look at what
the course offers.
Module One is an introduction to the
course and describes the structure of a
simple Pascal program. Constants and
variables are defined along with expres-
sions. Input and Output statements are
examined at the conclusion of this
module. You learn the difference between
write and writeln, for example.
At the beginning of the module, the
goals are clearly set forth, along with a
list of the new words in that lesson. At the
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Pascal, continued...
conclusion of the module there are self-
tests and exercises.
If you have a Pascal language installed
on your computer, you can follow along
with the course using it. Because of the
different types of editors available for the
different systems, you will need to famil-
iarize yourself with the one that works on
Frame 2
COALS
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pmi I'lliiris .is p.ii.inii'liTs spri ilirr var. turn lion.
prix riluri'. p.ii.iiiiiti'i spii iln .limns
your system, before trying to write a pro-
gram.
Module Two introduces the concepts
of procedures and functions, and
describes the rules of scope as defined for
standard Pascal. This lets you visualize
the use of global and local variables and
constants. It is one of the great strengths
of Pascal that variable and constant values
need not be passed through the whole
program, unless desired. As with all the
modules, self-tests and exercises enable
you to determine if you have mastered
the material.
Module Three introduces the IF...
THEN. ..ELSE statement, CASE state-
ment, and Boolean objects. These are the
decision making statements of Pascal.
They are very similar to Basic and should
present no difficulty to anyone with a
knowledge of Basic, or, indeed, anyone
who is learning Pascal as his first lan-
guage. The authors make good use of
flow charts in this module, and thus
encourage their students to use them in
their own programming.
Module Four is entitled "Looping" and
presents the three types of loops:
REPEAT...UNTIL, WHILE...DO, and the
familiar FOR. ..NEXT. Although similar,
these three loops have definite jobs and
different ways of testing for the end of
the loop.
!!!!! Frame 6 !liii!iiilililii!!i!i!l!iillli!!i!i!!!i!!li
FROM DATA ITEMS TO ARRAY
Data items
student number test score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercises
What is contained in
1. score| 8 ] ?
2 score|6| ?
3. 8cor«|l] ?
Check your answers in "Back-Up 3."
Put in array called score
-scora| 1 1
■ score| 2 |
-score|3 |
■scor«|7 |
• score| 9 |
1 score | 10 |
Module Five defines the various data
types available in Pascal. Pascal provides
for many different types of data as a
function of the language, and even allows
you to define your own. The language
also has pre-defined functions that allow
for quick and easy manipulation of the
data.
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CIRCLE 147 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Module Six deals with arrays. Basic
provides, in most of its implementations,
for extensive manipulation of arrays in
much the same manner. The manner of
declaring them is different, but accessing
a given element is the same as in most
Basics. If you know how to use the arrays
in Microsoft Basic, this section should
seem familiar to you.
Module Seven explains how values are
passed to procedures and recovered. It is
similar to the way in which defined func-
tions are used in Basic. The use of recur-
sive procedures is also explained here.
Recursion is a very powerful program-
ming tool, and this part of the course will
help you learn to use it to good advan-
tage.
Module Eight introduces records and
sets. The visualization of sets was the
most difficult part of the course for me to
handle. I guess I couldn't believe that so
much could be done with so little effort.
By manipulating a single record, all the
fields associated with it can also be
manipulated. I don't know of any similar
construction in Basic other than the
INSTRING function. I plan to do a great
deal of experimentation on this concept
alone.
Module Nine discusses pointers. The
use of pointers in Pascal allows the rapid
access of data from several storage areas.
You can create trees, stacks, queues and
linked lists with ease. There are several
predefined functions to help you in
Pascal.
The use of pointers is another area that
wasn't easy for me. I don't think I would
have been able to master it at all just by
SELF-TEST
....,,.........••••••««■••••••*•**•••■•••••••••••*•••••**■
:::;; ^ m rs r 1 1 s S ;::::.... •••■•
Mark items 1 through 6 True or False.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Program names, procedure names, and function names are
Pascal identifiers.
Declarations in a Pascal program can appear in any order
An identifier may be declared several times in the same block
An identifier may be used only within the block where it is
declared
The scope of an identifier is determined by the smallest block
enclosing its declaration statement.
A program must have global variables if it is to pass data from
one procedure to another.
7. Pascal has no special operator for performing exponentiation. How
would you write a subprogram that would do this?
8. Identify what may be wrong with each one of the following program
segments:
A. FUNCTION HALP. B. PROCEDURE EVER .
VAR X REAL. BECIN
BECIN WRITELN;
HALF ■ X/2 EVER
END . END .
Check your answers in "Back-Up 13."
reading. The tape is what made it clear in
the end.
Module Ten presents files. Pascal, in
its standard implementation, allows the
use of only sequential files. This is not
surprising since at the time it was written,
the prevalent storage medium was mag-
netic tape. Thus, the use of pre-defined
procedures such as REWRITE reflect the
naming conventions of an earlier age.
This chapter deals only with the use of
sequential files as implemented in stan-
dard Pascal. UCSD Pascal allows the
implementation of random access, and
the student is referred to several texts at
the end of the chapter. After completing
the course, he should be able to pick up
any book on the implementation of UCSD
Pascal and have little difficulty with it.
Programming in Pascal is written and
presented as I wish my high school
courses had been. It pays attention to
instructional techniques, and while there
may be some people who will not be able
to absorb Pascal from this course, I think
they are probably few and far between.
I think the course is good value for the
$159 price, especially given Heath's
money back guarantee. I didn't check
their guarantee provision, because I had
no reason to return it; it worked for me.
Heath/Zenith, Benton Harbor, MI
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COIK
Alternative Languages
for the Color Computer
The Radio Shack TRS-80 Color
Computer is something of a sleeper
among personal computers. Although
the manufacturer has promoted it
primarily as a games machine and
household computer, devotees know it
to be much more powerful and flexible
than this would indicate.
The Motorola 6809 represents just
about the last word in 8-bit micro-
processor technology, for example,
and Extended Color Basic is a potent,
graphics-oriented language with all of
the experience and expertise of Micro-
soft behind it.
Basic isn't the whole world, though.
Its lack of speed is a problem for every
writer of games or simulation pro-
grams, and its syntax encourages the
kind of unstructured programming
against which computer scientists
rebel. Fortunately, software develop-
ers have begun to produce a variety of
alternative languages from which
Color Computer owners may choose.
In this review I will describe the
ones with which I am familiar. I am
almost certain to miss one or more, if
only because of the time lapse between
the submission and publication of this
piece. (See the review of EDTASM+
in this issue — Ed.) Still, I hope that at
least some of this material will be news
to you.
First, a few words of warning. Space
(and time) limitations restrict the
amount of detail which I can present
on any single language and while I
hope to spark some interest among
Color Computer users who are not
Scott L. Norman, 8 Doris Road. Framingham,
MA 01701.
Scott L Norman
computer science pros, this article is a
long way from being a tutorial.
It will probably become obvious
that my interest lies in high level
languages, although I will also try to
summarize the assemblers available
for the Color Computer.
Where speed is
important, such as
in real-time handling
of I/O or graphics,
assembly language has
a lot going for it
Finally, I should point out that most
of the new languages for the Color
Computer actually available at the
time this is being written are fairly
restricted subsets of their parent
languages.
Since Extended Color Basic is a
powerful, mature dialect, why should
one bother with the alternatives at all?
I can think of two reasons. First,
programming languages can be
intrinsically interesting. There is
probably no better way to learn about
a new language than to set your hands
on your own copy of a compiler,
interpreter, or whatever, and begin to
experiment.
124
The second reason is a little more
nebulous, but it goes something like
this. The languages we use to describe
problems influence the way we think
about the problems themselves, and
may even affect the solutions we are
able to find. This holds for pro-
gramming languages as well as for
other formal systems. Therefore
having several languages available is
akin to having a variety of tools of any
kind — it may help you do a particular
job in a better, more efficient, or
more illuminating manner.
The Assemblers
So much for the sermon. I'll begin
this review of alternative languages
with a tabulation of tools for a
language which isn't really an "alterna-
tive" at all, but which is instead closely
related to the intrinsic structure of the
6809: assembly language.
Purists claim that only those who
write in assembly are entitled to call
themselves programmers; everyone
else is just a coder, setting up data for
a real program (i.e. an interpreter or
compiler) to manipulate.
Be that as it may, assembly language
does allow one to gain really intimate
control over a computer. The draw-
back is that it requires a corresponding
depth of knowledge about the struc-
ture and operation of the machine.
Let's get the nomenclature straight.
Microprocessors execute only binary
machine language instructions, but
like all computers of interest, the
Color Computer incorporates a
loader routine which accepts hexa-
decimal input. Thus it is common to
speak of the hex representation as
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Alternatives, continued...
machine language. The hex version of
a routine can be loaded directly into
any specified portion of memory with
a monitor program. Alternatively, the
hex characters can be converted to
decimal in the fashion appropriate to
the Color Computer and read from
DATA statements.
Few people would care to do this for
routines of any length, though, and
fewer still would care to write pro-
grams from scratch in machine
language. The code simply isn't mean-
ingful to read, and it becomes very
difficult to keep track of such things as
the assignment of memory locations.
Assembly language comes to the
rescue. It allows the programmer to
use mnemonics to represent instruc-
tions, memory locations, registers,
and subroutines, while retaining de-
tailed control over machine operation.
It is far easier, for example, to use the
mnemonic ADDA to add the contents
of a specified memory location to
Accumulator A than it is to remember
that BB is the machine language in-
struction which does this.
The usual procedure is to use a text
editor to prepare the assembly
language "source program" in the
familiar columnar format. The source
code is usually saved on tape or disk
and subsequently read by the
assembler program and translated into
machine language. The output of the
assembler, the "object program," is
in turn loaded and run to execute the
program.
Assemblers frequently require
multiple passes (readings of the source
code) to accomplish the translation.
For example, the first pass might be
used to construct a symbol table, a
listing in RAM of user-defined names
for special memory locations or para-
meters. The second pass would then
perform the actual source code trans-
lation. Some assemblers permit
"assembly direct to memory," which
means that the object code could be
executed at this stage. In other cases,
the object code must be stored and
subsequently loaded into RAM to be
executed.
Table 1 is a listing of assemblers
for the Color Computer; the vendor
codes are explained in Table 4. There
are several interesting things about
this tabulation. For one, there is con-
siderable diversity in price and in the
minimum system required to support
the various packages. There is also a
great diversity in the features offered,
which I will discuss in a moment.
Another point: all of these programs
except EDTASM + , which was
released too late to be included in
this review, are the products of inde-
pendent vendors.
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Alternatives, continued...
Let's take a closer look at the table.
I have tried to indicate which
assemblers need an additional editor
for source code preparation, to give
you a feeling for total system cost. If
you plan to do a great deal of assembly
language programming, you may well
want to investigate those packages
which include co-resident editors.
They can save a great deal of tape or
disk swapping during the early stages
of program development, when you
will probably be correcting syntax
and logic errors. (Or are you in the
habit of writing perfect code from
the beginning?)
As you can see, assemblers come in
all three program configurations sup-
ported by the Color Computer
cassette, disk, and ROM pack. To my
knowledge, all of them support the
standard Motorola mnemonic set for
the 6809. Some offer greater flexibility
and additional features, however.
Frequently mentioned in this regard
are the ability to handle local labels
and conditional assembly. The former
refers to labels for variables, etc.,
which are defined only within a
particular section of a program and
which can be re-used elsewhere. Con-
ditional assembly allows different
versions of a program to be assembled
starting from the same source code,
the modifications being dependent on
parameters defined at assembly time.
This clearly encourages programmers
to develop their own libraries of fre-
quently-used subroutines which can be
patched together to build complex
programs.
What about those entries for 64K
systems? Conventional wisdom has it
that Color Computers are limited to
32K of RAM, but it is well known that
the Radio Shack 32K modification is
accomplished with 64K memories,
jumpers selecting one bank of 32K
from each chip. Provided that both
banks are good, a simple wiring
change allows a re-mapping of the
memory address space. The Basic
ROMs are switched out of the circuit,
and the entire 64K of RAM is made
available to the user (except for a few
hundred bytes required for a loader
program). At this point, other disk
operating systems can be used, making
a great deal of software available to
Color Computer owners. Flex, from
Technical Systems Consultants, is
available now, with Microware Sys-
tems' OS-9 promised for later in the
year.
Both assemblers and high level
languages are available to run under
these DOSes, which shouldn't hurt the
popularity of the Color Computer one
bit. These things don't come for free,
though, so there should still be a
market for other language packages
running under Radio Shack's DOS.
When should one use assembly
language? It is frequently claimed that
assembly programs are blindingly
fast, perhaps 100 times or so faster
than Basic. That is not strictly correct.
It is the machine language output that
is fast. The object code produced by,
say, a Fortran compiler, can really zip
along too. Still, this points us in the
right direction.
Where speed is important, such as
in real-time handling of I/O or
graphics, assembly language has a lot
Table I. Color Computer Assemblers.
going for it. It helps if you can write
fairly small routines, too. Very long
programs can be difficult to debug.
Assembly language generally results in
"tight" object code, so it can be very
useful when memory is at a premium.
It is also easiest to use in situations
where number-crunching — at least of
the floating-point variety — can be
kept to a minimum.
Now it is time to look at alternative
high level languages. It also seems
worthwhile to split up the tabulation:
Table 2 for products which run on
unmodified Color Computers, Table 3
Name
Minimum
(and Vendor Code)
System
Form
Price
Remarks
Programmers Tool
16K
ROM
$179.95
Includes monitor, editor,
Kit (CW)
+
Tape
assembler, diagnostics, and
RAM.
Color assembler l (CW) 32K
Tape
29.95
Color editor J
32K
Tape
29.95
Disk Macro
32K
Disk
49.95
Requires editor
Assembler (CW)
CO-RES9 (CC)
16K
Tape
39.95
Co-resident editor and
assembler
CCASM9 (CC)
4K
Disk
34.95
Requires vendor's CCMD+9
disk operating system
($159.95), and editor.
CCEAD (ES)
16K
Tape
6.95
Editor, assembler, debugger
(written in Basic).
Flex Editor and
64 K
Disk
150.00
Flex operating system plus
Assembler (HL)
the editor and assembler.
Assembler l (HL)
Editor /
64 K
Disk
50.00
Require Flex.
64 K
Disk
50.00
OS-9 Interactive ]
Assembler I (HL) 64K
Disk
125.00
Require OS-9 operating system
OS-9 Text Editor 1
64 K
Disk
125.00
SPS80C (MW)
16K
ROM
89.95
Editor, assembler, monitor
Macro-80C (MW)
16K
Disk
99.95
Three utilities, as above.
EDTASM (SA)
16K
Tape
34.95
Editor and assembler.
EDTASM+ (RS)
16K
ROM
44.95
Editor, assembler and monitor
Table 2. High Level Languages for
Unmodified Color Computers.
Name
Minimum
(and Vendor Code)
System
Form
Price
Remarks
Tiny Compiler
16K
Disk
$ 24.95
Basic (AA)
or
Tape
Color Pascal (CW)
32K
Tape
49.95
Includes supervisor, editor
(actually Dynasoft
32K
Disk
59.95
Requires ASCII text editor
vl.2)
Small C Compiler
I6K
Disk
59.95
Requires assembler package
(DG)
Colorforth (AR)
16k
Tape
49.95
Cassette also contains program
for use with disk systems
CCForth (HL)
—
Disk
99.95
Colorforth (TM)
4K
ROM
110.00
Disk versions available
November 1982° Creative Computing
129
Alternatives, continued...
for those requiring
alternative DOSes.
one of the
Other Basics
Why would anyone want to invest in
another Basic when such a good one
comes with the Color Computer?
Well, remember my recitation of the
acknowledged sins of Basic: slow
speed and incompatibility with the
precepts of structured programming?
Products which attack both are now
available.
Basic09 seems rich
enough to keep
anyone busy for
quite a while.
Conventional Basic is slow because
it is an interpreted language; every
instruction must be decoded anew
each time it is encountered, even if
this means decoding the same thing
hundreds of times within a loop. Com-
piled languages with machine lan-
guage object code are much faster, and
so it would seem worthwhile to pro-
duce a compiler which accepts Basic
syntax for the source code.
What you give up is, of course, the
immediacy of the programmer-com-
puter interaction which makes Basic
programs fairly easy to debug and
modify. There is always the inter-
mediate step of source code compila-
tion to contend with.
As you might guess from the price
differentials, the three alternative
Basics listed in Tables 2 and 3 differ
considerably in capability. In addi-
tion, none preserves the advanced
graphics features of Extended Color
Basic.
Aardvark's Tiny Compiler for the
Radio Shack DOS handles only a
small subset of Basic commands, and
restricts the labels which you can
assign to variables. It produces
relocatable object code; thus you can
use it to compile several subroutines
which can later be called from
Extended Color Basic by the USRn
command. The compiler itself is writ-
ten in Extended Color Basic, and
occupies about 7.2K of RAM. The
documentation is very complete, com-
prising a complete listing and several
pages of descriptive comments.
As far as the restrictions are con-
cerned, I must admit that the Tiny
Compiler took me back to my first
encounter with Basic, nearly 15 years
ago. The IBM version of those days
(run from a Teletype machine)
restricted one to a single arithmetic
command per statement, as does the
Tiny Compiler. Thus A=B+C+D
becomes
10 A=B+C
20 A=A+D
This is clearly not the vehicle for
extensive computation. What might it
be good for, then? My applications
have stressed fast sorting routines.
Table 3. High Level Languages for Alternative Operating Systems.
r
Name and Vendor Code
A/ Basic (HL)
Basic09 (HL)
Dynasoft Pascal vl.3 (HL)
Dynasoft Pascal vl.4 (HL)
OS-9 Pascal Compiler (HL)
TSC Pascal (HL)
Omegasoft Pascal (OM)
C Compiler (MR)
C Compiler (WW)
DGS Flex C V2.0 (DG)
DGS OS9 CV1.0 (DG)
X-Forth (HL)
T-Forth (TM)
T-Forth+ (TM)
CIS Cobol Compiler (HL)
Price Remarks
$150.00 Flex, OS-9 Versions Available
200.00 OS-9; from Microware
59.95 Flex; $89.95 with source code
69.95 OS-9; $99.95 with source code
400.00 From Microware; produces assembly
language source code plus p-code
200.00 Flex; from Technical Systems
Consultants
425.00 Flex, OS-9 versions; assembly
language output
400.00 OS-9; Unix version 7 language
52.50 Flex; upgrade program announced
120.00 Flex; floating point math, etc.
95.00 OS-9
149.95 Flex
100.00 Flex, Extended Fig-Forth
250.00 as above, but enhanced
895.00 OS-9; ANSI 1974 Level 1 Standard
Even for nested FOR. ..NEXT loops
(up to nine levels of nesting are
allowed) the object code of Tiny Com-
piler is 15-20 times faster than Basic;
for a single loop, the speed advantage
is close to 30 times.
There are numerous syntax restric-
tions, violations of which are claimed
to account for most of the errors
encountered upon compilation. For
example, variable names are limited
to a single letter; dimensioned vari-
ables A(n)...Z(n) may have subscripts
ranging from to 128, although if you
use only one dimensioned variable in a
routine its subscript may range up to
999.
Programs destined for compilation
can first be run with the Basic inter-
Table 4.
Vendors of Alternative Languages.
AA
AR
CC
CW
DG
ES
HL
MR
MW
OM
RS
SA
Aardvark-80
2352 S. Commerce
Walled Lake, Ml 48088
Armadillo International Software
P.O. Box 7661
Austin, TX 78712
Cer-Comp
5566 Ricochet Ave.
Las Vegas, NV 89110
Computerware
P.O. Box 668
Encinitas, CA 92024
Dugger's Growing Systems
P.O. Box 305
Solana Beach, CA 92075
Eigen Systems
P.O. Box 10234
Austin, TX 78766
Frank Hogg Laboratory
130 Midtown Plaza
Syracuse, NY 13210
Microware Systems Corp.
5835 Grand Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50312
Micro Works
P.O. Box 1110
Del Mar, CA 92014
Omegasoft Industrial Products
Group
P.O. Box 70265
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Radio Shack
Tandy Center
Ft. Worth, TX
Spectral Associates
141 Harvard Ave.
Tacoma, WA 98466
TM Talbot Microsystems
1927 Curtis Ave.
Redondo Beach, CA 90278
WW Word's Worth
P.O. Box 28954
Dallas, TX 75228
130
November 1982 • Creative Computing
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Alternatives, continued...
preter and debugged in the usual way.
When the source code is "clean," the
Tiny Compiler can be invoked to
generate object code. At this point the
user may specify a choice of loading
address, or use the compiler default.
When compilation is complete the new
code can be saved or run immediately.
The Tiny Compiler provides an
interesting, if specialized, tool for
owners of stock Color Computers.
Upgrading to Flex or OS-9 makes
more versatile languages available. For
example, A/ Basic features compre-
hensive string-handling functions and
is claimed to compile to very efficient
machine code, while retaining familiar
Basic source code syntax. It benefits
from several years' worth of experi-
ence with a similar language which
runs on 6800 systems.
Microware's Basic09 is a different
sort of beast. It incorporates many
structured programming concepts,
and bears more than a superficial
resemblance to Pascal. Like most ver-
sions of Pascal, Basic09 compiles not
to machine language, but to a stan-
dardized intermediate language which
is later run under its own interpreter.
The general idea is that the interpreter
for the intermediate version (called
1-code for Basic09, P-code for Pascal)
can be a relatively simple affair. The
compiler which generates the inter-
mediate code is fairly complex, but can
be made to run on a variety of
machines — i.e. it, and the source
code, can be portable.
In practice, portability is often com-
promised to capitalize on particular
features of a given computer.
In any case, we are concerned with
one language for one machine, and
Basic09 seems rich enough to keep
anyone busy for quite a while. While
much of its syntax resembles that of
other Basics, it features a wealth of
modular programming features.
For example, program modules
called procedures replace subroutines.
Procedures can call one another, by
name, from libraries built by the
individual user. The concept of data
typing is emphasized; Besides integers
and real (floating point) numbers
and strings, Basic09 permits the pro-
grammer to define Boolean and byte
variables, as well as arbitrary com-
binations of elementary types.
With Pascal, as with
the alternative Basic
dialects, the color
computer owner has
options.
"Our home computer has become just like one of
the family!"
Basic09 supports new looping struc-
tures (WHILE— DO, REPEAT—
UNTIL, and LOOP— ENDLOOP) in
addition to FOR. ..NEXT. Coupled
with the lack of line numbers and
indented line format, these lend a
definite Pascal-like look to Basic09
source code.
In addition to the I-code compiler
and the run-time interpreter, the
Basic09 package includes several fea-
tures which speed the programming
process. The source code editor is part
of the compiler, for example, and the
syntax of each source line is checked
as it is entered. This means that
"mechanical" errors can be found and
corrected before time is wasted in
attempting to compile an entire pro-
gram. There is also a run-time debug-
ger which helps in getting programs
with more subtle logical flaws up and
running properly.
Pascal
Basic09 may resemble Pascal, but
don't think that is as close as the Color
Computer can get. Several packages
for the real thing are available for all
Color Computer configurations.
Pascal is, of course, the very success-
ful block-structured language devel-
oped in the late sixties by Professor
Niklaus Wirth at the Swiss Federal
Technical Institute. His stated purpose
was to create a language suitable for
teaching his concepts of disciplined,
structured programming. He clearly
succeeded.
Pascal has been widely imple-
mented, and has influenced much sub-
sequent work in the study of pro-
132
gramming languages. It is not hard to
learn, but don't be misled; to make
the most effective use of Pascal, the
average Basic programmer must
change the way he approaches, and
even thinks about, a programming
task. This is well recognized, and
several books specifically aimed at
converting Basic programmers to
Pascal have recently been published.
Let me assume that you are suf-
ficiently curious and motivated, then,
and go on to discuss some of the soft-
ware.
I was introduced to Pascal by
Computerware's old, l6K-Plus-Power
Pack version of Color Pascal, which
has now been replaced by a pair of
packages for 32K machines. I under-
stand that the new cassette version
resembles the one from which I
learned. It includes a general control
program called the Supervisor,
together with an Editor and some
monitor routines.
The Supervisor is used to control
compilation and the loading and
saving of both source and P-code
programs. The disk system requires an
external editor, capable of pro-
ducing ASCII files, for source code
preparation. It comprises a compiler
and a run-time package which must be
loaded separately at the appropriate
times.
A copy of the source program
should be made before attempting
compilation, since this destroys the
source — the only thing that can be
edited if errors are found. It is also
worthwhile to generate a printer listing
of the compilation to keep track of
errors, since there is no way to scroW
back through a long screen listing.
Error messages are generated as
compilation proceeds. It is character-
istic of Pascal that a syntax error early
in a program may generate a large
number of apparent errors later on,
which magically disappear when the
original offender is repaired.
I have gone on at some length about
this to give you a feeling for the way
you must be prepared to shuttle back
and forth between programming tools
(Editor, Supervisor, etc.) in a small
system.
Of course, memory size imposes
other restrictions. In the old version,
at least, Color Pascal was a fairly
limited subset of the language. It
incorporated most of the standard
control and decision structures
(BEGIN — UNTIL, IF— THEN —
ELSE, CASE, REPEAT— WHILE—
UNTIL), but omitted some advanced
data structures and floating-point
arithmetic.
The 32K versions are somewhat
more sophisticated in their handling
of 1/ O, and the added memory lets the
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user be more relaxed about having to
write and store floating-point math
packages and personalized library
procedures.
Dynasoft, the Nova Scotia firm
which produced the original Color
Pascal, has also created much more
potent versions which run under Flex
and OS-9. These feature advanced file-
handling capabilities, floating-point
math, and so on. Microware's OS-9
Pascal Compiler can produce two
forms of output: P-code, for execution
in an interpretive mode, and 6809
assembly language. The latter can then
be compiled and run in the usual way,
for maximum speed.
This brings up a good point: Pascal
itself is not exceptionally fast. Since
most P-code is run as an interpreted
language, it is not uncommon to see
only modest speed improvements
(three to five times) over Basic. Of
course, the straightforward structure
imposed by Pascal may result in addi-
tional improvements because of the
elimination of convoluted program
branches.
The Microware compiler also fea-
tures a form of virtual memory man-
agement, permitting the user to run
larger programs that might seem
feasible for a 48 K machine (remem-
ber, 48 K is what is left when OS-9 or
Flex is used with a 64K machine).
Omegasoft's single-pass compiler
also features assembly language out-
put. It is part of a rather complete
system of programming tools, includ-
ing a symbolic debugger, run-time
library, and file-handling utilities.
With Pascal, as with the alternative
Basic dialects, the Color Computer
owner has options. You can get a fairly
inexpensive package that allows you
to try out another language on a stock
computer, or you can take the plunge
and modify your machine for one of
the advanced operating systems.
The C Language
C is a structured high level language,
developed at Bell Laboratories in the
early seventies, which has received a
great deal of attention as the Primary
language of Bell's Unix operating sys-
tem. Unix is probably most commonly
used for text manipulation, but C
should be thought of as a fairly com-
pact, general purpose language. In its
full implementations, it supports mpst
of the data structures, control capa-
bilities, and data typing which char-
acterize modern thinking of language
design. Once again, Color Computer
people can choose among C packages
of various prices and capabilities.
Although there is a certain family
resemblance between the source code
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Alternatives, continued...
listings of programs written in Pascal
and those written in C, head-to-head
comparisons between the two lan-
guages are not easy to make. For
example, the two differ as to which
features are included in the languages
themselves and which must be pro-
vided by the programming environ-
ment.
The best-known example is input/
output. The original specification of
Pascal includes I/O considerations,
but; in C, I/O chores are handled by
standard library routines. (Even the
least expensive C package for the
Color Computer includes some really
useful routines, however, capable of
handling either single characters or
fully formatted strings.)
In general, it is probably correct to
say that Pascal is a relatively tightly-
structured language designed to
improve program reliability, while C
has been made more "forgiving" to
encourage a wider variety of applica-
tions. A recent review paper in the
professional literature concluded that
C is the better of the two languages
for writing operating systems and
system utilities, while Pascal is some-
what better suited for business pro-
gramming.
Now let's look at what is available
for the Color Computer. Small C
Compiler, from Dugger's Growing
Systems, for stock machines (16K or
larger) requires an ASCII editor to
create source code and an assembler to
handle its own output. Assembled C
programs can be called from Basic.
The package lacks floating point math
and some of the advanced data typing
features of full-fledged C, but then it is
still evolving — Dugger's promises
future program enhancements, with
maintenance by newsletter as war-
ranted.
The manual is quite good, giving
numerous illustrations of correct C
syntax and pointing out the few sub-
stitutions necessary to handle the
language with the limited character
set of the Color Computer.
Dugger's Flex system, on the other
hand, does include floating point and
long (24-bit) numbers, as well as
additional control features. The OS-9
version seems to be similar to the
Small C Compiler, but adapted to the
creation of program modules which
can be linked, loaded, and run in the
multi-tasking environment for which
the operating system was created.
Microware's OS-9 version of C will
be much more elaborate: a full
implementation of the Unix Version 7
standard. It is not available as of this
writing, but release is promised for the
near future. The final entry, Flex9
from Word^s Worth, is modestly
priced and seems to offer a subset of
the language. A specific program of
upgrades through Versions 2.0 and 3.0
has been announced, although prices
have not been set.
You can see, then, that the C situa-
tion is fairly fluid. Operators of each
of the three Color Computer DOSes
can obtain a limited-capability C, and
Flex and OS-9 users, at least, can
Forth requires a fair
degree of attention
to detail on the part
of the programmer.
look forward to a much more capable
system in the near future. That is
probably not too bad a situation for
this relatively new kid on the block.
Forth
Forth is very different in appearance
and intent from Basic, Pascal, and C.
It is a relatively small language of
surprising power and great flexibility.
Although most versions start with a
well standardized set of dictionary
entries (analogous to commands), the
programmer is encouraged to expand
the language to fit his needs.
Forth requires a fair degree of atten-
tion to detail on the part of the pro-
grammer — less than assembly lan-
guage, but certainly more than the
other high level languages I have been
discussing. Its syntax can be rather
involved, even comical.
My favorite example of a perfectly
legitimate Forth statement (definition,
actually) is
:?<§>.;
Get the idea? Forth also has some of
the most knowledgeable, enthusiastic,
and opinionated adherents I have ever
met — a characteristic it shares with
APL, another language of consider-
able power and non-obvious syntax.
A final characteristic of Forth is that
its literature is full of awful titles: one
Sets Forth, Goes Forth, Starts Forth,
Ventures Forth, and so on.
What is the language all about? A
few facts are easy to set down: Forth
was invented by Charles Moore (who
still heads a firm called Forth, Inc.),
it has attracted quite a following
among designers of computer-
controlled instrumentation and
machinery, and it can be used to sup-
port most computer applications.
Forth experts will tell you that it isn't
just a language, but a complete
environment — an integrated set of
programming tools.
Programming in Forth has its own
flavor. You begin with a relatively
standardized dictionary of approx-
imately 150 high-level words. These
are actually calls to lower-level sub-
routines, which may themselves con-
tain additional calls.
Eventually the chain terminates
with machine language code. How-
ever, the programmer is usually con-
cerned with building up, away from
the primitive definitions. The process
is one of using the dictionary to define
additional words which perform part
of the task at hand. The last word
defined is usually of such scope that
when called, it executes the entire pro-
gram. Some or all of the words defined
in the programming process may be
added to the dictionary for future use.
I will later give some examples of
interest to Color Computer users.
Forth is called a "threaded inter-
pretive language," because of the
"thread" of subroutine addresses lead-
ing from final definition down to
machine code. To confuse matters a
bit, though, there are both interpreter
and compiler aspects to the language.
It relies heavily on manipulation of
the parameter stack (a portion of
RAM in which data are stored in last-
in, first-out fashion) to pass operands
and data from one word to another.
Variables and constants can also be
named, however, just as in other high
level languages.
The user is responsible for keeping
careful track of where items are on
the stack. The explicit use of the stack
also makes it reasonable for Forth to
employ Reverse Polish Notation, in
which mathematical or logical opera-
tions follow the operands to which
they apply. The whole scheme is one
which will be familiar to users of
Hewlett-Packard Pocket calculators.
For an elementary example, here
is how one might define a new word,
CLEAR, to clear the CRT screen to a
blank green field — just like the CLS
command in the Color Basics. The
definition will employ FILL, a word in
the stock dictionary.
In accordance with Forth rules, the
definition is begun with a colon and
ends with a semicolon.
: CLEAR 1024 512 143 FILL ;
According to the syntax established
for FILL, this instructs the computer
to begin at address 1024 and load the
next 512 locations with what Color
Basic would call CHR$(13), a solid
green block. Color Computer owners
will, I hope, recognize 1024 as the
address of the upper left corner of the
low-resolution screen. Once CLEAR
has been entered, it may be called by
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
137
Alternatives, continued...
name from any Forth program.
Forth makes it easy to gain control
over such things as I/O, for which
the Color Computer requires the
setting of specific bits in the data at
particular locations. This is the
technique used to control the A/D
converter and the sound generator, for
instance.
At the same time, the language
possesses a fair complement of con-
trol and decision structures, such as
DO loops and IF — THEN and
BEGIN — UNTIL constructs. Some
versions have fairly extensive facilities
for handling strings, as well. In other
cases these must be defined by the
user and added to a customized
dictionary.
The nature of Forth is such that a
16K or 32K computer can support a
fairly powerful version its
extensible nature helps a great deal, of
course. Even the inexpensive Color-
forth package from Armadillo Soft-
ware gives you a generous slice to work
with. Its main deficiencies seem to lie
in the manipulation of double-length
(32-bit) integers, a fairly standard
feature of other Forths, and strings.
What one gains with the more
elaborate packages seems to be
enhanced text-handling capability and
a more elaborate set of editing and
compilation tools, plus of course the
ability to write larger programs.
Cobol
I came to computing by the scientific
computation route (Fortran and all
that), and was taught that Cobol was
a big, wordy, clumsy language. The
fact that it has been for many years
the most widely-known of all high
level languages wasn't supposed to
count, I guess. Anyway, it, too, is
available.
/ want people to take
the machine seriously.
CIS Cobol Compiler from Micro-
ware is a 6809 version said to be
compatible with CP/M applications
software and the ANSI 1974 Level
One Standard. It carries a pretty stiff
price, but may just make it possible to
put together a Color Computer based
system capable of handling the com-
puting chores for a small business in a
professional fashion. For applications
like this, the total system price should
be fairly attractive.
Final Thoughts
In this review, I have tried to present
as complete a picture as possible of
the alternatives to Color Basic. I hope
that you don't conclude from this that
I am anti-Radio Shack or anti-
Microsoft. On the contrary, I think
that the Color Computer represents
a remarkable value, and I enjoy using
Extended Color Basic for much of
my own work.
1 want people to take the machine
seriously, however, and I think it is
worthwhile to spread the word about
products and tools which enhance its
capabilities. Many of the language
packages discussed here fall into this
category.
To be sure, some of the material
for the stock machine cannot do much
more than whet the appetite for a
more elaborate version of a given
language. That tends to be the result of
limited memory si/e, although some of
these products may also have suffered
from an author's haste to get to the
marketplace.
In any event, the availability of
the Flex and OS-9 operating systems,
with the concomitant expansion of
user RAM to 48K, certainly opens the
way for even more powerful and flex-
ible software for the Color Computer.
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Tendon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-line
MSF 558481 $424 95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea
Tendon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thm-lme
MSF 558482 $574 95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea
Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density
MSF 750080 $524 95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea
Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-density
MSF 289463 $549 95 ea 2 for $524.95 ea
Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density
MSF-201120 $334 95ea 2 for $349.95 ea
Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please
contact the store In your area tor exact pricing.
Hard Disk Drives
12 MEGABYTE SUB-SYSTEM - DayStar
12 Megabyte Winchester sub-system for most CPM based
microcomputers including Apple II. S-100. IBM PC. NEC.
Xerox. TRS-80 II. Heath hi-89. and others. Sub-system
includes interface, controller, cabinet, power supply. CP/M
software patch. & cables - ready to iust plug in and run. A 1
Megabyte back-up drive is also available
MSH-531010 S-100 sub-system $2095.00
MSH-531020 Apple II sub-system $2095.00
MSH-531030 NEC sub-system $2095.00
MSH-531040 Xerox sub-system $2095.00
MSH-531050 TRS-80 II sub-system $2095.00
MSH-531060 IBM PC sub-system $2095.00
MSH-531099 1 Megabyte back-up $699.95
12 MEGABYTE WINCHESTER - Tandon
5y 4 " hard disk drive for hi-speed mass storage.
MSH-550603 Bare 5%" drive $1094.95
Letter Quality Printers
TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM
10 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona
PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $699.95
PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $749.95
LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade
Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges. 16 CPS
bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single
sheet or fan fold). 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in
noise suppression cover
PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $959.95
PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $999.95
STARWRITER F-10 - C. Hon
New 40 CPS daisy wheel printer with full 15" carriage, uses
standard Diablo print wheels and ribbons, both parallel and
serial interfaces included
PRO-22010 Starwriter F-10 $1495.95
80 CPS LETTER QUALITY - Fujitsu
High speed daisy wheel printer with both RS-232C serial &
Centronics parallel interfaces, emulates NEC 5510. Diablo
630. Qume. and will interface to the IBM Personal Computer,
features include Z-80 CPU. 16K buffer (48K optional), bi-
directional printing. & baud rates up to 192K
PRD-86100 Fuiitsu with 16K $2895.00
PRD-86200 Fu/itsu with 48K $3195.00
PR A 86000 Adjustable tractor $190.00
Software
PLANNER CALC - Target Software
Spread sheet (what if ?) program designed with the user in
mind, user oriented (simple enghsh) commands allow you to
quickly master this powerful software package, supplied on
disk for most CP/M based systems
SFA-12251052M Apple II 5%" CPM $49.95
SFC-12251050F SS SD 8" CP/M $49.95
SFC-12251053F Xerox 8" CP/M $49.95
SFC-12251053M Xerox 5%" CP/M $49.95
SFX-12251051M NEC 5V 4 " CPM $49.96
PAC MAN - Atari
Atari's best selling game for your 800 or 400 computer.
SFI-31254022E Pac Man cartridge $37.95
Place Orders Toll Free
Continental U.S Inside California
800-42 1 -5500 800-262- 1710
For Technical Inauiren or Cu8i trier Sercia tnti
For /' chmcal Inquire* c»r ( u»i me
213-973-7707
• >
Computer Products
4901 W Roeecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250
TKKMS of SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, m
Purchase Orders from qualified firms and i
Minimum Order $15. IN). ( alifornia residents add 6*JI
tax Minimum shipping & handling charge I * <XJ
Pricing & availibilitv subject to change
CIRCLE 194 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Diskettes
Single User System
Single Board Computer
PREMIUM DISKETTES - Jade
We proudly put our name on these high quality diskettes -
§%- Dlakettea. Box ot Ten
MMD-5110103 SS. SD.01S $29.00
MMD-51 11003 SS. SD. 10S $29.00
MMD-5111603 SS. SD. 16S $29.00
MMD-5120103 SS. DD. 01S $31.00
MMD-5121003 SS. DD. 010 $31.00
MMD-5121603 SS. DD. 16S $31.00
8 Dltkettmt. Bom ot Ten
MMD-8110103 SS. SD. 01S $31.00
MMD-8120103 SS.DD.01S $39.00
MMD-8220103 DS. DD. 01S $48.00
BARGAIN DISKETTES
MMD-51 10105 S%" SS. DD. 01 S $19.95
MMD-5220105 5%" DS. DD. 01S $32.95
MMD-8110105 8" SS. SD. 01S $24.95
MMD 8120105 8" SS. DD. 01S $32.95
MMD 8220105 8" SS. DD. 01S $35.95
Video Monitors
HI-RES 12 GREEN - Zenith
15 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch. P31 green phosphor,
switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight A portable
VDM-201201 List price $189 95 $129.95
12 GREEN SCREEN - NEC
20 MHz bandwidth. P31 phosphor ultra-high resolution
video monitor with audio
VDM-581200 List price $289 95 $199.95
12 COLOR MONITOR - NEC
High resolution color monitor with audio
VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95
NEC-1202O RGB color monitor $999.95
13 COLOR MONITORS - BMC
18 MHz RGB A composite video color monitors
VOC-421320 13" RGB Color $329.95
VDC-421310 13" Composite video $299.95
VOX-420090 RGB card tor Apple $149.95
COLOR MONITORS - Amdek
Reasonably priced color video monitors
VOC-80130 13" Color I $379.95
VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95
IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple $199.95
AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade
High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors
VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95
VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95
VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95
VDM 750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95
Modems
SIGNALMAN - Anchor
Direct -connect automatic answer/originate selection. 300
Baud lull duplex. Bell 103. includes RS-232 cable
IOM-5600A Signalman $98.50
SMARTMODEM - Hayes
Sophisticated directconnect autoanswer/autodial
modem, touch -tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface,
programmable
IOM-5400A Smartmodem $248.95
IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95
IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95
IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $388.95
EPROM Erasers
ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS
Inexpensive erasers for industry or home
XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $89.50
XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50
XME-3200A Economy model $39.95
THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems
4 MHz Z-80 A CPU. 64 K RAM (optional 256 K). serial I/O port,
parallel I/O port, double density disk controller. CP/M 2 2 A
manual set. system monitor, control A diagnostic software
Includes SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II. Versafloppy II. A
CP/M 2 2 - all boards are assembled A tested.
Board set with 64K of RAM $1095.00
Board set with 258K of RAM $1295.00
Apple II Accessories
16K RAM CARD - for Apple II
Expand your Apple to 64K. 1 year warranty
MEX-18700A Save $125 00 !!! $89.95
ADD-ON DISK DRIVE - for Apple II
Inexpensive direct replacement for Apple Disk II. works with
Apple II controller as first or second drive
MSM-123200 Add On Drive $319.95
MSM-123100 Controller $94.95
Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II
Two computers in one. Z-80 A 6502. more than doubles the
power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card
CP/M and complete manual set
CPX-82800A A & T with software $249.95
8 DISK CONTROLLER - Vista
New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or
double density, compatible with DOS 32/3.3. Pascal. A
CP/M 2 2. Shugart A Qume compatible
IOD-2700A A & T $499.95
2 MEGABYTES for Apple II
Complete package includes Two 8" double-density disk
drives. Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet.
power supply. A cables. DOS 3 2/3 3. CP/M 2 2. A Pascal
compatible
1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00
1 MegaByte Package A & T $1895.00
2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00
2 MegaByte Package A & T $1995.95
APPLE-CAT - Novation
Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-
answer lauto-dial. auxiliary 3- wire RS232C serial port for
printer
IOM-5232A Save $50 00!!' $325.95
VISION 80 - Vista Computer
80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II. 128 ASCII
characters, upper and lower case. 9x70 dot matrix with 3 dot
descenders, standard data media terminal control codes.
CP/M Pascal A Fortran compatible. 50/60 Hz
IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $299.95
CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer
Three cards in one! Real time clock/calendar, serial
interface. A parallel interface - all on one card.
IOX-2300A A A T $179.95
HI-RES GRAPHICS CARD - Genie
Intelligent printer interface and control card allows full high
resolution graphics and screen dumps.
IOP-2405A Genie for Epson $119.95
IOP-2410A Genie for Okidata $119.95
IOP-2415A Genie for NEC/C Itoh $119.95
Power Strips
ISOBAR - GSC
Isolates A protects your valuable equipment from high
voltage spikes A AC line noise, inductive isolated ground. 75
amp circuit breaker. U L listed
EME-115103 3 socket $39.50
EME-115105 4 socket $49.50
EME-115100 8 socket $54.50
EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50
SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital
Single board, standard size S 100 computer system. 4 MHz
Z-80A, single or double density disk controller for 5'/ 4 " or 8"
drives. 64K RAM. extended addressing, up to4K of EPROM.
2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt clock. CP M
compatible
CPC-30800A A AT $724.95
IOX-4232A Serial I O adapter $29.95
Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems
Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM. ROM. I O.
keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. A workbook
CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95
CPS-30100A A A T with workbook $469.95
AIM-65 - Rockwell International
Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display
printer, keyboard. A instruction manual
CPK-50165A 1K AIM-65 $424.95
CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95
SFK 7460OO08E 8K Basic ROM $64.95
SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95
SFK 74600020E PL 65 ROM $84.95
SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95
SFK 74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95
PSX-030A Power supply $64.95
ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95
SPECIAL PACKAGE
4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply. A enclosure
Special Package Price $649.95
S-100 EPROM Boards
PROM-100 - SD Systems
2708. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software
MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95
MEM-99520A A A T with software $249.95
PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer
2708. 2716 EPROM board with onboard programmer
MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95
MEM-99510A A A T with manual $219.95
EPROM BOARD - Jade
76K or 32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs. 1K boundary
MEM-16230K Kit w o EPROMs $79.95
MEM-16230A A A T w/o EPROMs $119.95
S-100 Video Boards
SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro
Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors 256 x 192
graphics, parallel I O port. 8K RAM
IOV-1870A A A T $348.95
IOV-1870C CSC $398 95
MICROANGELO - Scion
Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480. 256 color or black A white S-
100 video board
IOV-1500A A A T $999 95
S-100 MotherBoards
ISO-BUS - Jade
Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard
6 Slot (SVa" m 8%")
MBS 061 B Bare board $19.95
MBS-061K Kit $39.95
MBS 061 A A A T $59.95
12 Slot (9*/ t m 8*/,")
MBS-121B Bare board $29.95
MBS -121K Kit $69.95
MBS-121A A A T $99.95
18 Slot (14V, m8*/,")
MBS-181B Bare board $49.95
MBS-181K Kit $99.95
MBS-181A A A T $139.95
ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro
A true mother's helper
TSX-100A A A T $59.45
Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability
S-100 CPU Boards
8086/8087 - CompuPro
16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions for 8087 &
80130
CPU-70520A 8 ' iHz 8086 A & T $624.95
CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC $764.95
CPU-70530A with 8087 A & T $1224.95
CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC $1455.95
8085/8086 - CompuPro
Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs standard 8 bit S 100 bus. up to 8 MHz.
accesses 16 Megabytes of memory
CPU-20510A 6 MHz A & T $398.95
CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC $497.95
CPU-Z - CompuPro
2 4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing
CPU-30500A 2 4 MHz A & T $279.95
CPU-30500C 3 6 MHz CSC $374.95
SBC-200 - SD Systems
4 MHz Z 80A CPU with serial & parallel I O. 1K RAM. 8K
ROM space monitor PROM included
CPC-30200A A & T $399.95
THE BIG Z - Jade
2 or 4 MHz switchabie Z 80 CPU board with serial I O
accomodates 2708 2716 or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from
75 to 9600
CPU-30201B Bare poard w manual $35.00
CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95
CPU-30210A A & 7 with manual $199.95
CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer
2 or 4 MHz Z 80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of
ROM or 4K of RAM on board extended addressing. IEEE S
100 front panel compatible
CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95
CPU-30300A A & T with manual $274.95
2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.
2 or 4 MHZ Z 80 CPU with serial I O port & onboard monitor
PROM front panel compatible
CPU-30400A A & T witn PROM $289.95
2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.
4 MHz Z 80 CPU board with 2 serial I O ports & Centronics
parallel I O port separate data & status ports DMA daisy
chain compatible
CPU-30420A A & T with manual $569.95
S-100 Disk Controllers
DISK 1 - CompuPro
8' or 5' 4 DMA disk controller, single or double density,
single or double sided 10 MHz
IOD-1810A A & T $449.95
IOD-1810C CSC $554.95
SFC 52506580F 8 CP M 2 2 for Z 80 $174.95
SFC-52506586F 8 CP M 2 2 tor 8086 $299.95
SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95
SFO-54158002F Oasis multi-user $849.95
VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems
Double density disk controller for any combination of 5 4
and 8 single oi double sided analog phase locked loop
data separator, vectored interrupts. CP M 2 2 & Oasis
compatible, control diagnostic software PROM included
IOD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95
SFC-55009047F CP M 2 2 with VF II $99.95
2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.
5' 4 " or 8' double density disk controller with onboard boot
loader ROM tree CP M 2 2 & manual set
IOD-1300A A & T with CP M 2 2 $399.95
DOUBLE D - Jade
High reliablity double density disk controller with onboard
Z 80A auxiliary printer port IEEE S 100. can function in
multi-user interrupt driven bus
IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95
IOO-1200K Kit w hdwr & sftwr man $299.95
IOD-1200A A & T w hdwr & sftwr man $359.95
SFC-59002001F CP M 2 2 with Double D $99.95
S-100 Memory Boards
256K RAMDISK - SD Systems
ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 256K using 64Kx 1
RAM chips, compatible with CP M. MP M. Oasis.
Cromemco. & most other Z-80 based systems, functions as
ultra-high speed disk drive when used with optional
RAMDISK software
MEM-65064A 64K A & T $474.95
MEM-65128A 128K A & T $574.95
MEM-65192A 192K A & T $674.95
MEM-65256A 256K A & T $774.95
SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CPM22 $44.95
SFC 55009O00F RAMDISK with EXRAM III $24.95
128K RAM 21 - CompuPro
128K x 8 bit or 64K x 16 bit static RAM board. 12 MHz. 24 bit
addressing
MEM-12810A A & T $1609.95
MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95
64K RAM 17 - CompuPro
64K CMOS static RAM board. 10 MHz. low power less than 4
watts. DMA compatible. 24 bit addressing
MEM-64180A 64K A & T $549.95
MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95
64K RAM 16 - CompuPro
32K x 16 bit or 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board. 10
MHz. 24 bit addressing
MEM-32180A RAM 16 A & T $598.95
MEM-32180C RAM 16 CSC $698.95
64K STATIC RAM - SSM
IEEE 696 S-100standard.upto6MHz 8 Bit. 12MHz 16 Bit. 24
Bit extended addressing, disable able in 2K increments
MEM 64300A A & T $499.95
64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant
64K static S-100 RAM card. 4 to 16K banks up to 8 MHz
MEM 64400 A 64K A & T $499.95
2065 64K RAM - CCS.
4 MHz bank port bank byte selectable, extended addressing.
16K bank selectable, front panel compatible
MEM-64565A 64K A & T $349.95
2066 64K RAM - CCS.
64K RAM board with bank and block select switching
functions for Cromemeco Cromix & Alpha Micro
MEM-64566A 64K A & T $424.95
64K EXPANDORAM II - SD Systems
Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAM
chips
MEM-16630A 16K A & T $344.95
MEM-32631A 32K A & T $364.95
MEM-48632A 48K A & T $384.95
MEM-64633A 64K A & T $399.95
MEMORY BANK - Jade
4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K
MEM-99730B Bare board w manual $49.95
MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95
MEM-32731K 32K kit $199.95
MEM 64733K 64K kit $249.95
Assembled A Tested add $50.00
32K RAM 20 - CompuPro
32K static RAM. up to 10 MHz. disable-able m4K banks, bank
select or 24 bit addressing
MEM-16180A 16K A & T $259.95
MEM 16180C 16K CSC $324.95
MEM 24180A 24K A & T $324.95
MEM-24180C 24K CSC $384.95
MEM-32185A 32K A & T $384.95
MEM-32185C 32K CSC $449.95
16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant
4MHz lo-power static RAM board. IEEE S 100. bank
selectable addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in IK
segments extended addressing
MEM-16171A 16K A & T $149.95
S-100 I/O Boards
SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro
Real time clock three 16 bit interval timers, dual interrupt
controllers! 15 levels} up to 4K EPROM RAM RS232C
serial channel, provision for 9511 A 9512 math chip
IOX-1850A SS1 A & T $359 95
IOX-1850C SS 1 CSC $459 95
IOX-1855A with 9511 A & T $554.95
IOX-1855C with 9511 CSC $654.95
IOX-1860A with 9512 A & T $554.95
IOX-1860C with 9512 CSC $654.95
INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro
2 serial I O ports 50-19 2K baud
IOI-1810A A & T $218.95
IOI-1810C CSC $288.95
INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro
3 parallel. 1 serial. & interrupt timer
IOI-1820A A & T $218.95
IOI-1820C CSC $288 95
INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro
5 or 8 channel serial I O board for interrupt driven multi-user
systems up to 250K baud
IOI-1835A 5 port A & T $558.95
IOI-1835C 5 port CSC $628.95
IOI-1838A 8 port A & T $628.95
IOI-1838C 8 port CSC $749.95
INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro
3 serial. 1 parallel. 1 Centronics parallel
IOI-1840A A & T $314.95
IOI-1840C CSC $414.95
MPX - CompuPro
Multi-user I O multiplexer & interrupt controller with on-
board 8085A-2 CPU & 4K or 16K of RAM
IOI-1875A 4K MPX A & T $444.95
IOI-1875C 4K MPX CSC $534.95
IOI-1880A 16K MPX A & T $584.95
IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC $674.95
I 0-8 - SSM Microcomputer
Eight software programmable serial I O ports. 110 19 2K
Baud, ideal for multi-user systems
IOI-1018A A & T $469.95
I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer
Two serial & 3 parallel I O ports. 110-19 2K Baud
IOI-1015A A & T $289 95
MPC-4 - SD Systems
Intelligent 4-port serial I O card, onboard Z-80A. 2K RAM
4K PROM area, onboard firmware, fully buffered, vectored
interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set for
powerful multi-user system
IOI-1504A A & T w software $495.00
I 0-4 - SSM Microcomputer
2 serial I O ports plus 2 parallel I O ports
IOI-1010B Bare board w manual $35.00
IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95
IOI-1010A A A T with manual $249.95
2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.
Six asynchronous RS-232C serial I O ports with
programmable baud rates
IOI-1040A A 4 T with manual $529.95
2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS.
Four RS-232C serial I O ports with full handshaking
IOI-1060A A A T with manual $319.95
2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.
Two RS-232C serial I O ports plus two 8 bit parallel I O ports
IOI-1080A A & T with manual $349.95
Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.
EDTASM+
COIR
An Editor-Assembler
For the Color Computer
Dennis Wilkins
Although the Color Computer
belongs to my kids, I occasionally get
a chance to play with it. Radio Shack
has been quite open about describing
the technical features of the Color
Computer, and the 6809 processor is a
very capable CPU. But without a good
monitor and editor-assembler it can't
be fully utilized. EDTASM+ from
Radio Shack is the editor-assembler
we have been waiting for.
I bought EDTASM+ when the kids
weren't looking and managed to get it
home without their realizing that Dad
had bought a non-game program
cartridge for their machine. That
night, after the little critters were
tucked away, I plugged in the new
pack and powered up. The TV
flickered to life, and the familiar green
screen printed out EDTASM+ 1.0,
COPYRIGHT 1981 BY MICRO-
SOFT. Boot time for the 8K program
is about one second. Loading such a
large program from cassette would
take nearly a minute.
What is EDTASM+
EDTASM+ is an editor, an
assembler, and a monitor (named
ZBUG) for the TRS-80 Color Com-
puter. It comes in a ROM cartridge,
and is designed to be used with a tape
based 16K or 32K unit. It does not
require the Extended Color Basic.
And it does not use up precious RAM
(well, only about 500 bytes for pro-
gram overhead). Presumably a disk-
based editor will be available from
Dennis J. Wilkins. 4000 Capitol Drive, Fort Collins,
CO 80526.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: EDTASM+
Type: Editor/assembler
System: TRS-80 Color Computer
Format: ROM cartridge
Language: Machine
Summary: Finally a ROM cartridge
for Dad!
Price: $49.95
Manufacturer:
Radio Shack
1800 One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Radio Shack some day (there are some
being advertised from other firms
already).
So, what has Microsoft accom-
plished with this new package? Quite a
lot. The ZBUG monitor is a fine
utility itself. It allows you to view any
memory location in several modes.
The byte mode displays the value of
one memory location (one byte of
memory) per line. Normally the bytes
will be displayed in hexadecimal, but
can also be set to decimal or octal
representation. There is a word mode
which displays two bytes of code per
line.
The ASCII mode displays the
character representation of any byte
between 21 and 7F (hexadecimal),
which makes it easy to decipher text
buried in a program. Code outside of
this range is displayed as a blank. I
142
think it would have been better to
revert to byte representation for non-
ASCII code.
ZBUG also has a mnemonic mode
which automatically disassembles one
to five bytes of memory into one line
of assembly language. A built-in dis-
assembler 1 certainly hadn't
expected that from Radio Shack.
When viewing memory on screen,
ZBUG allows you to advance to the
next memory location or back up to
the previous one using the down/ up
arrows, and to change the content of
RAM in the byte, word, ASCII, or
mnemonic modes (although in the
mnemonic mode you must enter the
OP codes, rather than assembly
language).
ZBUG also allows you to display a
range of memory locations — even a
whole program — with one command,
and send the listing to the video screen
or to a printer. Thus, you can produce
a disassembled listing of any portion
of the Color Computer memory.
Times have changed since the days
Radio Shack wouldn't admit there was
any software in a TRS-80.
ZBUG has some additional features
which are most useful for debugging
assembled programs. In addition to
its byte, word, ASCII, and mnemonic
modes, ZBUG has three sub-modes
available: numeric mode, symbolic
mode, and half-symbolic mode. When
used with the mnemonic mode, the
numeric mode will not show the labels
used in your program, but will show
the memory address indicated by any
label. The symbolic mode shows the
actual labels used in a program. Half-
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
SOFTWARE INC.
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EDTASM, continued...
symbolic mode shows all memory
location identifiers in their symbolic
form, but displays operands as
addresses.
ZBUG even understands symbols
used in commands when an assembled
program is in memory. For example, if
you labeled the beginning of a pro-
gram residing at 3F00 hex START,
you could command ZBUG to display
the first byte of the program by typing
START/, or by typing 3F00/. And
you could run the program with the
command G START, rather than
specifying the start address.
There are other useful capabilities
in ZBUG. Up to eight break points can
be set to halt execution at specified
points in a program run. The break-
points can be individually reset, or all
breakpoints cancelled, and the
memory locations of all currently set
breakpoints can be displayed. Pro-
grams can be single stepped, for ease
of debugging, and all register values
and flag conditions can be observed
after any step or after a breakpoint
halt.
"Actually, I'm not even sure if I want to know
what 'Punk Fortran' is. "
There is a transfer command in
ZBUG to move code from one memory
area to another. This command does
not modify code to correct address
references (as the Basic renumber does
for GOTOs and GOSUBs), it simply
copies the code from one location to
another. ZBUG can save a specified
block of memory to cassette, with
loading and start addresses specified,
and can read a tape into memory. This
allows linking short routines into a
longer program with the proper
planning.
ZBUG also has a calculator mode
which can perform arithmetic, rela-
tional, and logical operations using
hexadecimal, decimal, or octal num-
bers; ASCII characters; and symbols
for logical operations. Logical opera-
tors allowed are: equals, not equal,
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, modulus, positive, negative,
logical shifts, complements, and
logical AND, OR, and XOR.
In the calculator mode ZBUG
allows you to mix modes. For
example, you can compute the sum of
A3FE hexadecimal plus 1354 decimal.
Or you can command the monitor to
display the memory location described
by the sum of 3471 octal plus 1A34
hexadecimal. It is possible to control
the number base of inputs and the
number base of outputs separately, so
that you can type commands in
decimal, but have outputs displayed
in hexadecimal. Note that since the
calculator mode of ZBUG was
intended as an aid during program
writing, it will not display negative
values and the maximum value it will
display is FFFF hex (65535 decimal).
The Editor
The monitor is very useful, but what
about the editor. The editor is quite
similar to Radio Shack's editor-
assembler for the TRS-80 Model I,
except that you must use 6809
mnemonics instead of Z80 mnemonics.
The editor has the usual auto line
numbering, insertion, replacement,
and deletion of lines, a renumbercom-
mand, an edit line command, save and
load to cassette, screen print, and line
printer commands. It also has a handy
copy command to duplicate code, a
move command to block move code, a
find command to find occurrences of
a specified string of characters, a
ZBUG command to jump to ZBUG
(without changing any of the text buf-
fer), and a Basic command to jump to
Basic (which destroys the text buffer).
The ability to jump to ZBUG, make
calculations or number/symbol con-
versions, and return to the editor with
all text intact is very convenient.
The editor allows you to work in
decimal or hexadecimal, but has a
slight inconsistency with ZBUG:
default is decimal in the editor and
hexadecimal in ZBUG. ZBUG allows
you to define the number base in
which you wish to work, but the editor
requires that you specify hex each time
you mean hex. Otherwise it thinks you
mean decimal.
One useful feature of EDTASM+ is
its ability to edit Basic programs. It has
some useful commands which are not
in the edit system of Extended Basic,
such as the Find and Copy commands,
Since EDTASM+ can
be used with a
non-Extended Color
Basic machine, it is
an inexpensive way
to obtain some
editing features.
and the ability to scroll lines with the
arrow keys. The manual states that
Basic programs can be edited, but does
not describe how.
The Basic program must be saved in
the ASCII mode (CSAVETRO-
GRAM",A) from Basic, then loaded
into the text buffer of the editor from
tape. It must be saved again from the
editor, and then CLOADed when you
have returned to Basic.
You cannot just call the editor from
Basic to edit programs. For complex
editing of long Basic programs it is
worth the effort. For quick changes to
short programs the normal Basic
EDIT command is best.
Since EDTASM+ can be used with
a non-Extended Color Basic machine
it is an inexpensive way to obtain some
editing features. Also, the editor
allows you to append text from a tape
file onto the end of the current text
buffer in memory. This can be used in
both Basic and assembly language
programming to link short routines
into one long program.
There's Even an Assembler
Yes, they even remembered the
assembler. The assembler is activated
from the editor by typing A filename.
This command assembles the text in
the editor and writes it to a cassette file
named "filename." If you want to
assemble the code and test it before
saving it to cassette, there is an in-
memory switch (IM) available.
Eight other switches for the
146
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
assembler control error display mode,
listing mode (short listing, no symbol
table in listing, list to printer, and no
listing), compilation, and method of
specifying start location of assembled
code (absolute origin and manual
origin).
A /NO command explained in the
manual on page 13 is supposed to pre-
vent object code from showing in the
assembler listing. A /NO command
explained on page 16 is supposed to
prevent object code from being
recorded to memory or to tape. My
tests show that the function of /NO is
as explained on page 1 6 (it can be used
to test for compile errors without
storing the object code).
EDTASM+ seems to work well, and
has an excellent interface between the
monitor and editor. It certainly pro-
vides more access to the TRS-80 Color
Computer than has been available
before.
The Manual
The EDTASM+ manual is, for the
most part an example of clear writing
style and completeness. There are,
however, not many examples of how
to write in assembly language. The
manual states right at the beginning:
"This manual demonstrates how to use
the Editor-Assembler*. It will not
teach you how to program in assembly
language. Radio Shack has an excel-
lent book devoted to the subject. It's
Catalog Number is 62-2077. You can
purchase it through any Radio Shack
store."
This statement is correct, up to the
last line. At the time of this writing
book 62-2077 was not available. It
should be available by the time this is
published. There are several other
books available which discuss pro-
gramming of the 6809, but not at
Radio Shack. The Radio Shack book
could be very useful if it has been
specifically written for the Color Com-
puter hardware/ firmware.
The manual does describe how to
use the monitor, the editor, and the
assembler, and includes a list of ROM
routine entry points (as do the Basic
and Extended Basic manuals). The
shack seems to be getting downright
helpful. The manual even has a section
on running machine code routines
produced by EDTASM+ from Basic
programs, including parameter
passing.
The manual devotes 26 pages to
operating EDTASM+, has a 23 page-
reference section on 6809 assembly
language, and 1 1 pages of appendices
(editor command set, assembler com-
mands, ZBUG commands, error mes-
sages, memory map, and ROM
routine descriptions). The appendices
on commands also reference the page
on which the command is discussed,
although I found a few errors in that
regard.
The only thing lacking in the
manual is graphics. Several sections
describe a video display without show-
ing a graphic representation of it,
although page 14 does show two
examples of an assembly display list-
ing. There are also a couple of editor
commands which are not fully
explained in the editor chapter (Find
and Verify file), but are mentioned
in the appendix. And I found a few
types which were not difficult to
decipher. On the whole, the manual is
organized well and clearly written.
Was It Worth the Wait?
I must admit that I am impressed
with this offering from Radio Shack.
They are not just supporting the Color
Computer with game packs these days.
This offering allows the serious pro-
grammer to produce some compact
programs with very high speed
graphics, and allows the beginner and
hobbyist to explore the inner workings
of his Color Computer. EDTASM+ is
$49.95 at your local Radio Shack
store. □
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CIRCLE 203 ON READER SERVICE CARD
K-DOS
COIR
An Alternative to Atari
in
s
Sheldon Leemon
K-DOS from K-Byte is an alternative to
the Atari Disk Operating System, DOS II.
The file management system of K-DOS is
compatible with Atari DOS, but offers a
greater level of control over peripheral
devices and memory. Although it offers
many features which will be appreciated
by every Atari user, K-DOS will be of
most use to the serious programmer.
Since the benefits to be gained by using
K-DOS are the result of certain trade-
offs, the potential buyer should think hard
about how much a more convenient disk
operating system is really worth.
Chief among these trade-offs is the
amount of memory that K-DOS leaves
available to the user. K-DOS is memory
resident, so most of its features are
immediately accessible, but it also takes
up a great deal of space. With a Basic
cartridge inserted, the amount of free
memory available in a 40K system is
25,228 bytes. This is almost 7K less than
the 32,274 bytes available with Atari DOS,
or the 31,758 bytes available with
OS/A+.
Besides reducing the amount of mem-
ory available for programming, the large
size of K-DOS puts the start of low
memory above $3000. (An optional pro-
gram included with the package lets you
remove the plain English error messages,
which saves enough bytes to bring the
end of K-DOS just below $3000). Machine
language programs which are assembled
to run just above the end of Atari DOS,
may conflict with K-DOS, and may not
run under it.
If you have memory to spare, however,
K-DOS offers many attractive features. It
is, for example, a pleasure to use: all DOS
functions are accessible from Basic, Pilot,
the Assembler cartridge, or whatever
If you have memory
to spare, K-DOS offers
many attractive
features.
program environment you happen to be
in.
Since K-DOS is command driven, you
need not call up a menu to execute a
DOS function. You simply precede the
command by a comma (or some other
character which you can define as signifi-
cant to DOS), and the DOS function is
executed without changing program
environments.
The syntax required for command lines
is flexible, so commas can be replaced by
spaces, lower case is acceptable, and the
DOS environment automatically resets
the inverse character shift. Device
Sheldon Leemon, 14400 Elm, Oak Park, MI
48237.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: K-Dos
Type: Operating system
System: Atari 400/800, 48K
preferable
Format: Disk
Language: Machine
Summary: Versatile, but memory-
hungry alternative to
Atari DOS
Price: $89.95
Manufacturer:
KByte
P.O. Box 456
1705 Austin
Troy, MI 48099
148
defaults are supplied whenever possible,
and short abbreviations are allowed, so a
minimum of keystrokes is required to
perform any function. Error messages
appear in plain English, rather than a
frustrating number code.
Unlike OS/A+, which puts you back
in the operating system every time you
hit System Reset, K-DOS will only bypass
Basic if you hit the Start key along with
System Reset. And unlike Atari DOS, the
device handler for the 850 interface unit
boots automatically if it is turned on.
There is no need for a separate
AUTORUN.SYS file.
The reason that K-DOS can let you use
DOS command lines from Basic is that it
re-routes all input to the line editor
(although it gives you a command, KILL,
which will take its "hooks" out of the
handler table if desired).
This greater level of control over the
system is characteristic of K-DOS. For
example, the 6502 BREAK instruction is
vectored to get you back to DOS any
time the instruction is encountered, rather
than having the system hang up. You may
get a little better idea of what this means
if you slip in the Basic cartridge and type
INPUT (RETURN).
With Atari DOS II, the system locks
up, and the only way to recover is to turn
the computer off and reboot. With K-
DOS, a BRK message appears, and you
enter DOS. You should even be able to
recover from the dreaded "editing lock-
up," which occurs when Basic moves a
block of exactly 256 bytes (You must still
know enough about how Basic works to
reset the statement pointers, however, as
that particular bug tampers with your
program code before it crashes the
system).
Another aspect of the system control
offered by K-DOS is that it allows you to
stop disk I/O just by hitting the BREAK
November 1982 c Creative Computing
BASF QUALIMETRIC m
A TOTALLY NEW DIMENSION OF QUALITY.
From BASF comes a totally new
level of excellence in magnetic
media-the Qualimetric stan-
dard, a standard so advanced
that BASF FlexyDisks® are confi-
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only lifetime warranty. The
Qualimetric standard is main-
tained without compromise
through every step of BASF
design, production, inspection,
and testing... reflecting an
unwavering BASF commitment
to media fidelity and durability.
Our FlexyDisk jacket, for
example, incorporates a unique
two-piece liner that not only
traps damaging debris away
from the media surface, but also
ensures precise media-to-head
alignment. The result- certified
100% error-free performance,
backed by BASF's exclusive life-
time warranty*
For information security,
tomorrow and beyond, look for
the distinctive BASF package
with the Qualimetric seal. Call
800-343-4600 for the name of
your nearest supplier.
IS THIS LEVEL OF RELIABILITY
REALLY NECESSARY?
ASKS
-Af*
^
If you've ever lost data due to a
faulty disk, you know how impor-
tant reliability can be.
That's why Accutrack disks are
critically certified at 2-3 times the
error threshold of your system.
Why they're precision fabricated for
higher signal quality, longer life and
less head wear. And why we take
such extra steps as testing single-
density mini disks at double-density
levels. So you don't have to worry
about the reliability of your media.
Accutrack disks. OEMs have
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Tel. (617) 899-0012; Telex 94-0179
Outside Mass. call toll free (800) 2253715
Offices & representatives worldwide
CIRCLE 197 ON READER SERVICE CARD
K
V
ft
e
Dealers: Give your customers a
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If you want a quality line, small
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media supplier can be.
K-DOS, continued...
key, without destroying your data. It also
tries very hard to read and write marginal
sectors before bombing out, which is
important, given the notorious speed
fluctuation of older Atari disk drives.
K-DOS puts some nice touches on some
of the original DOS functions. For exam-
ple, INIT combines formatting and
writing DOS files to the new disk in one
operation, although these functions are
still available separately. The duplicate
disk function offers the option of a
straight sector copy for boot-disks that do
not have file information on them, and
also allows the faster write without verify
and continuous retrying of bad sectors.
There is a separate APPEND com-
mand, which allows you to enter data at
the end of a file directly from the key-
board. The append function uses any
space available in the last sector, rather
than starting a new sector as Atari DOS
does. The binary load command prints to
the screen the location in memory into
which the file is being loaded, if you so
desire, which is much more convenient
than reading the headers and calculating
the addresses by yourself.
But K-DOS doesn't take up all that
memory for the sake of a few slight
modifications. It also contains a complete
machine language monitor which allows
you to examine memory in hexadecimal
and ASCII formats, alter memory by
typing in either hex or ASCII values, and
examine and alter the contents of the
registers. K-DOS gives you two ways to
execute a machine language program. GO
runs the program after closing all devices,
and does not preserve the registers.
PROCEED continues a program after a
breakpoint has been reached, without
changing the contents of the registers or
the status of any device, making it a very
handy debugging tool.
Similarly, the command XIT allows you
to get back to a Basic program that calls
DOS, and continues to run that program
from the point at which DOS was called.
A null device handler has been added,
so that you can test I/O operations
quickly by directing them to N:. LOMEM
lets you examine and alter the bottom of
memory available to a cartridge. This
allows you to reserve space for machine
language programs, or just to reduce the
amount of memory available to see if a
Basic program will run on the minimum
16K system. UDC allows you to add your
own user-defined commands to the
system.
In addition, K-DOS offers many com-
mands which allow you to access certain
routines used internally by DOS, just by
giving a one-word command. For
example, COLD and WARM provide an
easy way to coldstart or warmstart a
cartridge. RESET reboots the 850 handler
when you have expanded the drive buffers
November 1982 c Creative Computing
—or just forgotten to turn it on when you
booted up.
TEXT corresponds to a GRAPHICS
call in Basic, and opens the screen device,
which is handy for moving the display list
when you want to load a program into
high memory. CLOSE closes all files,
turns off the sound, resets VBLANK
vectors, and turns off Player-Missile
graphics. ER followed by a number will
print the English error message for that
error number, which is very handy when
you want to interpret I/O errors that are
generated by Basic.
It is a convenient
tool for the user who
is serious about
programming.
None of these functions is earth-
shaking, and all can be accomplished in
other ways with a little effort, but the
author's attitude was that as long as the
routines for doing them were already in
DOS, it made sense to allow them to be
accessed easily.
Unfortunately, the lack of depth in the
documentation runs somewhat counter
to this intention of allowing the program-
mer easy access. The glossy K-DOS Hand-
book is nicely bound, comes with a pocket
summary card, is clearly written, gives
examples of the proper syntax for each
command, and covers most of the com-
mands very well.
However, it treats some of the more
esoteric commands in a cursory manner.
Take, for example, the explanation of the
UNLOAD command: "Tries to erase area
where cartridge is; unloads any RAM
based cartridge and resets LOMEM back
to end of DOS." The beginner will no
doubt read this sentence, re-read it once
to verify that all of the words are in
English, and then press on, no better or
worse for the experience.
The experienced user, on the other
hand, might gather from this explanation
that it is possible to load a program into
RAM, and fool the system into thinking
that the program is cartridge-based, allow-
ing an easy transition back and forth
between that program environment and
DOS. The inference would then be that
the UNLOAD command erases this pro-
gram, and lets the system know that no
cartridge is present. But how do you set
up this "RAM based cartridge" in the first
place? No clue is given, leaving the
experienced user perhaps more frustrated
than the beginner.
Another example of a similar sort is the
151
system equate files that are supposed to
give the user access to system routines,
such as the one to type text messages
from a buffer. There are no detailed
examples of how to use them, however,
and the internal commenting is too scanty
to allow most users to benefit from them.
Features like these could be real selling
points to the ambitious programmer if
they were treated less superficially in the
documentation.
My impression of K-DOS is that aside
from these omissions in the documen-
tation, it is a convenient tool for the user
who is serious about programming.
As one who uses his computer mostly
for programming, I have found K-DOS
especially helpful in developing software
that combines Basic with machine lan-
guage subroutines. But I think that K-
DOS will be of much less interest to the
casual programmer who may have less
than 40K of memory.
While such a user might appreciate
some of the features, he would probably
never take advantage of the machine
language monitor, the null device, or
many of the other goodies which make K -
DOS so big— and so expensive. If you fall
into that category, you might be better
off spending the money on something that
will let you gobble dots, eradicate insects,
or save the universe. □
®
Offers Discounts on All
TRS-80
COMPUTERS
We Have What You Are Looking For
* Free Shipping Within United States
* 26-1006 Mod III 48K $1955.00
* 26-3004 16K Color 310.00
* 26-3002 16K Color Ext. Basic 410.00
* 26-3003 32K color 495.00
* No Tax On Out of State Shipments
For Additional Prices and
Shipping Information
Call Toll Free
1-800-545-9019
N.M. Residents Call 257-7865
or write
HAPPY HANDS
P.O. DRAWER I
RUIDOSO, NEW MEXICO
88345
CIRCLE 181 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Enhance your Apple II monitor
this versatile product.
MON+ by Microseeds
David H. Ahl
MON+ is an extension to the Apple II
monitor, which enhances existing com-
mands and adds some powerful new
commands of its own.
Four years ago, when the Apple was
introduced, the supplied monitor was
more than adequate. It contains tools to
display memory, disassemble code, add
and subtract numbers, and read and write
cassettes. Today, however, people are
pushing the Apple farther perhaps than
even the original designers envisioned.
The disk drive has replaced the cassette
recorder as the common I/O device.
There are excellent assemblers and scores
of hi-res games. However, these sophisti-
cated applications must be done with, or
perhaps despite, the existing monitor.
MON+ addresses many of the limita-
tions of the existing Apple monitor with
modified extensions of the existing com-
mands as well as six new commands. All
of these commands are shown in Table 1 .
A particularly useful command for
machine language programmers is the
"single step and trace." For the most part,
these commands are the same as the
monitor's single step and trace commands,
but were included mainly because the
Auto-Start ROM lacks them.
Another useful command is "memory
dump," which displays the contents of
memory as hex bytes and ASCII char-
acters. Memory dump is activated simply
by typing the beginning and ending
address of the memory area you wish to
examine. For each address, MON+ dis-
plays the address and the contents of the
next eight bytes. This format is the same
as for a memory store, hence it is easy to
change a displayed portion of memory
using cursor moves and the forward arrow
to re-enter the line.
To prevent information from scrolling
by too quickly when large portions of
memory are displayed, a "key check
routine" is automatically called. This
routine periodically checks to see if a key
has been pressed, and if it has, pauses the
display until another key has been
pressed.
Among the commands not available in
the Apple monitor at all, we found the
"XB" the most useful. This is used to
boot 3.2 disks on a 3.3 system. However,
if a 3.2 boot fails, it will automatically try
a 3.3 boot. Having accumulated over a
four-year period a substantial library of
Apple disks, many of which are 3.2 and
most of which are not identified as to
which DOS they contain, I find the com-
mand most useful. For my use, XB, by
itself, has justified purchase of the MON+
system several times over.
Another nice feature of MON+, when
used with the Auto-Start ROM is that
hitting reset enters the monitor instead of
Basic.
Table 1. Commands of MON+
It should be noted that entering and
exiting MON+ is done either from the
Apple monitor or from Integer Basic.
When Applesoft (ROM or language card
version) is active, calls to MON+ are not
possible.
MON+ is available in one ROM chip
which resides in the empty D8 socket
along side Integer Basic; this version costs
$49.95. It is also available on disk for the
Apple II Plus with the language card or
equivalent. This version updates the INT
Basic file so that MON+ is loaded with
Integer Basic when the system is booted.
List price for this version is $39.95.
MON+ is available from Microseeds,
Lakeview Terr., Stafford, CT 06076. □
CIRCLE 353 ON READER SERVICE CARD
command
Memory dump
Page dump
Store string
Addition
Subtraction
Single step
Trace
Move memory
Zap memory
Search (hex)
(ASCII)
(wildcard)
Read from disk
Write to disk
Enter monitor
Addresses of BLOAD
Boot 3.2 disk
Catalog
Connect DOS
Free disk space
Exit MON +
syntax
addr . addr
addr P
char char
char char
addr
addr
»?
addr :
addr :
addr ♦
addr -
addr S
addrT
addr < addr . addr M
byte < addr . addr Z
addr . addr ? byte b byte
addr . addr ? t4 char char
wbyte < addr . addr ? byte b wbyte b byte
addr < track . sector R
addr < track . sector W
•
XA
byte XB
XC
XD
XF
XX
152
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Pf^w(^
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•* wA 1
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«•» «■»
ev *"( #•»
^ r
I
;. ~»i
What some have called "the best kept
secret in the game software industry".
Unleashed here are six new software
games blending advanced graphics with precise elements of
playability, challenge and intense fun for every gamer's tastes
Beyond these six new games are 26 more for you to consider
all we believe are the best software values for your money!
LEGIONNAIRE— Real-time simulation of
tactical combat in Caesars time. YOU as Caesar
command up to ten legions. Finest full-color
graphics plus playability way beyond the state
of the art! Cassette . . . $35.00
V.C.— Faithfully recreates unconventional
conflict in Viet Nam. YOU command chopper
and artillery units, and face task of protecting
civilian population where the enemy hides
among the people. Cassette . . . $20.00
Diskette . . . $25.00
G.F.S. SORCERESS— Sci-Fi adventure game.
YOU are Joe Justin trying to clear yourself of a
false charge of mutiny and get back to the
Galactic Federation Starship "Sorceress".
Beautiful full-color manuals provide useful clues.
Cassette ... $30.00 Diskette ... $35.00
ANDROMEDA CONQUEST-Vast scale
space strategy game of galactic colonizing and
conquest among unique star systems with
strange life forms and alien technologies that
provide exciting exploration and battle.
Cassette. . . $18.00 Diskette . . . $23.00
* Trademarks for Tandy Corp.. Apple Computer. Warner Communications.
International Business Machines and Commodore International Ltd.
Available at finer
computer stores everywhere!
MOON PATROL-Arcade Pak™ game of
lunar invasion. Beats any quarter-gobbling game
around! Four levels of increasing difficulty
present new attackers to battle. Fast, furious and
fun! Cassette . . . $25.00
TELENGARD— Dungeon adventure in a
mysterious underworld with 50 levels of ever-
more-complex mazes to explore. Real time
fantasy and role-playing game. Using wits,
magic and fast thinking, gamers fight monsters
and reap valuable rewards. Cassette . . . $23.00
Diskette . . . $28.00
If your favorite dealer fails to have
the games you want, call us toll free
1-800-638-9292
microcomputer games
' REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF MICROCOMPUTER GAMES. INC. DIVISION OF
The AVALON HILL Game Company CIRCLE 118 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Avalon Hill MICROCOMPUTER GAMES
are compatible with the following computer systems
TRS-80 Models I/III & Color®
Apple II®
Atari 4/800®
IBM PC.®
Commodore VIC-20, CBM PET & 2001®
For specific information, such as
machine compatibility, memory requirements.
cassette or diskette availability and price,
call us toll-free 1-800-638-9292 and ask for
Operator 20, or write:
Avalon Hill Microcomputer Games, Dept. M-20
4517 Harford Road, Baltimore, MD 21214
Midway
Campaign,
COIR
Casino Games For The Apple
Brian J. Murphy
Name your poison! Is it craps?
Baccarat? Roulette? Poker? Keno?
Blackjack? You can place $500 bets on
any of these games, all night if you like,
and never risk anything more sub-
stantial than the few cents of elec-
tricity it takes to run your Apple II
with re-creations of the great casino
games from Soft ape and Datamost.
Softape has four games currently on
the market. They are Roulette and
Craps, published in 1979; Apple 21,
released in 1980; and Draw Poker,
which came out last year. Softape was
aiming for a detailed, highly realistic
recreation of these games as played
under casino rules, and they have
succeeded quite well.
Draw Poker
Starting with the best of the lot,
Draw Poker, you have a game which
plays well with good graphics, screen
action and sound effects. Author Ken
LaBaw has devised for this solitaire
game a computer opponent with two
personalities. One is that ofa plodding,
fairly predictable, conventional
player. When the dealer discards three
cards you can be fairly sure it is hold-
ing only a pair. When it discards four,
you have, more or less, a sure win.
The second personality is not as
predictable. From the way it bets you
might think it was holding three ofa
kind or a straight and fail to challenge
it with a bet, only to find that it was
holding a pair. In short, it will bluff.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Draw Poker
Type: Gambling simulation
System: 48K Apple II, disk drive
Format: Disk
Language: Machine language
Summary: Great poker simulation
Price: $24.95
Manufacturer:
Softape
10432 Burbank Blvd.
North Hollywood, C A 91601
Brian .1. Mm ph\. 13.1 Posl Ro;id. \ 'airfield. (1 06430.
Draw Poker
Bets are $5 each and the ante is $20.
Some of the nice features include the
ability to cut the deck, an entertaining
animated shuffle and a fine, hi-res
shape table for the cards, designed by
Bill DePew. Draw Poker is a fast-
moving, amusing simulation which
makes a good introductory level poker
teacher.
Apple 21
DePew is the author of another
Softape game, Apple 21, which
realistically recreates blackjack as
played in the casinos. As many as three
players can challenge the computer
dealer. The play begins with the
ominous announcement that you are
"tapped out."
The computer offers a loan of up
to $1000. It was only after reminding
myself that my Apple 11 wouldn't be
sending someone around to break my
arm if 1 lost it all that I was able to take
the money and get on with the game.
In the computer "shoe" there is only
one deck. It appears that the trigger
for a reshuffle is the playing of the
fourth ace. Once that ace appears there
is a new shuffle, even if there is a hand
in progress.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Apple 21
Type: Gambling simulation
System: 48K Apple II, disk drive
Format: Disk
Language: Machine language
Summary: Good blackjack game
Price: $24.95
Manufacturer:
Softape
10432 Burbank Blvd.
North Hollywood, CA 91601
154
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
I
•
- • • •
«* JZSBte
The Synetix Industries SSD Solid S
Emulator provides complete PIucj In emulation
of either a Single (147 K Byte) or Dual (294 K
Byte) Disk Drive. The memory board will
operate in any slot 1 through 7. Total software
compatability is maintained for 'APPLE
DOS 3.3, APPLE PASCAL XP/M. Up to
seven SSD s may be used depending on other
peripheral equipment in use.
□ Software compatible with * APPLE DOS 3.3.
•PASCAL. X *CP M operating systems
D Automatic copying of Disks into SSD
Memory
□ Single Drive 147 K Byte
□ Dual Drive 294 K Byte?
$550i H)
Single Disk-147 K Bytes
$95(T
Dual Disk 294 K Bytes
I fnprgars& speed up to 1000%
l.J Add up to 2 Megabytes of Solid State
Memory to the APPLE
□ Operates in any I/O slot 1 through 7
I ] Increase reliability by reducing mechanical
disk drive failures
□ Requires no external power or
modifications to the APPLE
[ ] Price competitive 1 with mechanical drives
[ ] Reduces space requirements
Micro Computer
Product Marketing
Synetix Industries, Inc
15050 NE 95th St., Redmond, WA 98052
206-885-4215
Creative Products by Synetix
Call Toll Free 1-800-426-7412
Apple .i
iplc [ )( V .
i .idi'iii.if k:; ot Apple Computer i T M is ,i If .idcm.w k ol [)i(|if.il Research
CIRCLE 299 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Sirius" All Star Games
SUPER FUN!
All software represented in this advertisement are copyrighted products of Sirius Software, Inc., 10364 Rockingham Drive, Sacramento,
California 95827, (916) 366*1 195. All rights reserved. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Atari is a trademark of Atari Inc. IBM is a
trademark of International Business Machines Corp. VIC-20 is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc. Games of the Century
is a trademark of Fox Video Games, Inc.
CIRCLE 274 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Casino, continued...
Apple 21.
Play is much the same as in the casi-
nos. The dealer will hit on 16 and stand
on 17. If the dealer's first card showing
is an ace, you can buy "insurance." No
running total of the players' card
counts is kept on screen; that com-
puting must be done via biological
processing, but it's good practice for
real life. Play is swift and exciting. The
only drawback to the game, so far as I
can detect, is that there is only one
deck in play. This means the program
does not provide the kind of ex-
perience aspiring card counters, who
face three or five decks in the shoe at
a real casino, would probably like. Of
course there is a bright side: unlike a
real casino, which will give you the
bum's rush if they think you are count-
ing, the Apple II doesn't seem to mind
at all.
Roulette and
Casino Craps
Roulette and Casino Craps, de-
signed in 1979 by Roger Walker, are
highly detailed and true to life simu-
lations of the real thing. As in the
actual casino games, there is very little
strategy involved. What you need
most to win is ESP.
In Roulette one or two players can
challenge the computer "house." Each
player starts with a $100 bankroll and
can bet as much as $9. Using the Apple
II arrow keys or a Softape light pen,
you can place bets on any of 162 loca-
tions on the hi-res color playfield.
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Roulette.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
The rest of the game, of course, is
sheer chance. The wheel spins and,
depending on your gift for prophecy,
you profit or crawl deeper into the
hole. That is just one aspect of the
realism of this game. With all the
casino betting options available, even
"system" players will find Roulette a
good simulation of the real thing.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Roulette
Type: Gambling simulation
System: 48K Apple II, disk drive,
optional light pen
Format: Disk
Language: Machine language
Summary: Realistic roulette game
Price: $24.95
Manufacturer:
Softape
10432 Burbank Blvd.
North Hollywood, CA 91601
There is at least one
heavy-hitting player
who wont go to Vegas
without his Apple II.
Casino Craps offers the same high
level of detailed realism. All of the
usual casino betting options are
available for the player to choose,
using the keyboard arrows or a light
pen.
The one important area in which the
program falters is its lack of docu-
mentation. For a beginner in the great
game of craps there are no rules or
instructions in print or on the screen.
r
4 9 19
3 11
2 12
'ass
Player 1
Press space to roll
PLAYER 1 S298 PLAYER
Casino Craps.
157
creative coiaptifciRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Casino Craps
Type: Gambling simulation
System: 48K Apple II, disk drive,
optional light pen
Format: Disk
Language: Machine language
Summary: Realistic casino crap game
Price: $24.95
Manufacturer:
Softape
10432 Burbank Blvd.
North Hollywood, CA 91601
You must read Hoyle or Scarne for the
rules and use your own common sense
to figure out how to play the game.
Once you get the hang of it the game
moves along quickly like real crap
shooting.
The realism of Roulette and Casino
Craps is so great that, according to a
source at Softape, there is at least one
heavy-hitting player who won't go to
Vegas without his Apple II and disk
drive so he can play the games and
keep sharp between sessions at the
real tables.
Casino
The level of realism is not as high in
Bob Rosen's Casino, published in 1981
by Datamost. Five games are offered,
keno, poker, blackjack, roulette and
baccarat.
Of the five, the best simulation is
the blackjack game, which plays as
smoothly as Apple 21 although the
hi-res graphics are not as attractive.
The action moves swiftly and there is
the added aid of a running count of
your cards and the dealer's, to help
speed up decision-making. The draw-
back, as with the other programs on
this disk; is that the game is solitaire
against the computer, making this pro-
gram less of a party attraction than
Apple 21 and the other Softape
casino games.
Keno is a pick the numbers game in
which you have the opportunity to
choose as many as 15 of 80 available
numbers. The computer picks 20.
What you win (or lose) depends on
how many of the picks coincide. This
action moves right along as does your
bankroll in an outward bound direc-
tion.
Casino, continued...
Casino.
The roulette game is a little more
exciting. The choices for betting are
more limited than in the Softape
version, but the action is a little
faster and there is an added element
of entertainment in the "roulette
square" feature, in which suspense is
heightened by a little cursor which
spins around the square until,
gradually slowing, it comes to rest on a
number. This feature enlivens the
game greatly and adds a touch of
realism missing from the otherwise
more sophisticated Softape game.
Realism is not the strong suit in the
poker scenario. The screen shows five
cards and the payoff begins with a pair
of jacks or better. There is no strategy,
other than choosing which three cards
to discard, and no skill required, other
than the ability to foretell the future.
The game does move quickly, how-
ever, and players of slot machines may
find it quite appealing.
Baccarat, the final scenario, re-
quires even less skill than poker. The
only decision you make is how much
to bet. Once you have entered that
information, the computer does the
rest while you passively watch the fall
of the cards.
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Casino
Type: Gambling simulation
System: 16K Apple II, disk drive,
Applesoft
Format: Disk
Language: Applesoft
Summary: Five entertaining
casino games
Price: $39.95
Manufacturer:
Datamost
9748 Cozycroft Ave.
Chatsworth, C A 91311
Casino has several nice features
which help to emphasize the enter-
tainment value of the programs. There
is abundant use of music, which you
have the option of turning off if you
like, and a "stats" option which lets
you see how well you are doing vis-a-vis
other players. Your bankroll (you start
with $1000) at the end of the game is
recorded on the disk and if you take up
the game at a later date you can, if you
use the same name, start just as deeply
in the hole as when you quit.
In all, Softape has the edge on
realism. Roulette and Casino Craps
are very detailed, realistic simulations
but their entertainment value is not as
high as Apple 21 or Draw Poker,
which is the best game of all the ones
we have seen.
Casino is a good entertainment
package, though with the exception of
the blackjack scenario, it is not as
realistic as the Softape games. All the
games seem best suited for players
with a prior interest in gambling. That
audience should find these programs
very satisfactory.
For beginning gamblers they offer a
painless and relatively cheap introduc-
tion to games of chance and an oppor-
tunity to sharpen basic skills and to be
reminded how stacked the odds are
against anyone who gambles for real.
□
PC-6000
Please call for details.
PC 8001 A Microcomputer (32K) CAL
PC 8031A Dual mini disk drives CAL
PC8012AI/Ounit.32K. 7 slots 489"
NEC B023 Printer 489
32K Memory Add on card 1 79
Ren Tec RS 232 card for NEC 155'
RenTec Wedge Expansion w/32K 489
NEC SOFTWARE
NEC CP/M Operating System 125'
General Accounting System 249*
Accounts Receivable System 249*
Inventory Control System 249
Payroll System 249"
Job Cost System 249*
Select Word Processing w/SpeHer 349
Report Manager 149"
Games Pack 1 Alien. Space War 29
Games Pack 2 UFO Galaxian Bomber 29
Wordstar by Micropro 299
Oatastar by Micropro 249
Mailmerge for NEC Wordstar 109
Supersort by Micropro 169
Racel NECDOS CAL
More software and accessories everyday.
m.
SANYO
computer
Please call for details
Best terminal prices on. . .
We are a full-line
Commodore Dealer.
Please Call for More Information
COMPATIBLE
ACCESSORIES
64K memory card by microsoft 379"
128K memory card by 499 M
192K memory card by 659 M
256K memory card by 799 M
64K ram chip upgrade kit 169"
Serial Async Comm card w/1 port 129"
Serial Async card with 2 ports 249"
Clock Calendar card 105°*
Combo Card by Apparat 235 ,K '
Joystick for IBM 55 M
Expansion Chassis CALL
Baby Blue Z 80 w/64K & CP'M CALL
Percom mini floppy drives (addon) CALL
Tandon TM 100 mini floppy drives CALL
THE FRANKLIN ACE FEATURES
• Apple ll Compatible
• 64K RAM User memory
• Upper and lower case
• Typewriter stylo Keyboard
• Twelve key numeric pad
• Alpha lock shift key
• VisiCalc friendly
• 50 watt power supply J$£
• Built in Fan
Please call or write
tor more details.
T he BASIS 108 microcomputer features in
elude both a Z 80 and 6502 processor RAM
capacity of 128K 80 columns upper/lower
case, detachable keyboard, function keys,
numeric keypad and cursor block It is com
pletely compatible with all APPLE II hard
ware peripherals and software along with
being compatible with all CP'M based soft
ware
PLEASE CALL US FOR MORE DETAILS
Promethe'us VersaCard
CPS Multifunction card
Hayes Micromodem II
Hayes Smartmodem
Novation Apple Cat modem
Videx VideoTerm 80 column card
Z 80 SoftCard by Microsoft
16K RamCard by Microsoft
ThunderClock/Calendar card
ALF 9 voice Music Card
Music System (16 voices) Mountain
Asychronous Serial card by CCS
Grappier Printer Interfaces
APPLE II COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVES
A2 with controller
A2 w/o controller
A40 with controller
A40 without controller
A70 with controller
A70 without controller
• SOFTWARE
VisiCalc
VisiFile (Data Base Manager)
VisiTrend/VisiPlot
VisiSchedule (New 1 )
VisiTerm
Tax Preparer by Howard Soft
Real Estate Analyzer by
PFS Personal Filing System
DB Master
Peachtree Accounting Software'
Continental Accounting Pkgs
WordStar by MicroPro'
Microsoft Software: we carry it
'Requires a Z 80 Soft Card
The Friendly Computer
16K Ram Board
FOR APPLE II
KIT
ASSEMBLED & TESTED $69°°
$239
VIC 1540 Single Disk Drive
Datasette Cassette I/O unit
Joystick Controller (pair)
VIC 1515 Graphic Printer
VIC Super Expander
8K Ram Cartridge
16K Ram Cartridge
VIC RS 232C Terminal interface
ViCaic Viable Calculator (T)
AMOK(C)
The Alien (8K/T)
MONITORS
Amdek Video 300 12 Hi Res Green
Amdek Color 113 Color w/audio
Amdek Color II Hi Res RGB
Amdek Apple II DVM RGB card
NEC 12 Hi Res Green monitor
NEC 12 Composite Color
NEC 12 Hi Res RGB Color
Sanyo 9 Green monitor
Sanyo 12 B&W
Sanvo 13 Color Monitor
Zenith 12 Green monitor
Atari 8OOO6K1 6
Atari 800 W/32K 729" W/48K 769 0a
Atari 400 (16K) 329~
Bit 3 80 Column Card for 800 299"
410 Program Recorder 79"
810 Disk Drive 439*
850 Interface Module 169™
Atari Joysticks (pair) 20*°
Axlon Ramcram 32K module 149°°
Atari 16K Module by Microteck 69 00
EDU PAKs Educational Tape Series CALL
Pac Man (cartridge) 34 M
Centipede icartndge) 34*
We carry all ATARI software and hardware.
PRINTERS
C Itoh F 10 40 CPS (parallel) 1399 00
C Itoh F 10 40 CPS (serial) 1450°°
Epson MX 80 T Type III w/graph CALL
Epson MX 80 F/T Type III w/graph CALL
Epson MX 82 F/T Type III w/qraph CALL
IDS Prism 132 with color 1589°°
NEC Spinwnters (most models) CALL
NEC 8032 Impact Dot Matrix 489 80
Okidata82A w/tractor. 80 col 469°°
Okidata83A s&84A s CALL
Smith Corona Printer parallel 689"'
DISKETTES
Dysan5'« (Soft 10 or 16 sectored) 10/39™
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CIRCLE 154 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SIZZLING
HOTS
COMING
^RagZfi
BF VOU !
GAMES FROM SSI
FUN.
FAST.
u.:
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CITING.
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ocm coMpu
CIRCLE 291 ON READER SERVICE CARD
■^■^■H
■p
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APPLE* II COMPUTER USERS
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BARE PC CARD — $28.00 KIT — $59.95
COOLING FAN $69 95
* Easy installation.
* No modification of Apple required.
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'Apple is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC.
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CIRCLE 195 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Colorsoft Flight Simulator
Any Landing You Can
Walk Away From Is OK
r
creative coraputiRg
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Colorsoft Flight Simulator
Type: One-player simulation
System: 16K or 32K TRS-80, Color
Computer with joysticks
Format: Cassette
Language: Extended Color Basic
Summary: For aviation fanatics only
Price: $11.95
Manufacturer:
Color Software Services
P.O. Box 1723
Greenville, TX 75401
I'm nuts about airplanes. Always have
been. I am also interested in making the
most of the considerable graphics capa-
bilities of my TRS-80 Color Computer.
That is why, ever since I acquired my
machine, I have been eagerly anticipating
a really terrific aircraft simulation
game — one with a decent instrument
panel, coupled with an interesting out-of-
the-cockpit view.
The view could be of a carrier, an
airborne tanker, or enemy aircraft, if it
were a war game, if it were a commercial
aviation game, then it could be a view of
a runway layout during a landing
approach.
I'm still waiting. Flight Simulator isn't
Scott L. Norman, 8 Doris Rd., Framingham, MA
01701.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Scott L Norman
it. Flight Simulator is a representation of
an instrument approach to an airport, all
right, but the "instrument panel" consists
of six little text boxes, and there is no
view out of the cockpit — not even a
representation of the cockpit.
It is actually quite dumb. The only thing
is, you can crank up the degree of diffi-
Your control of the
aircraft is limited
to climbing, diving,
and banking via
commands from a
single joystick.
culty and give yourself a pretty fair
workout, because after all you are trying
to manage motion in three dimensions.
It can become something of a challenge
to monitor the few "instructions," too,
because the layout of the panel is screwed
up. Then there is the matter of the
response of the aircraft.
This is no F-15 you've got on your
hands. It staggers through turns like a
drunk finding his way out of the House of
Mirrors, it drops alarmingly from high
altitudes, and it floats when you want to
lose the last few hundred feet before
landing. I don't know what kind of aircraft
it is supposed to simulate; I don't know if
it obeys any control laws at all.
Maddening.
Surprisingly, it isn't all bad, however.
Let me describe the game, and let you
decide for yourself. In Flight Simulator,
the single player is first asked to specify
an altitude and distance within which he
must approach the airport in order to
win. Both figures must be given in miles,
although the altimeter readout on the
panel is in feet as it should be. You can
start with nice fat tolerances (up to 10
miles for an altitude specification, for
instance!), but with a little practice you
can be shooting for realistic goals. It is
fairly reasonable to specify 0.1 miles for
both dimensions; an altitude spec of 0.05
miles makes things a little dicey. After
setting up your degree of difficulty in this
fashion, you are presented with your
instrument panel view, and the game
begins.
The panel consists of three rows of
data. The uppermost one gives you alti-
tude and airspeed data and the compass
heading; the next row gives the distance
to the airport and something else, also
called "heading," which is really the
bearing to the airport from your Present
Position. The third row consists of a fuel
gauge.
The information is updated every two
seconds. (The game is written in Basic,
remember?) Your control of the aircraft
161
FOR TRS-80 MODEL I OR III
IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER
* MORE SPEED
10-20 time* fMter than Interpreted BASIC.
* MORE ROOM
Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORY
mekee your RAM act larger. Varieble number of block
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header!
* MORE INSTRUCTIONS
Add YOUR commands to Its 79-STANOARO-pius instruc-
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Far mora complete than most Forth* single e. double
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Excellent full-screen Editor, structured & modulsr
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Word search utility
THE NOTEPAD letter writer
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Forth operating system
Concurrent Interpreter AND Compiler
VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape
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Full 8080 or 8068 Assembler aboard
(280 Assembler also available for TRS-80)
Intermix 35- to 80 track disk drives
IBM can read, write end run M 3 Disks
M 3 can reed, write end run Ml disks
AJiPfflrTW
THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH SYSTEM
FOR TRS 80 4 IBM PC
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MMSFORTH Disk System (requires 1 disk drive. 32K RAM)
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requires MMSFORTH V2 0. 1 drive & 32K RAM) S38.85*
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host mode to operate a remote FORTHCOM systems (requires
MMSFORTH V2 0. 1 drive & 32K RAM) S39.9S*
THE DATAHANDLER s vry fast database management
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ORDERING INFORMATION Software prices include
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Mass orders add 5% tax Foreign orders add 20% UPS COO.
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Good dealers sought
Get MMSFORTH products from your
computer dealer or
MILLER MICROCOMPUTER
SERVICES (B9)
61 Lake Shore Road. Natick. MA 01760
(617)653-6136
CIRCLE 225 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Landing, continued...
is limited to climbing, diving, and banking
via commands from a single joystick.
Airspeed is controlled by the computer,
and is reduced in two stages as you
approach the airport.
All games begin with the aircraft at
30,000 feet and 220 mph, on a course of
270 degrees (due west). The airport is 300
miles to the north, and your fuel load is
10,000 lbs. (that's the way jets specify it,
sport). Now things get a little compli-
cated.
Your two-second updates actually rep-
resent a minute's flying time each at this
stage, which makes the sluggish response
of the plane even stranger. At any rate,
your first task is to turn onto a course
which will point you toward the airport.
The quickest route is to execute a right
turn through a little more than 90 degrees,
which can be done with a fuel expenditure
of about 2500 lbs. You can also go around
the long way, turning left for about 270
degrees. This will still leave you with
enough fuel, if you are careful.
You should also begin your descent
during the turn. Part of the fun is experi-
menting with rates of descent during these
early phases so as to leave yourself in a
comfortable position for the rest of the
flight. After all, you come out of your
turn more than 200 miles from the airport,
in general, and you don't want to fly it all
at 500 feet.
Once you have established your initial
course for the airport, you must continue
to manage your altitude and correct any
heading deviations that may occur. Occur
they will, too. You will generally be
unable to roll out of that first big turn
right on the money, thanks to the control
characteristics of the program, so you
can expect to see the heading of the
aircraft and the bearing to the airport
diverge as the flight progresses. With
experience, you develop a sense of which
way to nudge the joystick to respond to
such changes.
When you get to within 100 miles of
the airport, airspeed is reduced to 180
mph. At the same time, the simulation
rules are changed so that each instrument
update represents 30 seconds of flight
time.
Things change again when you are 20
miles out; airspeed goes down to 100 mph,
while the simulated interval diminishes to
7 seconds. All of this is accompanied by
additional audio tones at the two-second
update intervals, together with some
malarkey on the screen about being
cleared to land on Runway 123.
Ignore the latter. Real runways are
designated by a system related to their
compass headings, and in this game the
direction in which you finally approach
the airport doesn't matter; only the dis-
tance and altitude count.
162
All of these changes in simulated time
intervals make it difficult to develop a
real feel for the flying characteristics of
the aircraft, as I have stressed. The upshot
is that in the latter stages of an approach,
you must pay a penalty for any earlier
mismanagement of the descent.
It is very common to find yourself
closing rapidly on the airport with more
altitude than you can shed, even with full
forward stick.
Your only alternative at such moments
is to overfly and go out on some course
from which you can descend to a more
appropriate altitude. The trick is to man-
age things so that you can later turn back
onto a direct course for the airport. You
need a lot of room in which to turn
around, which means that it is necessary
to go a good way past the airport before
beginning your turn. Otherwise, you can
find yourself orbiting the field, unable to
ever get onto a direct radial bearing.
Nothing lasts forever, though, and your
troubles will be over when you run out of
either fuel or altitude (in contrast to the
airman's classic trilogy of "airspeed, alti-
tude, and ideas"). By the way, a crash for
either reason is signified by a really
annoying little tune.
That's really all there is to it. I must
admit that successful "landings" came as
a shock for a while, because they usually
occurred while I was concentrating very
hard on simultaneously maintaining a
finite altitude and a small course devia-
tion. Flight Simulator rarely gives you the
luxury of flaring out for a proper landing.
So what's in it for the player? Not much,
by objective standards. There are no
graphics, you have no control over certain
important parameters (ground-controlled
airspeed?), and in my opinion the simu-
lation as a whole is clumsy.
Of course, since it is in Basic the
enterprising enthusiast could use it as the
jumping-off point for his own game, but
that's not much of a recommendation. I
can't even say whether I would play it at
all, if the numbers didn't purport to relate
to an airplane.
Still, there is a certain satisfaction to be
gained from flying a good pattern and
glide path, even if there are no rewards
within the game itself. In the end, such
internal rewards are probably what attract
people to any computer game. What can
I say?
Buy Flight Simulator if you are an
aviation nut, and join me in hoping for a
really good simulation. Who knows, may-
be the people at Color Software Services
will be able to improve this one
dramatically.
And if you do rework it, try to remem-
ber that any aircraft with a fuel load
measured in pounds ought to have its
airspeed measured in knots. □
CIRCLE 347 ON READER SERVICE CARD
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
It's hard to picture
all of DYNACOMP's software
GIN RUMMY
FOURlf R ANAL Y/f R
FOREST FIRE
CHFCKE RS 3
ItACHt R S AIDE-
MAIL MASTE R
ESCAPI f Ri >M
VOLANTIUM
SHAPE MAi.U.iAN
RINuSC >\ 1 ME E MPIRE-
OUINTUMINOE S
DGi P( >l
\y [ ! RAP
VALDFZ 1MAP1
HRE AKUP
( ME SSMASfE R
LFMlANDER
ERIPl E biOCKARD
STO< IK MA MM
STOCK PLOT
Bl ACK HOI E
II KAID
STOCK MASTFR
STOCK PLOT
( ;h< iMPI lo
mn ®m
MIDWAY
f r-u
I • •• i
•>■_ » ».••«
HACCARAT
I WWW-,
¥U
(.IN RUMMY
iDGI •
NYINDEX
SUPER SLJB CHASE
INTRUDE R ALERT
PI RSONAL FINANCE
SYSTEM
AC! t ANE S
CRYSTAL S
(c) 1982 PROMEDIA ASSOCIATES
TURN TO NEXT PAGE.
I
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DYNACOMP
Quality software for*:
APPLE II Plus ALTAIR****
OSBORNE- 1 NEC PC-8000
NORTH STAR*** TRS-80 (Level II)**
ATARI SUPERBRAIN*****
PET/CBM CP/M Disks/Diskettes
(See Availabilil> box v
MBASIC CBASIC )
CARD GAMES
BRIDGE MASTER (Available for all computers) Price: $21.95 Diskette
II you liked DYNACOMP'S BKIIX.I 2 v ., u will absolutely love BRUM. I MASH K BRIDGE MASTER is a
comprehensive bridge program designed lo provide hour* of challenging competition Bidding feature* include the
Rlatkwoird convention. Siayman convention, pre-emptive opening*, and recognition of demand bids and jump-shift
letponses After playing a spec ific hand, you may replay the tame hand, with the option of switching cards svilh your
computer opponents This leature allows you to compare your bidding and playing skills to BRIDGE MASTER.
Bonuses for game < onirac is and slams are awarded as in duplic ate bridge Doubled contracts are scored based upon a
c ompuler assigned vulnerability A si ore < ard is displayed at the conclusion of each hand The score card displays a
summary of total hands played total points scored, number of contracts made and set. and % bids made BRIDGE
MAS It K is clearly the best computer bridge program available
UYNAC OMPS previous BKII M ,1 2 c usiomers may upgrade to BRIDGEMASTER for a nominal charge of $5 00 plus
postage and handling (see ordering information bom Original cassette diskette mutt be returned.
BACCARAT (Atari only) p r j ce: $18.95 Cassette $22.95 Diskette
This is the European c ard game which is the favorite of the Monte C arlo )et set Imagine yourself at the gaming table
with 007 lo your left and Goldfinger to your right Learn and play BACCARAT at your leisure on the Atari Contains full
high resolution coloi graphics and matching sound Runs in IbK Requires one joystick
GIN RUMMY (Apple diskette onl>) Price: $22.95 Diskette
This is the best micro computer implementation of GIN RUMMY existing The computer plays exceptionally well, and
the HIRr S graphics are superb What else can be said'
POKfcR PARTY (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette, $23.95 Diskette
POKER PARTY is a draw poker simulation based on the book POKEH. by Oswald Jacoby This is the most
comprehensive version available for microcomputers The party c (insists of yourself and six other (computer) players
f ac h of these players (you will get to know them) has a different personality in the lorm of a varying propensity to bluff or
fold under pressure Prac tic e with POKER PARTY before going to that expensive game tonight! Apple cassette and
diskette versions require a 32K (or larger) Apple IE
GO PISH (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
GO FISH fa at lassie c hildren's c ard game The opponent is a friendly computer with user inputs that are simple enough
h>r small children to easily master The Apple and Atari versions employ high resolution graphics for the display of
hands A must for children 1 Runs in I6K
BLACKJACK COACH (32K IRS 8(1 only) Price: $29.95 Cassette $33.95 Diskette
BIA( hJA( K ( OAC H leaches and evaluates professional playing methods This program will coach you using the
Basic and the Complete C ardCounting Methods The BLACKJAC K C OAC H c an be used in automatic . unattended play
to lest the playing and belling strategies you selec l f slensivr summary reports pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses
irf various methods of play All the standard playei c hou es are included: Insurance, splitting pairs, double downs and
surrender (optional) A line printer may be used lo collect data If you risk money at the tables, increase your skills with
the BLACKJACK COACH'
THOUGHT PROVOKERS
MANAGEMENT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $25.95 Cassette $29.95 Diskette
This program is both an excellent teaching tool as well as a stimulating intellectual game Based upon similar games
played at graduate business schools, each player or team controls a company which manufacturers three products
I a. h player attempts lo outperform his competitors by setting selling prices, production volumes, marketing and
design expenditures etc The most succ essful firm is the one with the highest stock price when the simulation ends
FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette/S23.95 Diskette
A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-oH. flight and landing The program utilises aerodynamic
equations and the characteristic s of a real airfoil You c an practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials
and c ompass headings The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar acrobatic maneuvers
Although this program does not employ graphics, it is exciting and very addictive See the software review in
( OMPUTHONK S Runs in I6K Atari
VALDEZ (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette $21 .95 Diskette
VALDI / is a i ompuler simulal ion of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound Valdez Narrows region of
Alaska Inc luded in this simulation is a realistic and extensive 2S6 x 256 element map. portions of which may be viewed
using the ship's alphanumeric radar display The motion of the ship itself is ac curately modelled mathematically The
simulation also t ..mains a model lor the tidal patterns in the region as well as other traffic (outgoing tankers and
drifting ic ebergsl C harl your c ouise from the Gulf of Alaska lo V alder Harbor' See Ihe software reviews in 80 Software
Critique Personal Computing and Creative Computing
BACKGAMMON 2.0 (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette '$23.95 Diskette
This program tests your backgammon skills and will also improve your game A human can compete against a
e ompuler or against another human The c ompuler < an even play against itself Either the human or the computer can
double or generate dice rolls Board positions can be created or saved for replay BACKGAMMON 2 plays in
ace ordanc e with the ofhc lal rules of backgammon and is sure to provide many fascinating sessions of backgammon
play
FROG MASTER (Atari only) Price: $17.95 Cassette/$2I95 Diskette
The Aun APLX firs! prize winner rR(X» MASK R contains exciting arcade features in addition to being a highly
educ ational program It is a fast-moving high-c one entration game for 1 -4 players You score by making touchdowns on
the opponents goal line - if his goalie doesn't get there first But your players (tadpoles and frogs) must be trained. This
is accomplished by giving them a reward at )usl the right moment when they do something right This takes precise
timing and judgement Your critters must penetrate barriers and avoid evil line backs if they are to score. Many will fall
by Ihe wayside but some will gel through As they learn you can look inside their heads to see how they think As you
reward them they reward you (the "thought processes" simulated demonstrate the basic type of animal learning •
operant conditioning • widely studied in high school and college courses) As you teach them they teach you how
learning lakes place' Great graphics' Runs in I6K Requires two joysticks
FORfcST FIRF! (Atari only ) p r j ce: $14.95 Cassette/$I8.95 Diskette
Using excellent graphic sand sound effects, this simulation puts you in the middle of a forest fire Your Job is to direct
operations 10 put out ihe fire while c ompensaling for changes in wind, weather and terrain Not protecting valuable
slruc lures c an result in startling penalities Life-like variables are provided to make FOREST FIRE! very suspenseful
and challenging No two games have Ihe same setting and there are 3 levels of difficulty
CRANSTON MANORADVENTUREtNorthStar.SuperBrainandCP Monly) Price:$l9.95 Diskette
Al last' A comprehensive Adventure game lor North Star and CP M systems CHANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE
lakes you into mysterious C RANSTON MANOR where you attempt to gather fabulous treasures Lurking in Ihe manor
are wild animals and robots who will not give up the treasures without a fight The number of rooms is greater and the
associated desc riptions are much more elaborate than the c urrenl popular series of Adventure programs, making this
game the top in Us c lass Play can be slopped al any time and the status stored on diskette
SPACE EVACUATION! (Available for all computers) Price: $15.95 Cassette $ 19.95 Diskette
< an you colonize the galaxy and evacuate the Earth before the sun explodes' Your computer becomes the ship's
1 ompuler as you explore Ihe universe to relocate millions of people This simulation is particularly interesting as it
t ombines many of the exciting elements of < lassie space games with the mystery challenge of ADVENTURE
MONARCH (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Cassette/$I8.95 Diskette
MONARCH is a fas< mating ec onomu simulation requiring you to survive an 8-year term as your nation's leader You
determine Ihe amount of acreage devoted to industrial and agricultural use. how much food lo distribute to the
populac e and how muc h should be spent on pollution control You will find that all decisions involve a compromise and
that 11 is not easy lo make everyone happy Runs in 16K Atari
RU Bl K'S CU BE SOLVE R ( Available for all computers ) Price: $ 14.95 Cassette $ 1 8.95 Diskette $2 1 .45 Disk
Solving ihe Rubik s cube puzzle is an exerc ise in algoruhimic logic . and is a "natural" for computer calculation The
RUBIK S t UBE SOLVER permits you to input the starling slate of Ihe 24 facing elements of the cube It then solves the
problem one step al a lime with rai h step shown as a unfolded view of the cube Can you solve the cube in fewer steps In
any case. 11 sure beats disassembling the cube or peeling off and replacing the colors' Requires IbK
AVAILABILITY
DYNAC OMP software is supplied with complete documentation containing clear explanations and examples Unless
otherwise spec ified all programs will run within I bk program memory space (ATARI requires 24K) Except where noted
piograms are available on ATARI P» T T KS HO (Level III NEC and Apple I Applesoft) cassette and diskette as well as North
Stai single density (double density c ompatiblel diskette Additionally most programs can be obtained on standard (IBM
3740 single density double density compatible formal) H " ( P M floppy disks for systems running under MBASIC or
CBASIC |f..r example Alios Xerox 820 Healh Zenith and many others) 5V." CP M diskettes are available for the North
Star SuperBrain and Osborne computer systems
ATAHI fH <HM HOHIIISTAK CP M (MM ttSHOHNt N(/Pr WflKA/N NH PC IUHM, an d XEROX are rruisrerrdrrodrnumr.
and or itadt ntotk %
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'"litr mo*! North Srur «J.kX -Du.rtJ systems
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DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING
• Widest variety • Friendly service
• Guaranteed quality • Free catalog*
• Fastest delivery • Toll free order phone
*$2 00 U S hind, lor forngn mailing
AND MORE...
STARBASE 3.2 (Available for all computers) Price: $13.93 Cassette $17.95 Diskette
This is the classic spae e simulation, but with several new features for example, ihe C royhns now shoot al the Invincible
without warning while also attacking starbases in other quadrants The C roylins also attack with both light and heavy
cruisers and move when shot al! The situation is hectic when ihe Invincible is besieged by three heavy cruisers ana) a
slarbase SO S is received! The C roylins get even! See the software reviews in AN A LOG . 80 Software t ruique and
Game Merchandising
LIL" MEN FROM MARS (Atari onlv ) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
Defend yourself* The little men from Mars are out to get you if you don't gel ihem first This is a hilarious high resolution
animated graphics (arcade) game which exercises much uf ihe Atari's power Hequires one joystick.
ALVIN (Atari only) Price: $17.95 Cassette $21.95 Diskette
ALVIN is a greal arcade game You are commanding a highly maneuverable ship seeking lo destroy several enemy
cities You are attempting to bomb these cities while at the same lime trying to avoid their defensive fire (MISSIU
COMMAND* in reverse') Also, your radar has been damaged so that you can only see downward* This would
normally not be much of a problem except thai you also have to contend with high-flying enemy air • rah As long as you
are above these aircraft you have Ihe advantage and are safe However, high level bombing takes considerable skill
Therefore to achieve your goal the best strategy is to swoop down for a bombing run while the enemy craft is out ..I range,
and quickly retreat to the skies A fun game Requires IbK
ESCAPE FROM VOLANTIUM (Atari only) Price: $15.95 Cassette $19.95 Diskette
Bring the action and excitement of an arcade into your home with I SC API T ROM VOLANTIUM! To escape you must
maneuver your space ship around obstacles and laser blast the guardian (without being eaten) If he is killed with a
direct shot (not |usi a leg lopped off), a door opens lo the outside However the door does not stay open indefinitely If
you fail to escape in lime, ihe door closes and a new guardian appears Sometimes you can smash through Ihe door by
repeatedly chipping away al it Other limes it is impervious At Ihe higher levels of play more obsi ac lev and guardians
appear, adding lo ihe excitement Uses high resolution graphics and sound Huns in IbK
ALPHA FIGHTER (Atari only) Price: $13.95 Cassette $17.95 Diskette
Two excellent graphics and action programs in one' ALPHA FIGHTER requires you lo destroy the alien siarships
passing through your sector of the galaxy ALPHA BASE is in the path of an alien UFO invasion, let five UFO's get by
and ihe game ends Both games require ihe joystick and get progressively more difficult the higher you score' ALPHA
FIGHTER will run on 16K systems
THE RINGS OF THE EMPIRE (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
The empire has developed a new battle station protected by rotating rings of energy Each lime you blast through Ihe
rings and destroy the station, the empire develops a new station with more protective rings This exciting game runs on
I6K systems, employs extensive graphics and sound and tan be played by one or two players
INTRUDER ALERT (Atari only) Price: $15.95 Cassette $19.95 Diskette
This is a fast paced graphics game which places you in the middle of the "Dreadslar" having |ust stolen us plans The
droids have been alerted and are directed to destroy you al all costs You must find and enter your ship lo esc ape wHh Ihe
plans Five levels of difficulty are provided INTRUDER ALERT requires a joystick and will run on IbK systems.
MIDWAY (Atari 32K only) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
MIDWAY is an exc iting extension of the game of Battleship It mixes ihe challenges of strategy and chance Your
opponent can be another human or the computer Color graphics and sound are both included Runs in IbK.
GOLF PRO (Atari only) p r j C e: $17.95 Cassette $21.95 Diskette
Both realism and beautiful graphics are joined together in GOLF PRO 10 produce the best golf simulation available To
really appreciate this game, you should have a color TV so thai you can see ihe green of the fairway. Ihe blue uf the waler
hazards, and the while sand of the traps You tee off with a wood use your wedge in Ihe sand trap, and pull on the green
)usl as would be done on the course Show off the Alari to your friends with GOLE PRO Requires 1 bK and one tuyslu k
GAMES PACK I (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
(.AMI S PACK I contains the classic computer games of BLACKJACK LUNAR LANDER. CRAPS. HOHSEKAC I
SWITCH and more These games have been combined into one large program for ease in loading They are individually
ac cessed by a convenient menu This c olleclion is worth the price just for the DYNACOMP version of BLAC KJACK
GAMES PACK II (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
(.AMI S PACK II includes the games CRAZY EIGHTS. JOTTO.ACI Y 1)1 )C I Y LIU WUMPUS and others As with
(.AMI S PACK I. all the games are loaded as one program and are called from a menu You will particularly ensuy
DYNACOMP's version of CRAZY EIGHTS
Why pay $9 95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for ,usi $14. 9S?
MOON PROBE (Available for all computers) Price: $12.95 Cassette $16.95 Diskette
This is an extremely challenging "lunar lander" program The user must drop from orbit lo land al a predetermined
target on the moon's surface You control the thrust and orientation of your 1 rah plus direct the rale of descent and
approach angle Runs in I6K Atari
SPACE TRAP (Atari only. I6K) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
This galactic "shoot em up" arcade game places you near a black hole You t ontrol your spacecraft using the jnysiit k
and attempt to blast as many of the alien ships as possible before the black hole closes about you
SUPER SUB CHASE (Atari only) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
SUP! K St IB C HASE simulates a search and destroy mission Set your course and keep an eye on the sonar readings as
you hunt lor the hidden submarine Set the depth e harge explosion depth and walch ihem sink towards the sub. This is
an addictive game which lakes advantage of the Alan's graphics and sound capabilities One or two players JoyxlicbU)
required.
TWO PLAYER GAMES
TWO PLAYER GAMES (Available for all computers: 32K disk diskette only)
DYNACOMP has acquired ihe <lisirit.ui ion rights to the best eight of Xiiron's war games These two-player games were
originally written for ihe North Star computer, but have since been convened to play on all of the computers c urrenthy
supported by DYNACOMP Because our licensing and development costs were so low. DYNACOMP offers these
programs two to a disk(ette) for only $ 19 95, diskette. $23 95 disk If you like war games then this is a bargain you ran
not pass up.
Set -1 PANZER and BLITZKRIEG
PANZER
Date: 23 Nov 1943 Place: Several miles west of Kiev Russia The Russians have just liberated Kiev and are moving
quickly to reach the German fortes which are preparing lor a last desperate attempt to hall the Russian advance
BLITZKHIIG
Date Spring 1940 Place: Northern France The German blitzkrieg in the east was complete Germany had turned us
attention 10 the west: France The German forces has penetrated the Ardennes and Meuse The heroism of Dunkirk the
defense of the Anne- Somme position, and the final collapse of the French armies in the south has all passed And. now.
the drive on Paris . . .
Set -2 STARSHIP TROOPERS and INVASION OF THE MUD PEOPLE
STARSHIP TROOPERS
Date: Fortieth Century Place Arachnid planet of Sheol The first all-out battle on the plane! Sheol which will match
equal forces of Terran and alien units The outcome will set the course of the conflict, for the planet of Sheol is a key
position in the solar war
INVASION Of THE MUD PEOPI I
A Peruvian army battalion has been dispatched lo a remote village area lo investigate the destruction id many local
dwellings and ihe disappearance of most of ihe villagers Eye-wilnesses have reported strange creatures appearing
from scores of slimy mud holes which have oddly begun forming across the terrain.
Set .3 FALL OF THE THIRD REICH and ARMORCAR
FALL OF THE THIRD HEICH
Date March. 1945 Plate Remagen. Germany The allies under General Eisenhower had reached Ihe Rhine The
Germans had tailed in destroying the I udendorff railroad bridge, allowing several allied divisions 10 cross before 11
hnally collapsed on March 17 and so. ihe allies began their drive on Berlin
ARMORCAR
Dale 2 f eb 1944 Place Minsk. Russia A German front-line unit is hard pressed for radio equipment and medical
supplies A relief convoy of armored cars must reach them through partisan-infested territory
Set -4 MOUNT SURIBACHI and MIDDLE EARTH
MOUNT SURIBACHI
Dale Ih I eb 1945 Place Iwo Jima The Japanese opened fire from Mount Sunbachi as Ihe marines landed on the
porkc hop-shaped island Gunfire from ihe hill could cover the entire island, thus it was a critical objective if ihe
Americ ans were to capture and utilize ihe all-important air field Mount Sunbachi proved to be one ol ihe most strongly
defended positions in the Japanese theatre of war
MIDDLE EARTH
Dale 1997 Place: MIDD1.I EARTH Through a maze of tunnels, crevices, and rocky passageways discovered leading
from an inactive volcano in South America, a team of United Nations' researchers have undertaken a mission lo an
unc haried frontier Ihe center of the Earth. After a perilous journey spanning a period of several months, the mission has
arrived al the Earth's core, a land ol flames, sieam. oceans and unforeseen vegetation And then the creatures of
MIDDLE EARTH appeared unmatched by the most frightening horror stories created by man
MISCELLANEOUS
CRYSTALS (Alari only) p r ; ce: $| 4 .95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
A unique algorithm randomly produces fascinating graphics displays accompanied wiih tones which vary as the
patterns are built No two patterns are the same, and ihe combined effect of the sound and graphics are mesmerizing
CRYSTALS has been used in local stores lo demonstrate the sound and colin- features of the Atari Runs in IbK
NORTH STAR SOFTWARE EXCHANGE (NSSE) LIBRARY
DYNACOMP now distributes the 23 volume NSSE library These diskettes each contain many programs and offer an
outstanding value for the purchase price They should be part of every North Star ssser's 1 diet lion Call or write
DYNACOMP for details regarding ihe contents of the NSSE collection
Price $9 95 each $8 95 each (4 or more)
The complete collection may be purchased for $159 45
5V" DISKETTES (soft sectored ten sectored) Price: $39.95 20 Diskettes
As you might imagine. DYNACOMP purchases diskettes >n laige quantities and at wholesale prices We want to 1
Ihe savings along to you!
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PORTFOLIO MANAGt Ml NT (Apple onl> ) p r i ce: ${,9.95 two Diskettes
The POHTFOI IO MANAGEMI NT package was written by a Mac* broker to help manage portfolios (.ir individual
customers With this program data files ran be easily created and kept up to date A variety ol reports ran be generated
fcir i lients whie h are aitrae lively and professionally laid out The user may define his her osvn investment ralagoties
PORT FOLIO MANAGI MINT is a top quality professional tool which will not only provide you with new < onvemem es
but will also serve to enhanc e your appearance as an efficient and up to dale advisor M your < hems ( times i umplete on
two diskettes along with a 30 page instruction manual.
PtRSONAL FINANCE SYSTFM (Available for all computers! Price: $39.95 Diskette
PT S is a single diskette, meiiu-nrienied system < (imposed of ten different programs Besides recording your expenses
and tax deductible Hems. Pf Swill sort and summarnr expenses by payee, and display information on expenditures by
any of 26 user defined codes by month or by payee PES will even produce monthly bar graphs of your expenses by
< alt-gory' This powerful package inquires only one disk drive, minimal memory (24K Atari. 32K North Stall and will
store up to 600 ree ..ids per disk (and over 1 000 re ( ords per disk by making a few simple changes to the programs) You
can record checks plus ( ash expenses so that you can finally see where your money goes and eliminate guesswork and
tedious hand calculations < ontains high speed machine language sort Pf S has been demonstrated on network « BS)
TV
FAMILY BL'DGF-T < Apple and Atari only) Price: $34.9? Diskette
FAMII Y B( DGI T is a very convenient finan. lal re< ord-keeping program You will be able to keep Ml k of c ash and
. redit expenditures as well as in. MM on a dally basis You can record lax deductible Hems and charitable donations
FAMILY Bt ItXil T also provides a i onlinuous re< ord of all credit Iransai lions You can make daily cash and charge
enli.es i.. any <>l 2 I different expense accounts as well as in 5 payroll and tax accounts I lata are easily retrieved giving
the user . omplete control over an otherwise complicated (and unorganized') subjec i
TEXT MASTER (Apple UK. diskette onl> ) Price: $49.95 Diskette
TEXT MASTER is a general purpose text editor for the Apple II computer ll features powerful. I nghsh-orienled
commands which permit the . omplete manipulation of texlural information The information treated may be
correspondence, c omputer programs, data to be used by other programs, and more TEXT MASII H also interfaces
with any printer connected to your Apple The minimum system requirements are 32K nf KAM. Applesoft on ROM. at
least .me disk and a lowercase adapter TEXT MASTER can process any length file segment by segment Ihus it is
possible m process files as large as a diskette ( omes complete with an effluent 16 page manual TEXT MASTI K is
equivalent in c apability to many word ptot essinq systems c osting 3 x or more in price The commands available in
TIVl MASII Rare (( )l li ( T USE .EX! CUTE . NONUM. INSERT. Ml R(. I SI< )P Rl Nl IM 1)1 1 1 Tl SAU
COfY IRII Rl PLACE. WAIT MOV!. IENGTH. LIST. Rl SAVE CI EAR. AUTO Rl TRY APP! Nl) SI I
MANUAI ( HANGI S( RAH H. SHOW CATALOG. MODIEY. COMPARE. NUM. DISPLAY HI I V
INTEl.INK (Atari onl> I p rlce: $411 05 Diskette
This software pac kage c ..mains a menu-driven 1 ollec lion of programs for facilitating effluent iwo-way communications
through a full duplex modem (required for use) In one mode of operation you may connec 1 to a data service (e g . The
SOURCE 01 Mic roNet) and quit kly load data such as stock quotations onto your diskette for later viewing T his greatly
reduces "connect time" and ihus the servu e c harge You may also rec ord the complete contents of a 1 omnium, alums
session Additionally, programs written in BASIC . FORTRAN, etc may be built off-line using the support text editor
and later "uploaded" to another computer, making the Alan a rery smart terminal Even Atari BASIC programs may
be uploaded Further a command lile may be built off-line and used later as controlling input for a lime-share system
That is. you can set up your sequeni e of time-share commands and programs, and the Atari will transmit ihem as
needed, batch processing All this adds up 10 saving both connect time and yout lime
PAYFIVE (Apple II plus diskette. Ivso drives required) Price: $149.95
This is an enormously flexible employee payroll system with extraordinarily good human engineering features
PAYHVI prims checks and compiles the tequired federal, slate and local forms for up to 148 employees The pay
methods may be hourly, salary, commission or any combination There are multiple options for pay periods, and they
also . an be used in any combination PAYHVI inc ludes many other features and comes extremely well documented
with a 200 page manual The manual may be purchased separately for $30. and thai payment later applied to the
software purchase
SHOPPING LIST (Atari only) p r j ce: $12.95 Cassette $16.95 Diskette
SHOPPING I 1ST stores information on Hems you pur. hase at the supermarket Before going shopping, it will remind
von of all the things you might need, and then display (or optionally print) your shopping list and the total 1 osl Addinq
deleting, changing and storing data is very easy Runs with 16K
TAX OPTIMIZER (Available lor all computers) Price: $59.95 Diskette
The TAX OPTIMI7FR is an easy-to-use. menu-oriented software package which provides a convenient means lor
analyzing various income lax strategies The program is designed to provide a quick and easy data entry Inc ome lax is
computed by all lax methods (regular income averaging, maximum and alternate minimum tax) The user may
immediately observe the tax effect of c rim al financ lal dec-slims TAX OPTIMIZER has been thoroughly field tested in
(PA offices and comes complete with the current tax tables in its data files TAX OPTIMIZER is lax deductible'
STJDCK MASTER STOCK PLOT (Apple 48K) Price: $59.95 Diskette
This is a full-featured stock portfolio management and analysis system Ten years of records on up to thirty Macfca may
be maintained You may record pric es. revenue, earnmqs share KOI . quarterly earnings anddividends. transactions
long short term gams P I indexes (L»J. S & P NASDAO) and MORE' You may plot (HIRES) the price history of any
st.« k against any other time or the indexes Portfolio value may be evaluated al any lime Comes complete with
superbly written insirin lions and sample files on 4 second diskette
TURNKEY AND MENU (Atari onlv) p r j C e: $17.95 Diskette
TURNKEY is a utility program which allows you to create autoboot aulorun diskettes easily Simply load and run
TURNKEY, load the program diskette to be modified, and answer the questions' The TURNKEY diskette also 1 omes
with DOS 2 and includes another program MENU MENU lists the contents of your diskette alphabetically, and
permits the running of any BASIC program on the diskette by typing a single key TURNKEY and MINI I provide yon
with the ability to run any program on your diskette by simply turning on the computer and pressing a single key
STOCKAID (Atari onlv) p r j ce: $29.1,5 Diskette
sli K KAK) provides a powerful set of tools lor slock market analysis With STOC KAID you can display point and
figure 1 harts, as well as bar charts with oscillators You t an also examine long term moving averages and on-balance
volume features STO< KAII) allows you to input daily data with a single diskette storage capability of 239 days x lb
stocks Included are slock dividend and split adjustment capabilities A very professional package'
NYINDEX (Atari onlv) p rice: $29.95 Diskette
NYIND! X is a comprehensive software package lor storing, retrieving and plotting New York Sloe k I xc hange
information The daily data treated includes the composite index, advances, declines new highs and new lows
Graphical displays include the above plus the index oscillator, cumulative advances declines and moving averages
Data entry and editing is easy The diskette 1111 ludes more than two years of daily data NYIND! X is an exc .lie. 11
companion to SKK KAID
PLAYER MISSILE GRAPHICS TABLET (Atari onlv) Price: $19.95 Diskette
The PIA Yl K-MISSII I GRAPHIC S I ABLET was designed lo lake the drudgery oul of developing four color displays in
GRAPHIC S MODI 7 No longer will you have 10 read the loc alums of those liny blocks on voui graph paper and
calculate PLOTs and DRAWTOs With PMG you will be able to easily design c olorful graphic displays with your joysiit k
and save Ihem on diskette for later recall
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND DEPRECIATION (Apple diskette onlv ) Price: $39.95 Diskette
This software package creates a data file of business expenses for equipment whit h can later be used lo calculate and
display a variety of reports You may project annual c osts. find the present worth, create deprec lalion si hedules and
justify tax deductions The evaluation techniques conform to standards sei by federal agencies. This is an invaluable
package lor any businessman who has invested in equipment LIFE CYCLE ANAI YSIS featuresan easy to use dala file
c rearinn section and provides formatted hardcopy reports for use in presentations or for lax record keeping purposes
When used for generating lax information, this package is lax deductible' Requires 4HK C omes on two diskettes.
MICROMAGIC (Apple diskette only) Price: $39.95 Diskette
The emphasis ol this program is clearly the MAGIC I MIC KOMAGIC offers outstanding versatility in its ability to
function as a stand alone entertainment pai kaqe 01 as a utility program to create stunning ammalrd graphics for use in
..ihei progiams The secret lies in MIC ROMAGIC s special on screen graphics editor You c ontrol a graphu s cursor
directly from the keyboard, creating high revolution images using all 16 available c olors When you are done with a
picture, it can be saved on disk with a single key command Up in 24 images can be saved as "frames" of a movie, and
then played back at high speed to 1 real short animated sequences The effects are truly stunning
Ib.s pac kage comes complete with demonstration programs so that even novice users can gel immediate results No
programming skills are i.e. essary lo use MIC ROMAGIC If you have been frustrated by the effort required lo create
graphic s imag. with your computer. MICROMAGIC will delight you
SHAPE MAOK'IA. (Apple II. 48K. diskette onl>) Price: $29.95
Al last' An utility for p. nlessly creating graphic s shapes (or the Apple C reate. edit and save up in 30 shapes which can
then be used 10 develop arcade games or to simply enhance your programs Add thai professional touch'
ORDERING INFORMATION
All orders are processed and shipped within 4H hours Please enclose payment wilh order and include the appropriate
computer information If paying by VISA or Master C ard. include all numbers on card Purchase orders accepted
Shipping and Handling Charges Delivers
Within North America Add $2 00 All orders (excluding books) are sent First (lass
Outside North America Add 15% (Air Mail)
Ouanlilv Discounts
Deduct 10% when ordering 3 at more programs: 20% when ordering 5 or more Dealer discount schedules available
upon request
H" C P M Disks
Add $2 SO 10 the listed diskette price lor each 8" floppy disk (IBM soft sectored CP M formal) Programs run under
Microsoft MBASK or BASK HO
V. ' C P M Disks
All software available on 8" C P M disks is also available on 5'/t" disks. North Slar. Osborne. Superbram and NEC
formal
Astc lot DYNA4 (IMP programs al youi In al software dealer Write for detailed descriptions of these and other programs
from DYNACOMP
DYNACOMP, Inc. (Dept. o
1427 Monroe Avenue
Rochester, New York 14618
24 hour message and order phone: (716) 442-8731
Toll free order phones: (800) 828 6772
(800) 828-6773
Office phone (9AM 5PM EST): (716) 442-8960
S.vv V..fk Slur residents plcasr add 7 < SYS sales tat
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HODGE PODGE (Apple 48K only) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette
Let HOIK. I PODG! be your child's teacher Pressing any key on your Apple will result in a different and intriguing
"happening" related to the letter 01 iiumbei of the chosen key The program's graphic s. color and sound are a delight for
children from ages IHta)7 HODGE PODGE is a non-inlimidating teaching device which brings a new dimension lo the
use ol computers in education See the excellent reviews ol this very popular program in INF OW( )Rl I) and S( )FT Al K
TEACHER'S AIDE (Atari and PET only) Price: $13.95 Cassette $17.95 Diskette
TEAC HERS AID! consists of three basic modules contained in one program The first module provides addition and
subtraction exercises of varying levels ol difficulty The second module consists of multiplication problems in which the
student may be tested both on the linal answer and or on the subtotal answers in the long hand procedure Several
levels of c omplexity are provided here as well The third module consists of division problems, one particularly nice
feature of the division module is that the long hand division steps can be displayed along with the remainder in order to
. learly demonstrate the procedure by which the remainder is derived ( )smg TEACH! R S Al Dl is not meiely a drill, but
lather a learning experience
STATISTICS and ENGINEERING
DIGITAL FILTER (Available for all computers) Price: $39.95 Cassette $43.95 Diskette
DIGITAI Fll TFR is a c omprehensive data processing program which permits the user to design his own filter func Hon
or choose from a menu of fillet loims In the explicit design mode the shape of Ihe frequent y transfer fum Hon is specified
by direc tly entering points along ihe desired filler curve In the menu mode idrsl low pass, high pass and bandpass
fillers may he approximated to varying degrees according to Ihe number of points used in the calculation These fillers
may optionally also he smoothed with a (fanning lunc lion In addition multi-stage Butletworih filters may be selected
Features of DIGITAI I II If R inc lude plotting o( the dala before and after tillering, as well as display of the chosen filter
tunc nons Also included are convenient data storage, retrieval and editing procedures
DATA SMOOTHER (Not available lor Atari) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
This spec lal dala smoothing program may be used lo rapidly derive useful information from noisy business and
engineering dala which are equally spaced The software features c hoice in degree and range of fit. as well as smoothed
first and second dens alive talc illation Also included is automatic plotting of Ihe input dala and smoothed results
FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
I Ise this program to examine Ihe frequency spectra of limned duration signals The program features automatic scaling
and plotting of the input dala and results Practical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns in such
fields as electronics, communications and business
TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: $19.95 $23.95 Diskette
This is a special software package which may be used lo evaluate the transfer functions of systems such as hi-fi
amplifiers and filters by examining their response lo pulsed inputs TEA is a major modification of FOURIER
ANAI YZI R and contains an engineering-oriented decibel versus log-frequenc y plot as well as data editing features
Whereas F ( )( JRIF R ANAI YZER is designed for educ ahonal and scientific use. TEA isan engineering tool Available lo-
ad computets
HARMONIC ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: $24.95 Cassette $28.95 Diskette
HARM( )NIC ANAI . Y/l R was designed for the spec irum analysis of repetitive waveforms I eatures include data file
generation, editing and storage retrieval as well as data and spec Irum plotting ( )ne particularly unique facility is that
Ihe input dala need not be equally spat ed or in order The original data is sorted and a e ubic spline interpolation is used
lo c teate Ihe data file required by ihe EFT algorithm
I OURIER ANAI YZ! R TEA and HARMONIC ANAI YZI R may be purchased together lor a combined price of $5 195
(three cassettes) and $b3 95 (three diskettes)
REGRESSION I (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
Kl (iHI SSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares polynomial curve fitting
program f ealures include very high ac c uracy an automatic degree determination option, an extensive internal library
..( fitting functions, data editing, automatic dala. curve and residual plotting, a sialism al analysis (eg standard
deviation c correlation, coefficient, etc ) and much more In addition, new fits may he tried without reentering Ihe dala
Rf (.Rt SSION I is certainly Ihe cornerstone program in any dala analysis software library
REGRESSION II (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
PARAFIT is designed lo handle those cases in which the parameters a imbedded (possibly nonlinearly) in Ihe filling
function Theusei simply inserts the functional form, including ihe parameters (Al I ). A(2). etc ) as one or more BASIC
statement lines Data, results and residuals may be manipulated and plotted as wilh REGHI SSION I Use
HI GRI SSION I lot polynomial lining, and PARAFIT for those compile ated func lions
MULTILINEAR REGRESSION ( MLR) (Availablefor all computers) Price: $24.95 Cassette $28.95 Diskette
Ml R is a professional software package for analyzing dala sets c oiitaining two or more linearly indepei.dV.il variables
Besides performing the basic regression c ale illation this program also provides easy to use data entry, storage,
reineval and editing functions In addition, the usei may interrogate the solution by supplying values lor Ihe
independent variables The number of variables and dala si/e is limited only by the available memory
REGRESSION I. II and MULTILINEAR Rl (.HI SSION may he purchased together for $51 95 (three cassettes) or
$63 95 (three diskettes)
ANOVA (Not available on Atari cassette or for PET CBMi Price: $39.95 Cassette $43.95 Diskette
In Ihe past the ANOVA (analysis of variance) procedure has been limited lo ihe large mainframe computers Nosv
DYNACOMP has brought the power of this method to small systems lor those conversant with ANOVA. Ihe
DYNACOMP software package includes the l-wav. 2-way and N-way procedures Also provided are the Yates 2*'^
factorial designs I m those unfamiliar wilh ANOVA. do not worry The accompanying documentation was written in a
tutorial fashion (by a professor in Ihe subject) and serves as an excellent tntroduc lion lo the subject Accompanying
ANOVA is a support program for building the dala base Included are several . onvenienl features including dala
editing, deleting and appending
BASK SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES. Volumes I and 2 (Not available for Atari)
l>t NAC OMPislheexi liisivedislrihuioi for ihe softwaie keyed lolhe|>opiilai texts HAS/! M II NlaTM M IWMHITINtS.
v'odimr* / emef 2 by I Ruckdeschel (see advertisements in BYT! magazine) These subroutines have been assembled
according to chapter Included wilh each collection is a menu program which selects and demonstrates each
subi. inline
Volume I
C ollec lion »l ( hapters 2 and 3 - Dala and function plotting, complex variables and lunc lions
( ollec lion "2 ( hapler 4 - Extended matrix and vector operations
( ollertion «3 C haplers 5 and 6 - Random number generators IHoiss.m Gaussian, etc ): series approximations
Price per collection $16 95 Cassette $20 95 Diskette
All three collections are available for $44 95 (three c assetles) and $53 95 (three diskettes)
Volume ?
( ollec lion »l Chapter I - Linear, polynomial, multidimensional parametric least squares
( ..llec lion '2 C haplet 2 • Series approximation tec hniques lee .nu.m. ration inversion, teveision. shifting, etc.)
( ollec lion »3 ( hapter 3 - Functional approximations by iteration and tec utsion
( ollec lion «4 C hapter 4 - ( ORDIC approximations lo trigonometric hyperbolic . exponential and logarithmic
functions
( ollec lion »5 Chapter 5 - Table interpolation, differentiation and integration (Newton. LaGrange splines)
( ollec lion »6: Chapter 6 - Methods for finding the real roots of func turns
( ollec lion • 7 C hapter 7 - Methods for finding the complex roots of func lions
(ollec tu.n »B C hapler N - Optimization by steepest descent
Price pet c ollec lion $14 95 C assette $18 95 Diskette
All eight collections are available for $99 95 (eight cassettes! and $129 95 (eighl diskettes)
Bee ause ihe lexis are a vital part of the dot umenlalion BASK SCIf.NT/F H SIIHKOIJTINt S. Volumes / and 2 are
available from DYNACOMP:
BASIC SCIENTIIIC SUBROUTINES. Vol 1 (319 pages) $19 95 + 75C postage
BASIC SCIKNTIrK' SUBROUTINES. Vol 2 (790 pages) $23 95 ♦ $1 50 postage
Seeteviews in KILOBAUD. Dr Dobbs. and AC ( I SS
SOETNET (Apple II and TRS 80 48K diskette onlv ) Price: $129.95
sol TNET may be used to create models of liquid pipeline systems lo evaluate their flow performanc e Up to 1 50 nodes
with up to I 50 connecting elements may be simulated, and models may be combined lo form yet larger models If you
are involved in water distribution systems, chemical fluid flow problems, building plumbing, or similar situations this
is an ideal analysis tool
FILTER ANALYSIS (Apple only) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
I ILTT.R ANALYSIS is ihe ideal program for determining Ihe frequency response of passive fillers Any number of Rl (
. ...op. .i.e. its may be included, and any numbet of poles treated FILTER ANALYSIS features its own mini-language
which makes c ircuit desc ripimn simple Results may be printed in tabular form or plotted in HIRES graphics (decibels
versus log-frequenc vl
ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ( Availablefor allcomputers) Price: $35.95 Cassette $39.95 Diskette
With AC AP you may analyze ihe response of an active or passive component cut uii The c in ml may be probed al equal
steps in frequency, and the resulting c . implex voltages al each c omponeni juncture examined. Ihe frequency response of
a (iller or amplifier may be completely determined with respect to both amplitude and phase In addition. AC AP prints a
statistical analysis of the range nf voltage responses which result from tolerance variations in Ihe c omponenis At AP is
easy lo learn and use C ire uit desc upturns may be saved onto cassette or diskette to be recalled at a later lime for
execution or editing AC AP should be part of every circuit designer's program library Requires 4HK
LOGIC SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $35.95 C assette $39.95 Diskette
Test your complicated digital logic design with respect to given set of inputs to determine how well the cm uit will
operate The elements which may be simulated include multiple input AND. OR. NOR I XOR I XNOR and NAND
gates, as well as inverieis. J-K and D flip-flops, and one-shots Inputs may he clocked in wilh varying clock cycle
lengths tlisplac .-me ..is and delays may be inlroduc ed lo probe for glm hes and rac e « ondilions A liming diagram for
any given set of nodes maybe plotted Save your breadhoardtng until ihe cm uit is checked by I OCR SIM( HA IOR
Kequires 4HK
BEAM l» I I I C I ION I Availablefor all computers) (disk diskelteonly I Price: $29.95 Diskette $32.45 Disk
BEAM Dl I LLC TION Is the first in DV NA( OMP's new series of structural analysis software packages It consists ol
two programs The first program permits Ihe development of dala files which describe Ihe problem I or example Ihe
ends of ihe beam may be pinned, clamped or free The beam may be uniformly supported hy an elastic bed . or held up by
springs variously placed and having differing spring c onslants The elasticity and cross sec Hon of Ihe beam may vary
ale.ng its length The load may he uniformly distributed or it may include disc rele fort es The beam may be pinned al
various points along its length And so on All this information may be easily entered and edited using ihe dala input
program
I ollowtng this the analysis program is railed The call ulated results are the stress and deflections of the beam, bolh in
numerical and graphical form since Ihe input dala is saved, cases may be easily re-run with modification thereby
permitting iterative design
The documentation which entries with BEAM Df Fl I ( TION clearly shows how to use Ihe software In addition, three
text problems are desc rtbed and demonstrated to ensure thai you understand how to use ihe program Also helpful
theoretic al information is supplied in Ihe appendix
STATTEST( Not available on Ataricassetteor for PET CBM) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette
This is a statistic al inferenc e pac kage which helps you make wise dec isions in Ihe fat e of uncertainly In an inter ac live
fashion you c an build and edit data files and lesl Ihe differences in means, valine es and proportions STAT Tl ST will
also perform dala analysis as well as do linear e orrelatton and regression This menu-due. led statistical workhorse is
rounded oul wilh a c hi-square contingency lest and a luniltum and normal) random sample generator The
doc umenlalion is written by a college professor who guides you through the various tests
ABOUT DYNACOMP
DYNA( OMP is a leading distributor of small system software with sales spanning Ihe world (currently in excess o( 50
. oiinines) During the past three years we have greatly enlarged the DYNAC OMP produc I line but have maintained and
improved our high level of quality and customer support The achievement in quality is apparent from our many repeal
. iisiomers and Ihe software reviews in such publications as ( OMPUTRONIC S. 80 Software C ritique. ANALOG.
Softalk. C reative C omputing and Kilobaud DYNAC OMP software has also been . hosen for demonstration on network
television ( )ur c usiomer support is as c lose as your phone It is always friendly T he staff is highly trained and always willing
to disc iiss produc is or give advie e
CIRCLE 168 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Gamma Hockey
Getting Iced
creative computing
SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Hockey
Type: Two player sports
action game
System: Atari 400/800 16K
Format: Disk
Language: Machine
Summary: Achieves its goal
Price: $29.95
Manufacturer:
Gamma Software
P.O. Box 25625
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Hockey, by Gamma Software, is almost
fast, never furious, and generally fun.
That's what we — Witold, Norman, Roman
and Jason— discovered one Stanley Cup
weekend.
We loaded the game (which, by the
way, requires 16K), powered up, and the
screen beckoned with a menu of
options— nine in all. (Game durations are
three, five or eight minutes and two, three
or four people can funnel their hostile
energy into knocking a puck across the
ice.)
Each game begins with the last tones of
the "Star Spangled Banner," followed
immediately by the roar of the crowd. It's
four on four as one goalie and three free-
skating forwards go against each other.
Using joysticks the human opponents
manage the teams. With the three-player
Norman Schreiber and Witold Urbanowicz, 135
Eastern Parkway. Brooklyn, NY 11238
Norman Schreiber
and Witold Urbanowicz
option two (one controlling the goalie)
gang up on the third. Four-player play
brings both goalies under joystick control.
A scoreboard and clock sit at the top of
the screen.
We first selected a two-player, three-
minute game. The puck was dropped and
the two center forwards, under joystick
control, went into action. Each goalie's
movement in front of the net correspond-
ed with up and down movements of the
joystick. The other four forwards moved
as "smart" players.
The action was intense. The hockey
puck slid and caromed across the hori-
zontal ice, and the players scrambled to
dominate the puck. Joystick control
remained with the original two until the
puck struck another player's stick. And
voila, the joystick managed that player.
When the puck was free, the joysticks
controlled the original center forwards.
This created opportunities for some fancy
passing, a neat way to outsmart the
opponent or even oneself.
Inevitably, the action brought the play-
ers, in one Gamma glut, directly in front
of a net. A shot was taken. The goalie
edged sidewards and successfully
blocked. Another head-on shot brought
another block. The next try started from
the corner and homed in at a sharp angle.
It whizzed past the goalie and the crowd
roared. Players reassembled at center-ice
for a new face-off. And so on.
At game's end, the score was tied, so
we were thrown into sudden death over-
166
time and given an additional three min-
utes. Unfortunately neither glorious team
could score. There was no additional
overtime, so we settled for a tie and
celebrated with a rematch.
Gamma Hockey arouses competition.
The four of us scarcely kept our tails
upon our seats as we played the game at
various angles of leanforwardness. The
value of the three- and four-player options
was that we adults could also get into the
game, rather than just hover. Actually,
the four-hand participation did make the
game that much more exciting. It is
unfortunate, however, that no solitaire
option exists. One would like to get one's
chops together in the quiet of one's own
fantasies.
The two teams are blue and green;
except on a black-and-white monitor in
which case they are grey and grey. You
can tell who is on first by the direction in
which the hockey stick points. The
thoughtful designer(s) made joystick-
controlled players flash when the puck
was free. However, the "smart" players
tend to flicker as they move. Consequent-
ly, there was a certain amount of con-
fusion at certain points.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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CIRCLE 208 ON READER SERVICE CARD
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
J\DUi
Calculates
Series I
Time Weighted Rates of Return
Dollar Weighted Rates of Return
Portfolio Yields
Traditional 1 10 year time spans plus
User Defined Specific Periods
Evaluates
Your Investment Decisions
In Terms of Alternatives
Your Investment Recommendations
& Decisions
Keeps Records of All
Investments
Cash Additions & Withdrawals
Quarterly Portfolio Valuations
Dividends & Interest
Brokerage Commissions
Margin Expenses
Tells You
Who Made More from Your Account
— You or Your Stockbroker
IS
Error-Tolerant and Trouble Free
for Use by the Computer Novice
User Friendly - Menu Driven
Utility
All investment Media — Stocks.
Bonds Real Estate. Commodities.
Options. Etc
• Tax Deductible
Consult Your Accountant for
Requirements
$75
ft ft * ft ft
AVAILABLE FOR:
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CIRCLE 191 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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Systems Plus
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CIRCLE 280 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SRA Educational
Courseware:
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Micro Discovery™ (Grade \ and up)
For your Apple*, IBM*, or Radio Shack*
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A complete introduction to the personal
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and presents the basics of
• theory
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2 Diskettes, 20 copies of Student Work-
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*Rrjfistrrr<l trademark*.
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155 \. Wacker Drive. Chicsfto. 11.60606
CIRCLE 287 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Hockey, continued...
Perhaps the most intriguing, at least to
reviewers, aspect of Gamma Hockey is
the slow rate at which the players move
speedily. Said nine-year-old Roman,
"Can't you make them go faster?"
Said 35-year-old Witold, "It might have
something to do with the horizontal
movement of the game in what is basically
a vertically-structured medium."
Norman, 41 -years-old, observed that
there was no way for players on one team
to maim, destroy or righteously punish
players on the other team. (This happens
to be his favorite feature in the Activision
VCS cartridge.) And 14-year-old Jason
kept on scoring goals.
Something should be said for and
against the sound. It keeps the game going
and provides some pleasant texture for
the ongoing battle. However, after playing
12 games, one gets to feel a bit unpatriotic
at wishing the familiar notes of the
national anthem would speed up radically
(pardon the expression). Perhaps if there
were a Kate Smith voice chip things
would be different. Perhaps not.
The crowd noise, though useful, sounds
suspiciously like our television sets at four
in the morning when there's nothing to
pick up but noise, and made us wish for a
Dolby override.
We also should note that during one of
our many games, four players suddenly
disappeared. They could not be found.
They certainly weren't in the penalty box.
They just as mysteriously reappeared in a
few seconds. We tried to render the
hockey players invisible again; and failed.
We haven't the foggiest notion why this
happened. Not even Witold has a theory.
Final note: The documentation is clear,
concise, easy -to-read, and offers some
useful tips.
Postscript: We had to go through all
the options. After all, we decided, we
really had to explore the game. We owed
that much to our readers. We would have
ended the tests sooner, but regardless of
which time option we played, the final
buzzer always went off too soon. D
CIRCLE 348 ON READER SERVICE CARD
'My son, the console operator."
After you experience Data Communications with A.E. PRO,
you'll never settle for being earthbound again!
SOUTHWESTERN DATA SYSTEMS. . . ERROR FREE transfers
A wide range of send modes is provided Everything from the simplest blind
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A ,,, Iermmai SOHWare TOr me error-free transfer of all sorts of data to practically any host computer Even
Apple I the slowest or most awkward systems are easily accommodated
_. . When two A E PRO'S are used, you can SEND OR RECEIVE FILES OF ANY
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tions package powerful macro system
• Pirct #/\ nrnuiHo torminal omiih*inn in Annlo AE PRO supports up to 26 complete macro libraries (remember. SOS
r ii 01 10 pruviut? iermmai emuidlion in Mppie pioneered communications macros) Each library contains all macro strings
Communications SOftWare and configuration parameters (baud rate, duplex, parity, etc ) unique to a
specific host
With A.E. PRO s macro facilities you can. with simple keystrokes, direct it to
Once again. SOUTHWESTERN DATA SYSTEMS creates a software package automatically call another computer, connect, and perform complete log-on
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Only A.E. PRO takes full advantage of ALL current modem devices available ^ r=. PRO contains a versatile built-in text editor that can easily create or
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Data transfer is what communications software is all about A.E PRO lets you mail systems such as Telenet's Telemail, and many others.
send and receive with equal ease A E PRO is a member of a family of programs, which include P-TERM "The
A simple dual key stroke will direct incoming data to its large, up to 28K Professional " " for Apple Pascal and Z-TERM "The Professional'" for Apple
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The Programmer's Guide
to Programmer's Guides
A major portion of any pro-
grammer's time is spent searching
for information, trying to discover
how something works, or even
developing routines that are readily
available elsewhere. A properly
organized collection of the right
reference manuals can increase his
productivity substantially.
Some of the contents of the refer-
ence shelf are obvious. The pro-
grammer will want to organize the
user's manuals that came with his
equipment and systems software in
order to have them within reach while
programming. Space limitations will
insure that the material that is seldom
used will be moved to less valuable
locations.
The most valuable reference guide I
have is my own notebook. Whenever
I write a subroutine, work out a pro-
cedure, or do any complex program, I
write out the instructions, dump a
listing, and file them in a notebook.
Many of my programming friends do
the same thing.
After that, there is a whole series of
reference books that I consult. Many
of them are incidental references, such
as a programming text with some use-
ful charts. Others are designed spe-
cifically to be used as reference hand-
books. Since there are hundreds of
references available, I will limit this
review to software handbooks for pop-
ular systems.
George Blank, 239 Fox Hill Rd\, Denville, NJ
07834.
George Blank
The Basic Language
For most people, the best reference
guide to Basic is the one that comes
with their computer, or if Basic is not
included, with their Basic. No general
guide offers complete syntax for each
computer. In my personal opinion,
The most valuable
reference guide I
have Is my
own notebook.
the built-in HELP command in
TRS-80 Model III TRS-DOS from
Radio Shack is better than a book. It
gives clear and complete syntax. Other
disk operating systems have offered
help features for a long time, but I
consider Radio Shack's the easiest to
use and most complete.
The best selling reference guide for
Basic is David Lien's The Basic Hand-
170
book. The newly revised 2nd edition is
greatly expanded, and now covers
more than 250 dialects of Basic. The
book describes Basic operators, com-
mands, and functions one at a time,
giving the purpose of the word, a test
program and a sample run to see if it is
implemented on your computer,
variations in usage and alternate
spellings on different computers, sub-
routines that you can use if you do not
have the function in your Basic, and
cross references to related functions.
This 480-page book is most useful to
programmers who are converting pro-
grams from another computer dialect
to their own. It is also helpful for
people who want a general reference to
Basic, or who work in several different
Basic dialects. The most serious limita-
tion of the book is that it does not give
enough information on the graphics
features of different Basics to help in
converting programs that use graphics.
Pascal
Pascal is less fragmented into dif-
ferent versions than Basic, so a hand-
book can serve a broader purpose. The
Pascal Handbook by Jacques Tiber-
ghien describes every symbol, reserved
word, identifier, and operator for
seven different versions of Pascal,
including UCSD Pascal. The 180
entries, in alphabetical order like The
Basic Handbook, give a definition, a
syntax diagram, a semantic descrip-
tion, implementation details, and
program examples. This book is
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Guides, continued...
particularly useful for beginners in
Pascal programming.
The Beginner's Guide for the UCSD
Pascal System by Kenneth Bowles is
more of a teaching manual than a
reference guide. However, the chapters
are logically organized, the headings
allow the reader to find topics easily,
there is a good index, and the examples
are clear and adequate.
Fourteen appendices describe the
implementation of UCSD Pascal on
different systems and terminals, sum-
marize system commands, list error
messages, and describe the differences
between UCSD and standard Pascal.
Anyone starting to use UCSD Pascal
will find this book worthwhile.
CP/M
The popular CP/M operating sys-
tem has a large number of commands
and instructions. An excellent refer-
ence card is available free from Micro-
systems, a journal for CP/M and
S-100 systems users. The CP/M Pro-
grammer's Reference Guide is a fold-
out card that lists commands, PIP
commands, parameters and keywords,
control characters, assembler con-
ventions and error codes, file types.
DDT and Editor commands, lOByte
functions, BIOS entry points. File
control block, memory allocation,
disk format, and BDOS function calls.
Microsystems also offers similar free
reference cards for Wordstar and Elec-
tric Pencil.
The Osborne CP/M User Guide by
Thorn Hogan and The CP/M Hand-
hook with MP/ M by Rodnay Zaks
both combine material designed to
teach the use of CP/ M with reference
material. I like the Hogan book better.
It is more complete, uses less technical
language, gives better explanations,
and includes a good section on using
popular high level languages and
application programs with CP/M.
The Zaks book does have some
advantages. It has a better layout,
making it easier on the eyes and easier
to find what you are looking for, and
has a good set of appendices. Both
books have decent indexes.
Apple II
Probably the handiest program-
mer's reference available is Computer
Station's Programmer's Handhook
for the Apple. This looseleaf binder
has brief reference guides to Integer
and Applesoft Basic, Pascal, Basic 80,
Apple CP/M, 6502 Assembly Lan-
guage, DOS 3. 1 , 3.2, and 3.3, the DOS
Tool Kit, Applewriter, VisiCalc,
An eccentric but useful
reference guide for
Apple II owners
is Wozpak II.
Macro-Seed, Apple Plot, various
printers, the Apple System Monitor,
and hi-res graphics. Each reference is
condensed to a few pages, and handy
index tabs make the section you want
easy to find. The binder is sturdy, and
has plenty of room for your own notes.
Since this book, unlike Apple's
spiral bound notebooks, is labeled on
the edge and easy to find, most of the
time I can find the information I need
here in seconds instead of spending
minutes to figure out which manual I
need, trying to find the right manual.
"Waddaya wanna do now— Trolls and Wizards, Fun with Math, Space Invader, Amalgamated Industries'
profit and loss statement for 4th quarter FY '80... ?"
172
then trying to find the information I
need. The material is condensed, and
does not replace all other Apple refer-
ence manuals, but it is the first place to
look for most questions about the
Apple.
The Apple II User's Guide by Lon
Poole and others is primarily tutorial,
giving instruction in operating the
Apple II, Basic programming, using
the disk, Apple graphics, and using
the machine language monitor and
mini assembler. This is followed by
100 pages of reference material. There
is a list of Basic statements and func-
tions, a list of formulas for derived
numeric functions, lists of editing
commands, error messages, intrinsic
subroutines in the ROM, useful PEEK
and POKE locations, reserved words,
and character codes. Memory usage
and disk formatting is explained, and
extensive conversion tables are in-
cluded for hexadecimal/decimal num-
ber base conversion.
While the Apple II User's Guide is
not laid out to give information at a
glance, it does have a good index, and
a great deal of good information, pre-
sented in a form that is easy to under-
stand. Although there are a few
technical errors, it is practically a
must for Apple programmers. 1 con-
sider this and its PET/CBM com-
panion the most useful of all the books
in this review.
Programmers working with DOS
routines will find Beneath Apple DOS
by Don Worth and Pieter Lechner, a
valuable reference. It offers clear
explanations, well illustrated, with
detailed comments, on how Apple
DOS works, how the diskette is
organized and formatted, using DOS
from assembly language programs,
customizing DOS, and a breakdown
of the logic of DOS by memory
address in detail. There are several
handy program listings, including
utility programs for dumping tracks,
updating diskettes, reformatting a
single track, and binary file to text file
conversion.
An eccentric but useful reference
guide for Apple II owners is Wozpak
II from the Apple Puget Sound user
group. The primary limitation of this
material is that it applies to Integer
Basic only, and is of little use to Apple
II Plus owners.
It contains a large number of useful
assembly language routines to renum-
ber, append, relocate, cross reference,
and recover programs and pack, load,
generate, and edit graphics. The Apple
floating point arithmetic routines and
the TED editor are explained, along
with several other articles. Serious
Apple assembly language program-
mers should have this book. The user
November 1982 c Creative Computing
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Guides, continued...
group also publishes CALL
A.P.P.L.E. magazine, and offers
bound volumes of the magazine with
indexes each year that contain a great
deal of useful Apple reference
material.
Programmers using the Apple
Pascal system will find Apple Pascal,
by Arthur Luehrmann and Herbert
Peckham to be very helpful, but not a
substitute for the Pascal Handbook.
Luehrmann and Peckham write "this
book is a dismal failure as a reference
manual" (page 359) and then describe
what a proper reference should offer.
That description matches the Tiber-
ghian book mentioned above. Despite
the disclaimer, the book has a good
index and clear explanations that are
written specifically for the Apple.
What's Where in the Apple by
William Luebbert is the best general
reference to the contents of the various
memory locations in the Apple II. It
consists of three parts; a general over-
view of memory, an "Atlas" listing
contents by memory address, and a
"Gazetteer" cross-referencing symbol
names to their memory location. The
listings are not easy to read, as they
are reproduced from a dot matrix
printer in upper-case only.
PET/CBM
Osborne/ McG raw Hill publishes
the comprehensive, 500 page PET/
CBM User's Guide. Chapters cover
operation, screen editing, Basic pro-
gramming, special features, cassettes,
diskettes, and the printer. There is a
good index and extensive reference
material, including memory maps to
the various ROMs, lists of Basic state-
ments and commands, error messages,
character codes, and editing func-
tions. Conversion tables and a list of
CBM newsletters and reference man-
uals are among the many other
features. This is an excellent refer-
ence book.
TRS-80 Model I and Model III
There are several reference guides to
the TRS-80 ROM routines, including
77?** TRS-80 Disassembled Hand-
book, volumes I, II, and III by Robert
Richardson, Supermap by Roger
Fuller, Pathways through the ROM,
which I edited, The Book, volumes I
and II from Insiders Software Con-
sultants, and Microsoft Basic Decoded
& Other Mysteries by James Farvour.
The most recent, most expensive,
and best of the lot is Microsoft Basic
Decoded. This 300-page book begins
with an introduction to the organiza-
tion of memory in the Model I and a
brief explanation of what happens in
many of the key memory areas, includ-
ing the communications area, arith-
metic and math routines, I/O drivers,
system utilities and other functions.
Chapter 2 lists over 80 useful ROM
subroutines which are explained and
described so that the reader can use
them from other programs.
Chapter 3 describes cassette and
disk operation, while the next chapter
explains many of the internal tables in
the ROM. The next chapter gives an
assembly language program to add a
SORT function to Basic. This is fol-
lowed by a program demonstrating
overlays in the memory communica-
tions area. The last 250 pages of the
book disassemble the ROM and give
comments to explain what is hap-
pening.
Bob Richardson is an amateur radio
enthusiast, and the three volumes of
The Disassembled Handbook for
TRS-80 contain quite a few pro-
"It's the repair technician. "
grams he has written, many of interest
to Hams. Pathways through the ROM
includes two of the other books;
Volume I of the Disassembled Hand-
book and Supermap. It also has com-
ments on the DOS memory locations,
which are not found in any of the
other books.
There are two additional sources
of valuable information on Radio
Shack TRS-80 Model I disk opera-
tion. TRS-80 Disk and Other
Mysteries by Harvard Pennington is
primarily a guide to using disk mod-
ification utilities like Superzap,
RSM 2D, Monitor 3, DEBUG, and
Z80-ZAP to examine diskettes,
recover data, and correct problems.
It is very technical, but the disk user
who is willing to work hard can learn a
great deal from this material.
The other valuable disk reference is
the TRS-80 Model I Disk Interfacing
Guide by William Barden, Jr. This
little 50-page booklet explains how a
disk drive works, describes the
Shugart disk drive and Western
Digital controller chip used by Radio
Shack, and gives and explains
assembly language programs to boot,
read, write to, and format a diskette.
This is the most helpful book avail-
able to assembly language program-
mers who want to write their own
TRS-80 disk routines. However,
assembly language programmers
should be aware of the descriptions
of DOS routines that are included in
the Technical Reference section of
Radio Shack's own DOS manuals.
That information may be all that is
necessary, and it was probably
included with your disk system.
Atari
An excellent collection of simple
Basic routines appears in Atari Basic-
Learning By Using by Thomas
Rowley. About two dozen programs
illustrate graphics; sound; the use of
paddles, joysticks, and special keys; as
well as mixed modes; player missile
graphics; and other special screen
routines. Four short appendices cover
key memory addresses, a p/ayer-
missile memory map, building a dis-
play list, and calculating a screen
position.
De Re Atari, from Atari, is a guide
to the Atari computers for serious
programmers. It gives a system over-
view, discusses and demonstrates dis-
play lists, character sets, player-
missile graphics, display list interrupts
and scrolling, then covers Basic, the
operating system, and the disk operat-
ing system in detail. Nine appendices
cover technical information, followed
by a glossary. I would not recommend
this book to anyone who did not have
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
175
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book, HOW TO STEAL A MILLION $
IN FREE PUBLICITY. I enclose $14.95.
Name
Address
Cit) _
State _
Zip
cc
CIRCLE 296 ON READER SERVICE CARD
;, continued...
a working knowledge of assembly
language, as it is quite technical,
and a great deal of knowledge is
assumed. The lack of an index makes it
difficult to use for reference.
Several chapters of the book have
appeared in Byte magazine, begin-
ning with the September 1981 issue. In
general, the Byte material is edited,
easier to read, and better illustrated.
The same topics have been covered in
more detail and assuming less special
knowledge in "Outpost: Atari," in the
June 1981 through January 1982
issues of Creative Computing. These
columns have been collected and
revised and appear in 77?^ Creative
Atari from Creative Computing Press.
IVlore Information
The Basic Handbook ($19.95)
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The Pascal Handbook ($18.95)
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The Beginners Guide for the UCSD
Pascal System ($11.95)
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Microsystems
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Osborne CP/M User's Guide ($12.99)
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The CP/M Handbook with MP/M
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Programmer's Guide to the Apple II
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The Apple II User's Guide ($15.00)
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Apple Pascal ($14.95)
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176
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Disassembled Handbook for the
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Vol. I $10, Vol. II $15, Vol. Ill $18
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Pathways Through The ROM
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Edited by George Blank
Softside Publications
6 South St.
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The Book: Accessing the
TRS-H0 ROM
Vol. I $14.95, Vol. II $17.95
Insiders Software Consultants
P.O. Box 2441
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Microsoft Basic Decoded and
Other Mysteries ($29.95)
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TRS-S0 Model I Disk
Interfacing Guide ($5.95)
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The Creative Atari ($15.95)
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November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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• One year limited warranty.
Removable Cartridge. Imagine, 5 MegaDyies
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CIRCLE 177 ON READER SERVICE CARD
/
Computer-generated motorcycles line up for a deadly race.
I have seen the future of American
film. It is computer-generated and won-
drously vibrant. Tron takes the viewer
inside the incredible world of computer
graphics.
Walt Disney Productions has issued the
Wizard of Oz of the 1980s. The story is of
a young man, abused in this world, who
suddenly finds himself fighting for survival
in another. The other world is not over
the rainbow, but behind the video screen.
The characters he meets are not tin men
and scarecrows, but programs.
Like Wizard, Tron starts out on earth.
Our man Flynn, played by Jeff Bridges,
has written several video game programs.
Corporate villian Dillinger, played by
dressed-for-success David Warner, has
copied Flynn's programs and erased the
originals. Due to the success of "Space
Paranoids," the best of Flynn's games,
Dillinger has risen to the top of the
corporate ladder at Encom, and has
banished Flynn.
One night, Flynn returns to the Encom
computer to regain credit for his pro-
gramming work. Dillinger, however, has
installed a Master Control Program to
thwart such damaging infiltrations.
With the help of two friends, Flynn
reaches a privileged terminal and begins
hacking away at the computer's security
system. The MCP, like Oz himself,
becomes angry as Flynn challenges it with
Mike Coffey
unsolvable problems, and treats us to a
dazzling laser light show as it dematerial-
izes Flynn and draws him inside the
computer.
Flynn's journey into the computer, like
Dorothy's flight to Munchkinland, trans-
ports the audience into a world never
before seen. The computer world of Tron
Flynn 's journey into
the computer, like
Dorothy's flight to
Munchkinland,
transports the audience
into a world never
before seen.
is made of imagination and electrons,
instead of papier-mache and polyfoam.
Time is measured in nanoseconds, and
matter can be converted into energy at
the drop of a disk.
The programs inside the Encom com-
puter have all been enslaved by the MCP.
The MCP has decreed that people do not
Photos CMC Ml \\\ll Wall l)isne\ Productions
vn orld rights reserved
exist and that programs who still believe
in users must be punished. The presence
of Flynn, a rogue user, within the com-
puter can only upset this agnostic algo-
rithmic society.
The imprisoned programs are held in
prison sectors with invisible force fields
instead of bars. Each program awaits the
time when he will have to prove himself
on the Game Grid, where video games
are played to the death.
Flynn's first game is a round of com-
puter jai-alai, in which two video-
enhanced players whip a synthesized
fireball at each other. Whenever the ball
hits the ground, it knocks out a section of
the floor. Eventually, one of the players
falls through the floor to his death. Flynn
wins this game, but refuses to finish off
his opponent. The MCP and Sark, his
righthand man/program, become further
enraged at this display of mercy and kill
the loser anyway.
Next, Flynn must enter the light Cycle
race/duel. Each player rides a motorcycle
dragster that leaves a solid color wall in
its wake. These cycles are computer
generated, three-dimensional, blindingly
quick, and impossibly agile. The bikes
can make right angle turns at top speed.
The object of the game is simple:
survive. Running into a wall made by a
cycle results in instant dematerialization.
Flynn and two others, Ram and Tron,
178
November 1982 c Creative Computing
Surk hnlJ\ a deadh disk.
With Sark and the MCP hot on their heels, our
heroes finally reach the i/o tower and learn
the secret that will enable them to
humble the master program.
survive the race and manage to escape
the Game Grid.
Flynn now joins forces with Tron, a
creation of one of Flynn's friends in the
'real world. Tron and his creator are both
played by Bruce Boxleitner. Tron's goal
is to run independently of the MCP and
to keep track of all interactions with other
computers. Naturally, MCP discourages
this, since his plans include stealing
secrets from the Pentagon computer.
Flynn, Tron, and Ram begin a journey
toward the input/output tower, where
Tron must receive instructions from his
user. Sneaking past armored tanks and
hijacking a police vehicle, they make their
way resolutely toward the tower as if
toward the Emerald City.
Along the way, they meet a lovely
female program played by Cindy Morgan,
who also plays one of Flynn's real-life
friends. Tron and this female seem to
share a digital love relationship which
causes Tron to react with jealousy when
Flynn seems to recognize her. Anyway,
she replaces the now deceased Ram in
the traveling party.
With Sark and the MCP hot on their
heels, our heroes finally reach the i/o
tower and learn the secret that will enable
them to humble the master program.
They ride a solar simulator into the
central part of the great computer where
The i/o tower.
the final battle must be fought.
A great electronic frisbee fight ensues,
with Sark the first to fall. The battle lasts
for several minutes before the good guys
prevail and Flynn returns to the world of
humans.
As the master is deprogrammed, a new
light dawns on the computer world.
Everything begins to glow in a fresh, new
way and glorious sounds fill the air. All
the programs run for their towers to
communicate with their users once again.
Judgment
Though not a great example of film
literature, Tron succeeds mightily as a
computer graphics demo. The story is
strictly Saturday matinee material, and
the characters are shallow stereotypes like
those found in TV situation comedies.
However, for 16 quarters, I may return to
see it several times.
The dialogue is peppered with com-
puter in-jokes. As a former big-computer
user and big-company employee, I
enjoyed the rebellious anti-establishment
flavor of the story. As a sometime pro-
grammer, I enjoyed hearing programs talk
about users as if they were gods.
The great achievement of the film is
the creation of a new world. The inner
space environment is easily as convincing
as the outer space environments of
Kubrick or Lucas. It seems that the
nightmares of the video game addict have
been realized on film.
The message that comes through
strongest is that brilliant people can do
powerful things with computers. Flynn
was able to thrill countless people with
his video games, and Dillinger enslaved
an entire company with his control pro-
gram. The animation compares favorably
with most of the "conventional" animation
I have seen. The backgrounds and tran-
sitions in Tron are better executed than
those in many Academy Award
nominees.
No coin-op or home computer video
game comes close to the effects of Tron.
All those other graphic miracles exhibit a
flatness that Tron has transcended. In my
eyes, Tron makes Close Encounters of
the Third Kind look like Casablanca.
The images found in Tron are close to
the best available from computers any-
where. Some day, all computer games
will have similar quality animation. If you
want a preview of future film or future
gaming, see Tron. □
November 1982 c Creative Computing
179
I
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ATTRACTIVE: DiscSavers provide a handsome and
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CIRCLE 229 ON READER SERVICE CARD •<
7721 E.Gray Road
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(602) 998-1577
Tott-Fcee SQQ-528-2361
Pilot Tutorial I
M.R. Smith
This is the first of two tutorials designed to provide
examples of uses of Pilot. Although it uses the Pilot-to-Basic
translator which appeared in the October issue of Creative
Computing, you can use it with other versions of Pilot. The
tutorials are based on a workshop given at Calgary Teacher's
Convention held in February 1982.
Type, Accept and Match
To type a message out to a student, the command TYPE
(T:) is used before the message.
TtThis lesson is on VOWELS
t:
T'What is your r»a«e?
t:
To make your screen easier to read, use T: without a message
to print a blank line.
Once a question has been asked, the next step is to use the
accept (A:) command to get the student's answer. The answer
is automatically stored.
TtWhst is your rone?
t:
a:
t:
Dr. Mike Smith, 304 86th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2H
1N7.
The answer from the student can be compared against
what was expected using the match (M:) instruction. You can
check against one thing or many things.
TtType in this word FRED
a:
m:fred
or
TtGive Me 3 vowel
a:
m:a,e,i,o,u
The modify instructions Y and N allow the courseware
developer to do things depending on whether or not the last
match instruction was successful. To do this simply add Y or
N after the instruction T:, A:, or M:. For example, testing the
vowels again
TJGive «e a vowel
a:
m:a,e,i,o,u
TYtVery good that was a vowel
TN'No that was not a vowel*
Using the Y and N modifiers you can check a series of
things. For example, suppose you are making a lesson to
check on the use of the Pilot instruction T:
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
181
Pilot, continued...
TtHow would you get PILOT to write WHO AM I
xtLESSON 1 PART 2
a:
R: USING THE LETTERS BETWEEN A AND E
m:t:who am i
♦ ♦ ♦
TY: RIGHT ON
♦ ♦ ♦
MN * ♦
tni each pilot statement must include a colon :
my:t:
tnjthe type statement must start with tt
In this short lesson, the first match instruction checked for
the full correct answer. The second match instruction only
occurred if the first match instruction failed. The third match
instruction was made only if the second match succeeded.
The match instruction is both very powerful and very
weak. For example, a single match instruction can be used to
pick up any of the following words: yes, yep, yessir, yer, okay,
OK, okey.
ttdo you understand?
a:
m:y,ok
The Y in the match instruction will be matched against the
Y in the other words, and the OK will be matched against
even the misspelled word "okey." That is the powerful part.
The weak part is that a match will also occur with the Y in
the student's response NO YOU TELL ME.
To avoid this sort of problem, match against enough of the
student answer to avoid this ambiguity but don't match against
so much that the match instruction might not be able to spot
a correct student answer.
For example using
m:ye,ok
would be good as it picks up the answers you want and
ignores the one you don't want.
m:yes,ok
is poor. It marks some of the student responses incorrectly
wrong.
Long Lessons
When building a very long lesson, many problems can crop
up. The first is that you may not remember what each part of
the lesson does. The second is difficulty in altering the way in
which the student does the lesson. The first problem can be
alleviated by documentation, and the second by splitting the
lesson into parts.
The remark (R:) command is used to document things that
the developer would like to remember. The student doing the
lesson does not see the remark. It is simply a programming
aid for the developer.
To break the lesson up into parts, use the lesson part (*:)
instruction. The name of the lesson part is placed alongside
the *:. At the very end of all the lesson parts the end (E:)
instruction must be placed.
An example of these three commands is given below
xtLESSON 1
R J THIS IS A LESSON ON VOWELS
♦ ♦ ♦
♦ ♦ ♦
♦ ♦ ♦
♦ ♦ ♦
xtLESSON 1 PART 3
RtETC*
♦ ♦ ♦
e:
The jump (J:) instruction allows you to move about the
program. For example, J:E allows you to jump to the end of
the program and J:LESSON 1 PART 2 causes LESSON 1
PART 2 to be performed.
Using the jump instruction this way is rather restrictive.
Instead the jump, match and accept instructions can be
combined to move about the lesson according to what the
student is doing. For example, this program shows the J:
instruction being used to give the student a choice of lessons:
XISTART
t:what lesson would you like?
t: vowels or numbers?
a:
m:v
jy:vowels
m:n
TN! ENTER VOWELS OR NUMBERS
TNtTRY AGAIN
JNtSTART
x: NUMBERS
R: LESSON ON NUMBERS
♦ ♦ ♦
J : START
x: VOWELS
R: LESSON ON VOWELS
♦ ♦ ♦
♦ ♦ ♦
JtSTART
xtEND
The first match/jump pair checks to see if the lesson
VOWELS has been chosen. The second pair ensures that the
student typed in a valid answer. At the end of each lesson
part, a simple jump instruction takes the student back to the
start of the lesson for another choice of topics.
Part Two of the tutorial will appear in the December 1982
issue of Creative Computing. □
182
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
1
By Norman J. Wazaney Jr.
<*
it
j
V
£/
*\
OLIK
UNPKOTt
>nvi
mo
You never dreame
Solitaire could be so fascinating.
Solitaire in a saloon can be fun but it's better
on your Apple*. Fair warning: if you get hooked on
Solitaire, beware of this game! "Singles night at
Mollys'' is actually two basic solitaire card games
with several variations permitting you to use the
skill level and strategy you enjoy most Play alone or
against other players, where a rating system declares
the winner, features High Resolution color graphics,
full user documentation and various scoring potentials.
There are hours, days, even years of pleasure
to be derived from this intriguing game. Available
now for only $29.95 at computer stores.
To order by phone, call 800-526-9042 and use
your Visa or MasterCard. All shipments made the
same day in which orders are received. To order by
mail add $1 for shipping charges and send your
check to:
Soft Images, 200 Route 17, Mahwah, PU 07430.
Singles Plight runs on 48K Apple II, Applesoft in ROM.
3.3 DOS/ One Disk Drive
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Co.
CIRCLE 277 ON R6ADER SERVICE CARD
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DMSON Of Ai SYSTEMS INC
Accounting Plus II
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Plus . . .
Software Dimensions announces three new modules for Apple II* users with Accounting Plus II-
each designed with the same high standards and human engineering factors that have made
Accounting Plus II so popular.
With Invoices Plus you can inventory items just by entering part numbers; easily invoice non-
standard items and miscellaneous charges; place user-defined comment lines oh the invoice; get
twice as many line items per invoice; automatically generate multiple pages; specify individual invoice
numbers or assign them automatically — and more.
G L Plus expands your financial reporting capabilities, including changes in your financial
position, offering even more flexibility for your General Ledger module. Typical reporting features
include Budget/Prior Months' Listing, Income Statements. Balance Sheets. Budget Variance Report.
Comparative Reports. Source and Use of Funds.
Labels Plus offers a versatile label package that lets you maintain one or more mailing lists
with up to 1 .000 names each, as well as to access existing Vendor and Customer files easily; add. edit
and delete names; sort and select; print mailing labels.
You won't find this kind of flexibility and sophistication in any other Apple II accounting system.
To find out more, contact your Accounting Plus II dealer.
Software Dimensions Inc., 6341 Auburn Blvd., Citrus Heights, CA 95610. 91 6/722/8000
'Registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimensions Inc
*82 Software Dimensions Inc.
CIRCLE 279 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Logo Ideas
Robert Lawler
The Clever Hack and Clever Tactics
Two children played a simple Logo game, SHOOT. In that
game, the turtle first draws a circle on the video display then,
the pen is lifted and the turtle is set down at a random screen
location. The objective of the game is to turn the turtle with
RIGHT and LEFT commands until it points at the target then
SHOOT the turtle forward into the target. When SHOOT is
executed, it first moves the turtle forward the specified
number of turtle steps. SHOOT next computes whether the
turtle has landed within the circumference of the target. If so, a
point is scored, the screen is cleared and a new round begins.
Otherwise, the turtle is returned to its initial location and
orientation.
This is a simple, low pressure game, used to familiarize new
Logo people with the commands of the language. But with these
two children taking turns at one terminal, the game quickly
became competitive. It became important to score every time
SHOOT was executed (they counted SHOOT executions as the
basis of turn taking). One child noticed that the turtle always
drew the target at the center of the screen. He also knew that
the HOME command puts the Logo turtle at the center of the
screen (and thus at the target center). He proceeded to score
every time with the command sequence [HOME SHOOT 0],
despite the outraged complaints of cheating from his opponent.
This solution to the SHOOT problem is a clever hack. A "hack"
is an accidentally effective way of getting around a particular
problem.
The child's clever hack was easy enough to render ineffective.
Someone else had only to change the game so that the turtle
drew the initial target at another location for the clever hack to
become worthless in itself. And yet, this clever hack served
well as an example of a more general form of solution the child
developed. He developed what he called a "clever tactic."
Knowing that the SETHEADING command could point the
turtle in a specific direction, he used SETH then moved the
turtle forward or back as necessary to align it horizontally with
the target. A RIGHT or LEFT 90, with more forward and back
commands would always then put the turtle within the target
and permit SHOOT to bring a certain score.
Summary
It is useful to distinguish between specific solutions to a
problem in a particular circumstance and general solutions
to all problems of a given class. Never despise the particular
solution, however, for it can show the way to a more general
and more powerful solution.
Robert Lawler, Centre Mondial Informatique Et Resources Humaines,
Paris, France.
Advice To A Teacher
I write here about my own experience and out of that ex-
perience, but my situation is probably different from yours.
You have had to worry about instructing 20 or 30 children. I
have merely had to play with two children — and those children
were my own whom I knew well. I write here also with the con-
viction that your work in the future will be more like my
experiences than it has been. Computers will permit the con-
struction of intellectual worlds where children will be able to
spend much time learning effectively on their own. This will give
you more time to know individual children and to intervene in
their learning as the advisor you, their parents, and the children,
themselves, hope you will be.
Geometry has been an important central theme of instruction
in our laboratory because its founder invented a kind of
geometry for children. We have called it "turtle geometry." It is
distinguished from other geometries because it is a geometry of
action. The leading actor, the agent of this action, is the turtle.
Either a mechanical robot or a triangular cursor on a video
display screen, the turtle goes forward some distance or turns
through an angle on command. When its pen is down, the turtle
draws a line.
At the ages of six and eight, my children were introduced to
SHOOT, a simple turtle geometry game. A setup procedure
drew a target and placed the turtle at some random screen
location. To score, the children had to turn the turtle right or
left some angle to point it at the target then SHOOT forward
some distance into the target. The game was easy for them to
play and they enjoyed it. (They even played the game without
the computer; setting a hula hoop on the floor for a target, the
children took turns playing turtle and keyboard commander.)
Robby, the older child, came to want a more complicated
game. He was fascinated by the air battles of World War II and
asked me to make a game in which the targets would be air-
planes. READY-AIM-FIRE (we called R.A.F.) satisfied him;
even more, it engaged him. Robby spent the better part of an
entire day trying to score more kills than von Richthofen, the
famous Red Baron of World War I. This game permitted him to
do something he wanted — play in his own fantasy world. It
permitted me to introduce him to absolute coordinate
geometry.
The AIM procedure required specification of the location of
the airplane through naming its X and Y coordinates. (Axes
provided a scale from which these values could be read.) After
the location of the plane was specified, the AIM procedure
moved the "gunsight" to the location. AIM could be executed
as many times as necessary to get the gunsight on target, where
FIRE would destroy the plane and increase the score. When
Robby later wanted a similar game for sinking ships, I showed
him how to modify the R.A.F. procedures so that he could
replace the gunsight with a sub and the airplane with a carrier,
both simple drawing procedures he had created.
The style of introduction presented in this story is op-
portunistic in the extreme. It depends on three things: the
inclination of the child to connect his computer activities with
what he knows about other things that concern him; the
flexibility of computer systems to enable the building of simple
models; the knowledge and values of a teacher in shaping
particular procedures through which the child's objectives
are achieved in such a way that he is introduced to important
ways of looking at and describing the world. □
November 1982° Creative Computing
185
The Countess
And The
Computer Langu
Part One
Geoff Gilpin
Picture courtesy of
Camelot Publishing Company.
This is the first of a three-part series on Ada. The first
two parts comprise a tutorial on the language. The third is
a comparison of two implementations of Ada for the
Apple. Read on. The Countess is waiting.
Imagine that you are a computer programmer working for
the Air Force. While assigned to the Cruise Missile Project,
you come up with an especially clever program that makes
the guidance system of the missile more accurate. You show
the program to your boss who claps you on the back, gives
you a raise, and then says:
"Hey, I just remembered — the Navy has cruise missiles too.
Why don't you show them your program?"
So you walk across the street to see your friend Al, who
works in Navy Data Processing. Al is very enthusiastic, but
there is a problem: your program is written in Fortran and all
of the Navy's programmers use assembly language. Since the
Pentagon is interested, however, you and Al take several
weeks from your jobs and translate the new program from
Fortran into assembler, wasting a great deal of the taxpayers'
money and seriously straining your friendship.
Now take the above scenario, multiply it by a thousand,
spread it over decades, and you will begin to hear a clamor of
tongues babbling away in military computer systems.
In 1975, the Department of Defense decided that this
Tower of Babel had been built high enough. They formed the
United States High-Level Language Working Group (whew!)
to design a single language to be used as a standard among all
branches of service. We now have the result of their
labors— Ada, the universal language of the eighties.
Ada is named after Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of
Lovelace, the nineteenth-century British noblewoman who
worked with early mechanical computers. She is widely
accepted as the world's first programmer and is regarded as a
patroness by some members of the profession.
Ada (the computer language) comes into the world
propelled by enormous political and economic forces. When
you apply for a job five years from now, your prospective
employer will ask you if you know Ada, just as they ask about
Fortran and Cobol now. This makes me very happy because I
am a big fan of Ada (both the Countess and the computer
language). I am here today to let you in on the ground floor,
to give you a head start with programming in Ada.
When you apply for a job five
years from now, your prospective
employer will ask if you know Ada.
Geoff Gilpin, 1018 N. Leminwah St., Appleton, WI 54911
But first, a disclaimer: What follows is a description of the
Ada language itself. Details concerning the creation, main-
tenance, and execution of Ada programs will vary between
computer systems and are not discussed here. I am also
assuming that the reader has some familiarity with at least
one high-level "structured" language such as PL/1, C,
Pascal, or even structured Cobol. Beyond that, things will be
very basic. So, are we ready?
Here is a genuine Ada program, ready to run on that hot
little microcomputer you have:
with TEXT__I0; use TEXT_I0;
procedure FIRST_EXAMPLE is
begin
put ("The Countess of Lovelace welcomes you!");
end FIRST_EXAMPLE;
This is a trivial little program that will, when compiled and
executed (see your manual), print Ada's greetings on your
terminal (or printer or whatever your "standard output device"
is). Although trivial, this program has several things to teach
us.
186
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Ada, Continued-
Procedures
First, Ada programs have names. The one above is called
FIRST EXAMPLE. It is an instance of a procedure, a simple
kind of program unit in Ada.
Procedures begin with the keyword "procedure" followed
by an identifier, which is a unique combination of letters,
numerals, and the underscore character. Ada adheres to the
custom of beginning an identifier with a letter. Here are some
examples of Ada identifiers:
X, x, Tl, Fred, day_of_week, ROTATE, abor t_miss ion ,
R97z33, oh_my_s tars_and_gar ters
Obviously, meaningful names are better.
Procedures in Ada don't operate in a vacuum; they live in a
particular environment. The environment occupied by
FIRST__ EXAMPLE is, in part, defined by the statements
"with TEXT_IO" and "use TEXTLIO." Just as the citizens of
a particular country have certain privileges and responsibil-
ities, Ada programs operating in a specified environment
acquire the features and limitations of that environment.
Specifying "with TEXT_IO" makes all the features of the
TEXTLIO package (more on packages later) available to
FIRST. EXAMPLE. Specifically, these include other Ada
procedures designed to move streams of characters between
the computer and various peripheral devices (the terminal,
for instance). The "put" statement invoked in the fourth line
of the program is actually an Ada procedure contained in
TEXT_IO. If we hadn't specified "with TEXTLIO," the put
procedure wouldn't have been available to our sample
program, which would have been deaf and blind to the outside
world.
Notice that a blank line divides FIRST-EXAMPLE into
two logically distinct parts. The top two lines are called the
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"specification," which gives the information needed to link
FIRST- EXAMPLE up to its environment. The bottom three
lines, called the body, lists the actions performed by FIRST_
EXAMPLE when it is invoked.
The body of FIRST- EXAMPLE contains a single com-
mand, the "put" statement, bracketed by the "begin" and
"end" statements which delineate procedure bodies (and the
bodies of other program units such as packages). Notice that
the name of the procedure must be repeated after the
concluding "end." This helps to keep the boundaries of the
procedure clear.
Second Example
Since our sample program was so simple, let's look at
another example:
with TEXT_IO; use TEXT_IO;
procedure SECOND EXAMPLE is
NOT_PRIME:
TWO:
NUMBER:
REPLY:
MESSAGE_1 :
MESSAGE 2:
2;
Boolean ;
cons tant : =
integer ;
characte r : ■
string ( 1 . . 14 )
string (1 . . 17)
'y';
"Lady Lovelace ";
"bids you farewell";
begin
put ("enter an integer and I will tell you");
put (" if it is a prime number.");
while REPLY /- 'n' loop
get (NUMBER);
NOT PRIME := false;
— /■ means "not equal to"
for i in TWO .. NUMBER/TWO loop
if NUMBER mod i - then
NOT_PRIME :- true;
end if ;
end loop; — for loop
("is not prime");
("is prime");
it again?");
188
if NOT_PRIME
then put (NUMBER); put
else put (NUMBER); put
end if ;
new_line ;
put ("do you want to do
get (REPLY);
end loop; — while loop
put (MESSAGE_1 & MESSAGE_2);
end SECOND_EXAMPLE;
So far, Ada looks pretty conventional. In fact, you Pascal
users may be having a sense of deja vu. This is not a
coincidence; the Department of Defense used the Pascal
language as a model in the design of Ada and, apart from
minor syntactical differences, Pascal can be considered a
subset of Ada. Pascal programmers will notice that semicolons
are used more consistently here. As in PL/1, semicolons
terminate rather than separate statements. Semicolons appear
at the end of nearly all statements; the major exceptions
being is, begin, and loop.
SECOND- EXAMPLE is one step above the first program
on the simplicity scale. When executed, it will determine if
numbers entered by the user are prime; although its real
purpose is to give an appreciation of the general structure of
Ada. We will take a quick look at it to familiarize ourselves
with the basic syntax of Ada and then move on to new
territory.
The data declaration section, immediately below the
specification, introduces a few of the familiar faces from
Ada's great cast of data types. Notice that TWO is declared a
constant, a value which does not change during the execution
of the program. Initial values may be assigned to data objects,
as occurs with TWO and the character variable REPLY.
We could have specified the type constant integer for
TWO, although the type is implied from the assigned value. If
the value had been 2.0 instead of 2, TWO would have been of
the type float.
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Ada, continued...
Next there are the two MESSAGE strings. Strings in Ada
are declared as arrays, with upper and lower bounds specifying
the number of characters the string may contain. There is no
"dynamic length attribute" as in Basic— a 14-character string
must hold 14 characters.
In the assignment of the MESSAGE variables, notice that
the assigned strings are surrounded by double quotes as
opposed to the single quotes used to assign the character
value y to REPLY.
The main part of the program is contained inside the while
loop that starts after the third blank line. Here we meet our
first Ada comment, which begins with the "— " marker and
extends to the end of the line. There are no embedded
comments as in PL/1 and Pascal.
After the get statement (also part of TEXT IO) comes the
Ada version of the iterative for loop, which is the biggest
departure from conventional syntax that we have seen so far.
Instead of assigning upper and lower values to an index
variable, Ada uses a range. Ranges occur all through Ada and
can be specified in different ways.
The simplest way, illustrated here, is to put two constants,
variables, literals, or expressions on either side of two dots,
the lesser-valued one on the left. For instance, we might have
for j in 'a'..'z' loop — the alphabet is predefined
or
for HUE in RED. .YELLOW loop
Although it is not obvious from the above fragments, loop
counters, such as j and HUE, are not explicitly declared with
the other variables in the program. When j appears after the
for keyword it is implicitly defined as a variable of type
character. An explanation of the second example, and more
concerning ranges, will appear momentarily.
Examining the for loop and its inner if statement reveals
that Ada handles block structure differently from other Algol-
related languages. Compound statements must be explicitly
terminated, as in "end if" and "end loop." Although this
seems clumsy when the compound contains only one state-
ment, I prefer it to the endless BEGIN-END blocks in Pascal
and Algol.
Farther down, in the second if statement, we come to one
of the genuine shortcomings of Ada. Notice the two put
statements required to print NUMBER and a message string.
Any other programming language (even Basic), would have
allowed you to write "put (NUMBER, "is prime")." Not Ada.
NUMBER is a number and "is prime" is a string and put will
only accept one type at a time. This makes formatting output
extremely difficult, a fact which may slow acceptance of the
language by the business community. Fortunately, Ada is
designed for easy expansion and better I/O facilities should
appear shortly.
The & in the final put statement is a concatenation operator,
used for glueing strings together. The output will be
Lady Lovelace bids you farewell
with no surrounding quotes.
Control Structures
Before considering the more esoteric features of Ada, let's
look at a couple of garden variety control structures.
Ada has a case statement which looks like this:
case NUMBER of
when
when 1
when 2 | 3
when others
end case ;
Notice the vertical bar used to separate alternative cases; the
others clause used for cases not covered by the preceding
when clauses; and the special null statement indicating that
<> put ("NUMBER equals zero");
'> put ("NUMBER equals one");
'> put ("NUMBER equals two or three");
> null;
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191
Ada, continued...
nothing is to be done if NUMBER is greater than three or
negative.
There is also a special elsif construct designed to take the
messiness out of nested if statements, e.g.:
if SCORE >- 90
elsif SCORE >- 80
elsif SCORE >- 70
elsif SCORE >- 60
then put ("grade:
then put ("grade:
then put ("grade:
then put ("grade:
else put ("grade:
A")
B")
C")
D")
F")
end if
This lets us get by with a single "end if" and eliminates the
dangling else that you sometimes see in languages like PL/1.
By the way, out of 62 reserved words in Ada, elsif is the only
one that is not genuine English.
So much for basic syntax. From now on, things begin to get
very baroque very quickly.
Consider data types and structures. In addition to the types
mentioned above, Ada has short integers, integers, and long
integers; naturals and fixed point numbers; floats (three kinds)
and reals— all of which can be altered ad infinitum through
If you want COLORS that can be
RED, BLUE, and YELLOW, why
settle for integers that can only
be numbers?
the use of various ranges, subtypes, and modifiers. (And
those are just the numbers.) For instance, the declaration
NUM: integer range 1..10;
makes it illegal to assign NUM any value outside the specified
range (which is handy for array subscripts.) If you are not
happy with the integers that Ada gives you, you could declare
type MY_INTEGER is new integer;
which introduces user-defined data types (preceded by the
keyword type), and derived types (specified by new). Now
your integers can do everything that Ada's can, except mingle
with other integer types. For example, the statement
X : integer;
Y: MY INTEGER;
X :- Y;
would produce an error message. This is because Ada is a
"strongly typed" language. Variables of one type are totally
segregated from those of other types. To get around this, Ada
provides a conversion mechanism. The statement
Y :- MY_INTEGER (X);
will take the variable X (an integer), convert it to the MY
INTEGER type, and assign it to Y.
User-defined types do not have to be derived from the
existing ones. If you want COLORS that can be RED, BLUE,
and YELLOW, why settle for integers that can only be
numbers? Instead, write
type COLOR is (RED, BLUE, YELLOW);
which permits declarations such as HUE: COLOR; and
statements such as HUE := BLUE;. These new types are
called enumeration types because the user must enumerate
the values that variables of the type can have.
Sometimes we want to test whether a particular value
belongs in the list of values of an enumeration type. This is
called the set membership test and Ada provides a special in
operator for the purpose. For instance, the declaration
type ADA_QUALITIES is ( STRONG_MIN0ED ,
FIERCE LY_INDE PENDENT,
HAUNTINGLY_BEAUTIFUL) ;
allows us to test
if MEEKNESS in ADA_QUALITIES
then put ("she was meek");
else put ("no she wasn't");
end if ;
which will print the latter message.
There are many other data types in Ada, including task
types (for concurrent programming), private types (for hiding
data), and access (pointer) types. Are you getting the idea
that Ada is big? You are right. Now on to data structures.
Data Structures
Ada has arrays, of course, which are declared like this:
MATRIX: array (0..100, 0..100) of Boolean;
Now we can write conventional assignments like MATRIX
(1,3) := true;.
The index type (which in MATRIX is integer) and the
element type (Booleans in MATRIX) don't have to be the
predefined varieties. Thus, if we declare
type BEATLE is (John, Paul, George, Ringo);
type INSTRUMENT is (guitar, drums);
we could also declare
PLAYS: array (BEATLE) of INSTRUMENT;
and then assign
PLAYS(Ringo) :- drums;
Arrays may be initialized at the time of their declaration.
PLAYS: array (BEATLE) of INSTRUMENT :» (guitar, guitar,
gui tar , drums ) ;
In this example, the value "guitar" is assigned to the first
three components (John, Paul, George) of the PLAYS array,
and the value "drums" to the last (Ringo). The same thing
could be accomplished in an assignment statement:
PLAYS :- (guitar, guitar, guitar, drums);
The index value may be explicitly named in the assign-
ment:
PLAYS :- (George -> guitar,
Ringo ■> drums ,
Paul ■> guitar,
John ■> guitar) ;
This example has the same effect as the previous two. Notice
that when index values are named they do not have to appear
in any particular order. (Also notice the use of the "=>"
symbol rather than the assignment operator.) Finally, there is
a shorthand form:
PLAYS :- (Ringo -> drums,
others «> guitar);
This kind of explicit list of array components is called an
aggregate. There are many ways of forming aggregates in
Ada.
Another familiar data structure is the record which, unlike
arrays, must be declared as a separate type.
type CLIENT is record
NAME: string (1..25);
AGE: integer range 1..100;
BANKRUPT: Boolean;
end reco rd ;
PERSON: CLIENT;
Individual components of a record are accessed by the
standard dot notation, e.g.
PERSON. NAME :- "Waldo P. Wigglesworth " ;
Record structures appear in several guises. One variation on
the plain vanilla record shown above is the constrained
record — one in which the initial value of a coT\s\Ta\Ti\
parameter is left unspecified until later declarations. This
allows considerable variety among variables of one data type.
type GEOMETRIC_SHAPE (SIDES: integer) is
record
PERIMETER: SIDES * LENGTH_UNIT;
end record;
TRIANGLE: GEOMETRIC_SHAPE (3);
SQUARE: GEOMETRIC_SHAPE (4);
The constraint parameter, SIDES, appears after the type
192
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
name. It is an integer variable, but the initial value depends
on the declarations of TRIANGLE and SQUARE, which
create GEOMETRIC SHAPES of three and four sides
respectively. LENGTH UNIT must have been previously
declared and set to some value. If the value had been 5 then
TRIANGLE.PERIMETER would equal 15.
Arrays may be similarly constrained and both structures
may be mutated in various other ways.
Attributes
Data types and structures in any language have certain
attributes. An attribute of the integer data type could be the
largest integer available on a particular computer. One
attribute of an array structure might be the range of its index
type (e.g. John..Ringo in the PLAYS array.)
In pre- Ada languages, after these attributes had been coded
or hard-wired they were no longer directly available to the
programmer. In Ada they are. Several attribute functions are
available to query the various features of types and variables.
Attributes are formed by writing an identifier followed by a
single quote mark and the name of the attribute. RANGE is
an important attribute. Writing PLAYS RANGE is the same
as writing "John.. Ringo." Thus, we could loop over the range
of Beatles by writing
for SINGER in PLAYS'RANGE loop
put (SINGER); put (": M );
put (PLAYS(SINGER)) ;
new_line; — cr/lf function in TEX
end loop;
which would produce the following output:
John : guitar
Paul : guitar
George: guitar
Ringo,: drums
The same output would have been produced by writing
in TEXT 10
or
for SINGER in John. .Ringo loop
for SINGER in BEATLE loop
either of which would probably have been more elegant. In
general, Ada gives you more ways to say the same thing than
any other language.
There are 48 pre-defined attributes in Ada. Some of them
behave differently depending on the object that they are
appended to— FIRST, for example. When stuck onto an
array, FIRST yields the lower bound of the index. PLAYS'
FIRST equals John. When applied to the integer data type,
FIRST gives the lowest available integer. On a 16-bit machine,
INTEGER'FIRST would be - 32768.
Some attributes have parameters. Suppose we had declared
a three-dimensional array called THREE_D._The attribute
THREE_D'FIRST (3) would give the lower boundary of the
third index. Enumeration types have several attributes of
their own including SUCC and PRED, which yield the
successor and predecessor of a particular enumeration value.
For example, BEATLE'PRED(Ringo) is George. BEATLE'
SUCC(BEATLE'PRED(George)) is George. As I said, it can
get baroque.
Our tour of Ada is half over. So far, we have been looking
at the small-scale features of the language including basic
syntax and the description and manipulation of data. We
have seen what Ada programs look like and learned how they
exist in the context of a particular environment. Some of the
basic data types of Ada made an appearance along with a few
more sophisticated constructs such as enumeration types,
derived types, aggregates, and attributes.
Now that the small details are taken care of, we can start
thinking about the most unusual and innovative aspect of
Ada: program organization. This will happen next month.
The Countess and I will be looking forward to seeing you
again. D
November 1982° Creative Computing
193
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November 1982° Creative Computing
201
The Towers Of Hanoi
A Lesson In Recursive Basic
The program described in this article is
based on the recursive programming
techniques described by Antonio Leal
("Recursive Programming in Basic, "
Creative Computing, Dec. 1981). When I
first read the article, I was immediately
reminded of a course in Pascal I took
some years ago. One feature of this course
was a very effective demonstration of
recursion as both a programming and a
problem-solving method. I decided to see
if Dr. Leal's techniques could be applied
to the task addressed in the demon-
stration.
The demonstration involved a problem
known as the Towers of Hanoi. For the
benefit of the uninitiated, this is as
follows: You are given three rods and N
disks, of different sizes. The disks can be
stacked on any of the rods, forming
towers.
Suppose the N disks are stacked in
decreasing size on rod A, as shown in
Figure 1 for N=4. The task is to move the
N disks from rod A to rod C, in such a
way that they wind up in the same order
on rod C as on rod A. The moves made
must meet the following requirements:
1. In each step, only one disk can be
moved from one rod to another rod.
2. A disk may never be placed over a
smaller disk.
3. Rod B may be used to store disks.
When the moves are made in the
optimum manner, the number of moves
necessary to move N disks is(2**N)-l;that
is, three moves for two disks, seven moves
for three disks, 15 moves for four disks,
Kimball M. Rudeen, 335 Lowell St., Lexington,
MA 02173.
Kimball M. Rudeen
and so on. There is supposedly a legend
that in a remote temple there are three
rods and a set of 64 disks. The priests of
this temple have been moving the disks
from rod to rod since the world began.
When the task is complete, the world will
end. For 64 disks the number of moves is
18,446,744,073,709,551,615. If one move
is made per second, this will take about
58 trillion years.
In my Pascal course, we were shown
how recursion could be used to solve a
problem by redefining it as a set of
subproblems which were either trivial or
simpler versions of the original problem.
For the Towers of Hanoi, the main prob-
lem is, "Move N disks from rod A to rod
C." This can be broken into three
subproblems:
1. Move N-l disks from rod A to rod B.
2. Move one disk from rod A to rod C.
3. Move N-l disks from rod B to rod C.
The application of recursion is immedi-
ately evident. Each of the more difficult
subproblems can be broken down into
three still simpler sub-subproblems, and
so on, until N-l is equal to 1 and the final
set of subproblems is a simple set of moves
of single disks. It is only necessary to
write a routine that will break any given
disk problem down into the three sub-
problems and call itself to solve the more
difficult ones.
Listing 1 is a Basic program written to
use this approach. The recursive sub-
routine first increments the level count
used to maintain the local variables, and
sets the disk count for the current level.
The next three sections mirror the sub-
problem breakdown described above.
Section 1 redefines the current problem
into the first subproblem for the level. If
the subproblem is now simple (number of
disks for this level is one), it is solved.
Otherwise Section 1 makes a recursive
subroutine call with the new subproblem.
When a return from this call occurs, the
entire solution to the first subproblem
will have been printed out.
Figure 1.
*
*
♦
*
*
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*********
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*
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*
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202
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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CIRCLE 129 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Towers of Hanoi, continued...
Section 2 simply solves the second
subproblem, which is nothing more than
a one disk move. Note that the move is
defined on the previous level.
Section 3 defines the third subproblem
and solves it or calls the subroutine with
the subproblem as in Section 1. When a
return from this call occurs, the entire
solution to the third subproblem and
therefore the entire solution to the prob-
lem at this level will have been printed
out.
After Section 3, the subroutine will
decrement the level count and return to
the previous level.
Figure 2 is a listing of the solution to
the three-disk case. Each move is illus-
trated with a diagram showing its effect.
Note that while the subroutine has one
return and is entered on one line, it calls
itself in two places. At some stages of the
solution a return from a lower level will
be after Section 1 , and at other stages the
return will be at the end of Section 3.
After the final move of a solution is
output, the subroutine will be at the very
lowest level of recursion, and all of the
unreturned subroutine calls will have been
made in Section 3. As a result, the final
operation of the program will be a cycle
of level decrements and returns until the
top level is reached and the routine
returns to the main program.
Listing 1.
Figure 2.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
B0
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
REM TOWERS OF HANOI
REM BY KIMBALL M. RUDEEIM
CLEAR 1000
DEFINT A-Z
INPUT "NUMBER OF DISKS" ;N
DIM ND<N), X*<N), Y*<N) , Z*(N)
--rcr "
B
INITIAL
MOVE 1 :A TO C
MOVE 2 :A TD B
MOVE 3 :C TO B
MOVE 4 :A TO C
MOVE 5 :B TO A
MOVE 6 :B TO C
MOVE 7 :A TO C
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1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
X*(1)="A"
Y*<1)="C"
Zt<l>~"B"
LV=1
ND(1)=N
NM=0
GOSUB 1000
LPRINT "PROBLEM COMPLE'
END
REM RECURSIVE SUBROUTINE
LV=LV+1
ND(LV)=ND(LV-1)-1
REM SECTION 1
X*<LV)=X*<LV-1)
Y$<LV)=Z*<LV-1>
Z*(LV)=Y*(LV-1)
IF ND(LV)=1 THEN NM=NM+1 : LPRINT MOVE" ; MM ? " : " : X* ( ...V ) a
" TO ";Y*<LV>
ELSE GOSUB 1000
REM SECTION £
NM=NM+1 .-LPRINT "MOVE" ; NM ; " : " ; X* (LV-i > ; " ^0 "$Y*<LV-1
REM SECTION 3
X*(LV)=Z*<lV-1>
Y*<LV)=Y$(LV-1>
Z*(LV)=X*<LV-1)
IF ND(LV)=1 THEN NM=NM+1 :LPRINT "MOVE" |NM$ " I M ; X* (LV)
" TO " ;Y*(LV)
ELSE GOSUB 1000
LV=LV-1
RETURN
This program is a very good example
of the power of recursive programming,
even in a language not specifically de-
signed for it. The structure of the sub-
routine is extremely simple, even in Basic.
In Pascal, which requires no bookkeeping
on local variables, the program for this
problem seemed to be no more than a
subroutine that did nothing but call itself.
One final point of interest is the size of
the problem that the program can, in
theory, solve. The amount of memory
required for the variable arrays depends
on the number of disks, not on the num-
ber of moves in the final solution. Even
the maximum "stack" of recursive sub-
routine calls that can exist at one time is
equal to the number of disks minus one. I
find it a little mind-boggling that if handed
the 64-disk problem, the program will
almost immediately begin printing out the
solution, and that given enough time (and
paper) it will finish. □
204
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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How to Find It
Programming Data Structures In Basic
Part 3
Edward Mitchell
Part two of this four-part series showed how the memory of
a computer can be organized into data structures such as
lists, stacks, queues and trees. This month's article shows how
to create and use the structures in Basic programs, and
presents the source listing of the genealogical database
designed in Part Two.
All program examples, except where otherwise noted, are
written in Advanced Basic on the IBM Personal Computer.
All should run on other computers that use Microsoft Basic,
such as the Radio Shack Model II or the Osborne 1.
Allocating Memory
Each data structure requires a changing or "dynamic" area
of memory. The stack, for example, needs an ever increasing
amount of memory as new numbers are pushed. When the
numbers are popped, the memory becomes free.
List elements can appear anywhere in memory because
each element is linked to the next by a pointer. It isn't
necessary to place elements one right after the other.
Furthermore, when elements are deleted, the memory space
that was occupied must be made free and available for future
use.
Unfortunately, a language like Basic doesn't provide for
dynamic allocation of memory. Many Basics allow an array to
be dimensioned only once during program execution— DIM
A(100) cannot be changed later to DIM A(150), at least not
without destroying the older data in array A(). This means
that the Basic program must simulate dynamic memory
allocation. The section on lists shows one approach to
allocating memory dynamically in Basic programs.
Stacks
A simple way to create a stack is to use an array and an
index or pointer variable. Let DIM S(100) be space for a stack
having up to 100 elements, and let P be a pointer to the top of
the stack. Initially set P to 1. To add or push data on to the
stack, the program executes,
S(P)=D
P=P+ 1
Edward Mitchell, 813 West Stevens Ave., #1, Santa Ana, CA 92707.
For example, a stack containing five numbers,
P=6
S(5) =21
S(4) =13
S(3) =8
S(2) =5
S(l) =3
A pop is the reverse of the push,
P=P- 1
D=S(P)
Appropriate checks should insure that P does not exceed the
dimensions of S(100).
Queues
A queue can be implemented by using a variation of the
stack. With a queue, elements are always removed from the
head and added at the tail. Instead of a single stack pointer,
the queue needs two pointers: H for head and T for tail.
Let DIM 0(100) be a queue having 100 elements. At first,
the queue is empty, so we have,
H=l and T=0
To add a value D to the tail of the queue, set
T=T+ 1
0(T)=D
Adding to the queue is the same as a push onto the stack. The
major difference occurs when an element is removed from
the head:
D=Q(H)
H=H + 1
Adding and deleting elements to the queue is illustrated by
Figure 1. Initially there are five elements in the queue. At (b)
a new element is added to the tail and at (c) one element is
removed from the head. Two problems must be dealt with in
this arrangement.
First, what happens when either H or T exceeds 100? One
solution is to reset either value to 1 so that the queue "wraps
around" back to the first element of 00- Element 1 then
follows element 100 in a circular fashion, as illustrated in
Figure 2.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
207
Data Structures, continued...
(a)
1
I
i
• • •
10 11 12 13 14
He * ad (b,
15 16 17
Tail
18
• • •
• • •
10 11 12 13 14
t
Head t fc
(c)
15 16 17
♦
Tail
18
• • •
• • •
10 11 12 13 14
t
Head
15 16 17
♦
Tail
18
Figure 1. A queue data structure represented in an array. (a)
shows a queue with five items. A new element is added to the
tail in (b), while another is removed from the head in (c).
Figure 2. A circular queue is programmed in a fixed size
array. If we define DIM Q(100) as an array of 100 numbers,
then the queue can be made to grow by having it "wrap
around" when reaching Q(100). In effect, Q(100) is followed
by Q(l)> Listing 2 uses this technique to implement a queue
structure.
Second, if the queue has more than 200 entries, the tail will
overtake the head and data will be destroyed. To detect when
the queue is full, a variable N is used that counts the number
of elements in the queue. A complete set of subroutines to
add and delete queue entries is shown in Listing 1.
Before adding or deleting elements, the program should
GOSUB 1000 to initialize the queue variables. The variable
MAX should be set to the maximum size of the queue (for
100 entries MAX= 100) and a DIM Q(MAX) should be placed
near the start of the program.
The queue can be made to hold more than just numbers by
changing the array Q() to some other type. By changing DIM
0(100) to QS(100), and D to D$, the queue may contain a list
of names.
Several arrays can hold additional data in parallel. For
example, DIM 01(100), 02(100), and 03(100), and let Dl,
D2, and D3 be additional data variables. To add the name D$
and the three numeric values, perform
T=T + 1
0$(T) =D$
QKT) =D1
Q2(T) =D2
03(T) =D3
To remove data from the head of the queue, execute the
statements,
D$=Q(H)
D1=Q1(H)
D2=Q2(H)
D3=Q3(H)
See the articles by Gorney for more information about
queues.
Lists
As mentioned earlier, list elements do not have to appear
one after the other, but may appear in any order. That means
a simple array and a couple of pointers will not work. If a list
element in the middle of the array is deleted, the program
must keep track of the freed space, otherwise unusable holes
develop.
For a list of names, three arrays are created. DIM N$(100)
holds the name part of each field. DIM P(100) is the pointer
to the previous entry in the list, and DIM N(100) is a pointer
to the next entry in the list. Let H be a pointer to the head of
the list, and let T point to the tail of the list. Like the queue,
these two variables point to the first and last elements of the
list, respectively. Graphically, a short list of names appears as
GEORGE
ALAN p
N
LISA 1 P 1 N |
Head
The "previous" field for GEORGE (denoted by P) and the
"next" field for LISA (denoted by N) don't point anywhere
because they are at the head and tail of the list, respectively.
When represented as arrays, the list might appear as:
N$(3)=LISA N(3)=l P(3)=7
N$(1)=SAM N(1)=0 P(l)=3
N$(7)=GEORGE N(7)=3 P(7)=0
Note that the elements are not consecutive, and that they do
not have to begin at the first element in the arrays. P(4) and
N(7) are both because they don't point anywhere. By tracing
the P() and N() pointers, verify for yourself that the
three names are correctly linked together.
In the N$(), P() and N() arrays, each of the elements is
either used or unused. The used entries are all linked together
by the P() and N() pointers. To keep track of the free entries,
the program may link the unused elements together, again
using the P() or N() arrays.
For example, let Ul be the index of the first unused entry
and let U2 be the tail of the unused list. The list consisting of
GEORGE, ALAN, and LISA might be represented as shown
below,
(1)
N$
P
N 2
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
- ~ GEORGE ALAN ~ LISA
Ul = l
H=4
T=7
In effect, the arrays are holding two lists simultaneously: the
list of names and the list of unused entries.
To remove ALAN from the list, the entry at location 5 must
be unhooked from the name list and then added to the tail of
the unused entries list. The deletion is performed by setting
N(4) to point to 7, so that it by-passes location 5. Similarly,
P(7) is set to point to location 4. The newly freed entry is then
attached to the tail of the unused list, by executing,
N(U2)=5
N(5)=0
U2=5
208
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Data Structures, continued...
Listing 2 presents sample routines to implement a list
structure. To insert names, select option A (for add). When it
asks for the location, enter and then the name to add.
Thereafter, to add names, enter the location at which the
new name should follow.
For example, after entering the first name, the Head and
Tail are both set to 1. The second name might then be
attached after 1 by entering a 1. Option D displays the list
structure, showing both the list of free space and each of the
list elements, including the next and previous pointers. The
subroutines in Listing 1 can be easily applied to a self-
organizing list, like the one described in Parts One and Two.
Trees
Trees are programmed like lists— pointers to the left and
right. Subtrees of each node are kept in a set of arrays. Like
the list, the names are stored in array N$(). Pointers to the left
and right subtrees beneath any node are kept in L() and R(),
respectively.
A small tree having the structure,
HAROLD
/ \
ERIK MIKE
/ \
ALAN GEORGE
might be represented in the arrays N$(), L() and R()
as
N$(l)=HAROLD
N$(2)=ERIK
N$(3)=ALAN
N$(4)=GEORGE
N$(5)=MIKE
Ml)=2
L(2)=0
L(3)=0
L(4)=0
L(5)=0
R(D=5
R(2)=4
R(3)=0
R(4)=0
R(5)=0
The zero in the L() and R() values shows that there is no
subtree beneath those nodes. You should verify that the
values shown above do, indeed, represent the tree structure.
New names are added to the tree by linking in a new
branch and leaf at the appropriate node. First, a binary
search is used to see if the name to be added already exists. If
the name is already in the tree, it cannot be added. When the
search completes without having found the name, it has
stopped at the point where the name should appear.
For example to add RICHARD to the tree shown above,
the algorithm first searches the tree. Seeing that RICHARD
is not found to the right of MIKE, the search terminates.
Therefore, the name should be placed along a new branch
descending to the right of MIKE, giving the tree,
HAROLD
/ \
ERIK MIKE
/ \ \
ALAN GEORGE RICHARD
The arrays are updated to show the addition of the new
name, giving,
L(l)=2 R(l)=5
L(2)=0 R(2)=4
L(3)=0 R(3)=0
L(4)=0 R(4)=0
L(5)=0 R(5)=6
L(6)=0 R(6)=0
A Basic program, demonstrating searching and adding to a
tree structure is shown in Listing 3. Deletion of individual tree
entries is not described in this article because there are
problems that make deletion a difficult task.
Traversing a Tree
A tree is "traversed" by climbing from node to node or
node to leaf within the tree. By changing the direction of the
N$(l)= HAROLD
N$(2)= ERIK
NS(3)= ALAN
N$(4)= GEORGE
N$(5)= MIKE
N$(6)= RICHARD
climb, the data in the tree can be read in either ascending or
descending order.
To produce an ascending order traversal (also known as
"inorder" and "symmetric" order), the traversal algorithm
descends as far as it can down the left side of tree. After
visiting the leaf on the far left, it moves up to the node
immediately above and visits nodes along the right branch.
Ascending order traversal algorithms are shown in Algorithms
1 and 2.
Algorithm 1
In Order Tree Traversal
Step Action
l)SetS = Root
2) Traverse Tree (S) (see Algorithm 2)
3) Stop
Algorithm 2
Traverse Tree
Enter with S be the tree to traverse
Step Action
1) If Left Branch (S) exists then
PUSH S Save S on stack
S = Left Branch (S)
Traverse Tree (S)
S = POP Get old value of S back
2) Display the name at node S
3) If Right Branch (S) exists then
PUSHS
S = Right Branch (S)
Traverse Tree (S)
S = POP
4) Return
Algorithm 2 is a "recursive" procedure because it calls
itself. When programmed in Basic, a stack is used to keep
track of the return positions within the tree. To traverse the
tree in Figure 3, S is set to 1. Since (1) has a left branch, we
place 1 on a stack and descend to (2) by setting S to 2. The
stacks looks like
1
Since (2) has a left branch, (2) is placed on the stack and the
algorithm descends to (3).
2
1
(3) has no left branch so the algorithm goes to step 3 and
prints A. Since there is no right branch it simply moves back
up to the previous node by popping (2) from the stack, and
returning to step 1 of the original call in Algorithm 2. B is
printed, and then at step 4, the algorithm descends the right
branch.
(b)
2
•
Stack
1
(7)
G
210
Figure 3. Traversing a tree. A stack based algorithm (see
Algorithms 1 and 2) reads the tree from left to right. It
descends down the tree as far as it can along left branches. At
each mode it places a return point on the stack. At (b) the
algorithm has reached node (3) where it prints A. It then pops
the return node (2) from the stack and climbs back up the
tree to (3) to print B. Then it descends to the right and prints
C. Finally it returns to (I) and descends the right branch of
node (I).
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Data Structures, continued...
A Practical Application
Part Two described a genealogical database used for
making pedigree charts. The design is based on a tree
structured database that provides a natural representation for
the problem. The three commands provided by the program
are: "Add" to add new ancestors into the database, "Print" to
display some or all of the ancestors, and "Change" to modify
and update the data file.
The genealogical program is split into several subroutines
summarized in Table 1. The major routines Add new ancestor,
Print out pedigree chart, and Change data records, provide
the user interface, prompting for data, and displaying the
results.
Line
Subroutine
100
Select command
1000
Add new ancestor
2000
Print out pedigree chart
3000
Print the name at record R
3500
Print the name and information at record R
4000
Change data records
5000
Perform tree search to find an ancestor
6000
Expand short-hand relationship specification
7000
Open data file
8000
Read record R
9000
Write record R
10000
Update and close file
11000
Exit program
Table 1. Genealogical Program Subroutines.
When a name is added, the program performs a search on
the data file looking for the specified relationship. All searches
begin at logical record 1. The relationship F means locate the
record pointed to by the "father" field of record 1. The
notation MF means jump to the mother record, pointed to by
the "mother" field and then to the "father" record specified
by the "father" field in the "mother's record.
To add a new ancestor, you enter the ancestor's relationship
to you. Your grandfather is your father's father, or FF for this
program. The search routine sees if that ancestor is already in
the tree. If not, a new record is created, and the "father" field
of the your father's record is set to point to the new record.
Changing records is fairly easy. After entering the relation-
ship, the search routine locates the correct record. The data
is displayed, and you may make changes as necessary. When
complete, the updated record is written back to disk.
The Print routine uses some interesting data structure
techniques. Any individual in the tree may be displayed. Or,
pedigree charts for any individual may be printed. A pedigree
chart for the person at the root of the tree includes all of his
ancestors.
Entering FMF prints the record corresponding to your
great-grandfather. If you wish to see a pedigree chart for your
great-grandfather, enter FMF+, meaning display FMF plus
a\\ of his ancestors. The same notation can limit the size of
the pedigree chart. FMF+1 means display FMF plus one
more generation, which is his parents. FMF+2 displays both
his parents and his grandparents.
The program shown in Listing 4 is limited to 16 generations
because of the use of integers for the father and mother
pointer fields. Additionally, each record requires 128 bytes of
storage, which means only about 780 ancestors can be entered
per 100K of disk storage. For many people that is not a severe
limit, but for others it may be very constraining.
One alternative is to keep just the names on the disk file,
with perhaps an index number identifying an external record
of the ancestor. That would expand the storage capability to
over 3000 names per 100K of disk storage. Also, when
extending the pedigree chart back many generations, it might
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
be best simply to create a separate database starting at, say,
the eighth generation.
Summary
The lack of dynamic memory allocation in Basic requires
that data structures be set up within fixed size arrays. Stacks
and queues are easily programmed by using an array and one
or more pointer variables.
On the other hand, lists and trees both require several
arrays and complex programming to link all the elements
together. But without data structure techniques, the genealog-
ical database would be difficult to build and probably quite
slow to operate.
Next month, several sorting techniques, including Shellsort
and Quicksort, will be discussed. Quicksort is an especially
fast sort algorithm, well suited to sorting large tables of
randomly distributed records.
References
Gorney, Len, ''Queuing Theory, the Science of Wait
Control, Part 1: Queue Representation," Byte, Vol 4, No. 4,
April 1979, p. 132.
"Queuing Theory, the Science of Wait Control,
Part 2: System Types," Byte, Vol. 4, No. 5, May, 1979, p. 176.
Knuth, Donald E., The Art of Computer Programming:
Fundamental Algorithms, Vol. 3, Addison-Wesley Publishing
Co, Reading, MA, 1973.
Standish, Thomas A., Data Structure Techniques, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co, Reading, MA 1980.
Swanson, Paul, "PDQ: A Data Manager for Beginners,
Don't Reinvent the Wheel," Byte, Vol. 6, No. 11, Nov. 1981,
p. 236. □
Listing 1. Subroutines to add to and remove elements from a
queue. To add a new element, set D$ to the value to be added
and execute a GOSUB 2000. To remove a value, execute a
GOSUB 3000. D$ will be set to the removed element.
1000
1010
1020
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
3000
3010
3020
3030
3040
3050
3060
REM - INITIALIZE QUEUE
T = 0: N
1: RETURN ELSE F-0
=
H - 1:
RETURN
REM - ADD ELEMENT TO THE QUEUE
IF N = MAX THEN F
N • N ♦ 1
T ■ T + 1
IF T > MAX THEN T
Q»(T) = D*
RETURN
REM - REMOVE ELEMENT FROM THE QUEUE
IF N = THEN F = 2: RETURN ELSE F=0
D* » Q*<H>
N = N - 1
H = H ♦ 1
IF H > MAX THEN H = 1
RETURN
Listing 2. Several routines to create and manipulate list
structures in Basic.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
N(MAX>, P(MAX>
DdSPLAY Q(UIT ?
MAX=100
DIM N*(MAX) ,
GOSUB lOOO
PRINT "ENTER A(DD RCEMOVE
C«-INPUT*<1) : PRINT C*
ON INSTR<1,"ARDQ" ,C*>«-1 GOSUB 40,80,130,170,32767
GOTO 40
INPUT "ENTER LOCATION ? ",G
INPUT "ENTER NAME ? " , S*
GOSUB 2000
IF F>0 THEN PRINT "ERROR ",F
RETURN
INPUT "REMOVE WHAT LOCATION ? ",G
GOSUB 3000
IF F>0 THEN PRINT "ERROR ",F
RETURN
GOSUB 4000
PRINT "TRACE OF LIST CONTROL
PRINT "FREE SPACE LIST -"
P-Ul
IF P-0 THEN GOTO 230
PRINT P, : P-N<P>i GOTO 210
PRINT : PRINT "USED SPACE LIST-"
PRINT "HEAD-" ;H, "TAIL-" ; T
P-H
INFORMATION"
213
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214
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
TTCTiTTXTitT
I. APPLEsurance
DUAL AUTOMATIC DIAGNOSTIC AND
ASSURANCE SYSTEM
The only double-safe system now available for
insuring the reliability, integrity, and dependability
of your Apple II and peripherals. Identify problems
before you lose time and data. APPLEsurance II
includes:
( 1 ) A standard disk controller card which also auto-
matically runs sophisticated diagnostic routines on
basic system hardware each time you power-up.
Descriptive error messages indicate any problem
areas and, in some cases, the specific chip or
component that's responsible.
(2) Disk based diagnostic and assurance tests for
further and more extensive checks of the basic
hardware plus elaborate standard and optional
analysis of peripheral cards and sub-systems.
APPLEsurance II suggested list prices:
Complete System with Disk Controller Card
and Disk Based Software $150.00
Disk Controller Card with Power-Up
Diagnostics only $125.00
Disk Based Software only
$125.00
$50.00
IV. VERSAcard...
FOUR CARDS ON ONE + TWO NEW OPTIONS
the preferred multifunction card for Apple II
(1) Serial Input/Output Interface (2) Parallel Output
Interface, (3) Precision Clock Calendar, and
(4) BSR Control PLUS NEW OPTIONS: Screen
Dump Graphics ROM and BSR Time and Event
Program.
VERSAcard suggested list price
Options extra.
$199.00
. GRAPHITTI. . .
GRAPHICS/PARALLEL PRINTER CARD
Sophisticated text and graphic routines available
via simple keyboard commands. Avoid "squashed"
printouts. GRAPHITTI on-board firmware lets you
utilize the Apple high resolution graphic screens -
circles are printed as circles. Use with most of
today's popular dot-matrix printers. Graphic sup-
port for Epson, Okidata, NEC 8023, C-ltoh Pro-
writer, and IDS Prism. Compatible with most soft-
ware packages including PFS:Graph,™ CP/M,™
and Apple Pascal : m
Firmware 'text' features include: Set Line width via
standard A InN format, Enable or Disable Line Feed
after Carriage Return, Set Lines per Page, Set Left
Margin, Set or Clear 8th Bit. Print High Resolution
Page 1 and/or 2, Double Size, Emphasized Mode,
Inverse Mode, Rotate 90 Degrees, Specify Left
Margin. . .and more.
GRAPHITTI Graphics/Parallel Printer Interface
Suggested list $125.00
V. EXPAND -A- RAM...
16K to 128K EXPANDABLE RAM CARD
A low cost solution to future larger memory needs.
Start with 16K ($225), 32K ($249), or 64K ($375),
and expand to 1 28K later. Or, simply order the full
128K size now ($495). No Apple modification re-
quired. All cards include memory management
available. Optional: Expand Visicalc™ to 128K and
80 column format.
Apple II is a registered trademark of
Apple Computer, Inc
. VERSAbox...
THE ONLY INTELLIGENT SPOOLER/BUFFER
WITH AN OPTIONAL REAL TIME CLOCK
INTERFACE DISPLAY
For use with all Centronics parallel and RS-232C
INPUT/OUTPUT interfaces. VERSAbox's high-
speed input combined with up to 60K buffer (more
with character compression) frees up your com-
puter from the slow job of printing. Modems and
other compatible devices can also be buffered.
Multiple software selectable outputs permit you to
choose between two or more VERSAbox outputs
or use them simultaneously. You can buffer multiple
inputs simultaneously too.
Add the optional REAL TIME CLOCK to VERSAbox
and you get a six digit LED numeric time display.
Your computer can read the time via the RS-232C
port. Another useful option is the SWITCHED 120V
SOCKET that can turn external devices on and off
by clock control.
Cabinet is 1 1 "W, 8"D, 8"H. VERSAbox
suggested list price with 16K buffer
$249.00 Options extra.
Great Games From
Piccadilly Software Inc.
Piccadilly
Software
Presents
Star
Blaster
Piccadilly
Software
Presents
Survival
COMING IN * THE 2ND HALF OF 1982
Piccadilly
Software
Presents
Falcons
Piccadilly
Software
Presents
Suicide!
Piccadilly
Software
Presents
Warp
Destroyer
Piccadilly
Software
Presents
Succession
Available at your local dealer.
Requires: APPLE ll/APPLE II PLUS with 48K in Dos 3.3 or 3.2 • APPLE
Piccadilly Software Inc. • 89 Summit Avenue • Summit, N.J. 07901 • (201) 277-1020
If you're unable to obfaln Piccadilly Games from your local dealer, send $29.95 per game plus $1.50 per order for postage and handling. NJ residents add 5%
sales tax. Outside US, send $3.00 per order for shipping. 'Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
CIRCLE 319 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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Making Every
Vote Count
A Program to Tally the Single Transferable Vote
Democracy is a wonderful thing, but it
is not always easy to know how to achieve
it. The usual ways of voting sometimes
lead to results that just don't seem right.
Too many good candidates on one side of
an issue can split the vote for that side
and throw the election to the other side,
even if that other side is favored by the
minority. When a committee or council is
elected, it is possible for a bare majority,
or even just a plurality, to win all the
seats, leaving a substantial part of the
population without any of their candi-
dates elected. If your favorite doesn't
seem to be one of the leading candidates,
you may feel compelled to vote for some-
one you don't like nearly as well.
All of these inequities involve situations
in which for some reason, someone's vote
doesn't count, or is in danger of being
"wasted." That is not just tough luck, or a
necessary part of politics; it is a result of
the election system.
There is no way for everyone to win,
but there is a system that guarantees that
everyone's vote will have an effect. It is
described here with a program to help do
the tallying it requires. If it sounds attrac-
tive to you, you may want to propose it in
some organization to which you belong.
The System
Of the many methods devised to try to
make elections fairer, the most elegant is
Jim Parr
Jim Parr, Mathematics Department, Illinois State
University, Normal, IL 61761.
that of the Single Transferable Vote
(STV). We often use the idea of a trans-
ferable vote in electing a committee
during a meeting: we take a vote among
the candidates, eliminate the one with
the fewest votes, and vote again.
Once your favorite candidate is elimin-
ated, you get to transfer your vote to
your next choice. Besides that kind of
transfer, STV also allows transfer of
surplus votes of a winning candidate, thus
reducing the chance of the majority being
underrepresented if they all vote for the
same candidate.
Under STV, each voter ranks the can-
didates in order of preference. A series of
tabulations or tallies follows, similar to
the series of votes taken in the example
of the meeting; except that they are all
done from the ballots, so that the voters
don't have to be present when the count-
ing is done.
If there are no more surplus points to
redistribute, then we eliminate the trailing
candidate, the one with the fewest points
currently assigned. If my ballot has some
points assigned to the trailing candidate,
who is my Nth choice, then those points
are transferred to my (N + l)st choice.
Surpluses are reassigned first because
they may affect who is eliminated. Ties
between trailing candidates are decided
at random.
This process continues— if there is a
surplus, redistribute it; if not, eliminate
the trailing candidate— until all the posi-
tions are filled.
Results
From your standpoint as voter, the
effect is that your entire vote counts. Any
part of your vote that your candidate
can't use is transferred to your next
choice. Voting for a "dark horse" doesn't
waste your vote; if he loses, your vote
goes to your next choice. Even if all your
favorites eventually lose, your vote is in
there to the last, if only to express your
preference between the two candidates
you liked least. Failing to rank all the
candidates is the only way that part of
your vote could end up not counting.
From the standpoint of the election as
a whole, voting blocs (such as parties)
will win seats approximately in proportion
to their voting strength. Thus STV is one
of the methods of achieving "proportional
representation." This is in contrast to the
usual at-large plurality rules in which a
bloc of 49% can be denied repre-
sentation.
In an election for a single office, "in
proportion to their voting strength" means
that a candidate cannot win until he has
accumulated a majority of the points in
the election, including points transferred
from losers. A candidate supported only
by a minority cannot win the office.
218
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Mcrosystems
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Every Vote, continued...
Figure 1.
SAMPLE ELECTION
H&re are th
e five ballots.
Rank record
ed beside
names
ARNOLD 2
ARNOLD
3
ARNOLD 1
ARNOLD 4
ARNOLD 4
BAKER 1
MEYER 4
MORENO 5
PARK 3„
BAKER
MEYER
MORENO"
PARK
1
.4.
5
2"
BAKER 2
MEYER 4
MORENO 5
PARK ~3~
BAKER 5
MEYER l"
MORENO 2"
PARK 3
BAKER 5
MEYER"" 2
MORENO i_
PARK 3
Names in pr
e-ference orders
BAKER
BAKER
ARNOLD
MEYER
MORENO
ARNOLD
PARK
BAKER
MORENO
MEYER
PARK
ARNOLD
PARK
PARK
PARK
MEYER
MEYER
MEYER
ARNOLD
ARNOLD
MORENO
MORENO
MORENO
BAKER
BAKER
Candidate n
umbers
assigned at
randomt
11000
DATA 3,5
ARNOLD 5
11010
DATA 1, 5,
2,
4, 3,
BAKER 1
11020
DATA l f 2,
5*
4, 3,
MEYER 4
11030
DATA 5, 1,
2,
4, 3,
MORENO 3
11040
DATA 4, 3,
2,
5, 1,
PARK 2
11050
DATA 3, 4,
2,
5, 1 P
11060
DATA -1
Figure 2.
(In a single-office election there is a
method which is sometimes better than
STV. A compromise candidate might be
best, but might be everyone's second
choice and be eliminated by STV as the
trailing candidate on an early tally. To
avoid that, for each pair of candidates A
and B, count how many voters prefer A
to B and vice-versa. If there is a candidate
who wins all his one-on-one comparisons,
that is the winner. If there is no such
winner, use STV.)
I first encountered STV in the council
elections for the department in which I
work. People who do not want to serve
cross their names off a list of those
eligible, and the department votes by STV
on those remaining. Rotation of member-
ship is guaranteed by our rule that a
person cannot serve two consecutive
terms. The department has two major
groups which get along well together, and
even overlap, but have different interests.
Our elections assure appropriate repre-
sentation to each, without any need to
designate them formally, or for some
nominating committee to try to achieve a
"balance." The balance is provided by
the voters, through STV.
QUOTA - 1260? 2 WINNERS: 1 5
HIGH ■ 1? LOWS =34
TOTAL SURPLUS ■ 276s DIFFERENCE
DISTRIBUTE EXCESS OF CANDIDATE 1
TALLY NUMBER 5
1: 517
2: 317
3 s 226
4 s
5s
SUM 1260
CAND 1
QUOTA - 1260s 2
HIGH « 5s LOWS
TOTAL SURPLUS -
ELIMINATE CANDIDATE 3
TALLY NUMBER 6
= 204
102
381
102
381
50
724
1 000
1 000
1 000
1254
1486
2
3
4
5
WINNERS s 1
5
3 4
226s
DIFFERENCE -
254
TALLY NUMBER 1
Is
1 000
2s
1000
3s
1 000
4s
1000
5s
1 000
SUM
2000
1 000
1000
IOOO
CAND
1
2
3
4
5
QUOTA -
1260s 1
WINNERSs 1
HIGH ■ Is LOWS -23
TOTAL SURPLUS =» 740s DIFFERENCE
ELIMINATE CANDIDATE 2
HIGH ■ lp LOWS - 3 4
TOTAL SURPLUS ■ 740s DIFFERENCE -
DISTRIBUTE EXCESS OF CANDIDATE 1
TALLY NUMBER 3
1 OOO
1:
517
102
381
2i
517
102
381
3s
226
50
724
4s
1 000
5s
1000
SUM
1260
2254
1486
CAND
1
2
3
4
5
QUOTA
1260s 3 WINNERSs 1 4 5
Is
630
370
2s
630
O
370
3s
O
1000
4s
IOOO
5:
1 000
SUM
1 260
1000
1 000
1740
CAND
1
2
3
4
5
QUOTA = 1
260 s 2
WINNERSs 1
5
HIGH = 5s
LOWS ■
-34
TOTAL SURPLUS ■
480 s
DIFFERENCE ■
DISTRIBUTE EXCESS OF
CANDIDATE 5
Proaram outputs
TALLY NUMBER 4
DISPLAY
DETAILED
TALLIES
BALLOTS
1 1
1 1
5
2
4
3
2 !
1
2
5
4
3
3 :
t 5
1
2
4
3
4 :
\ 4
3
2
5
1
5 :
1 3
4
2
5
1
(Y/N)?Y
Is
630
102
268
2s
630
102
268
3s
276
724
4s
1000
5:
1 000
SUM
1536
1000
1204
1260
CAND
1
2
3
4
5
220
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Every Vote, continued.. .
Figure 3a.
STRUCTURED FLOW CHARTS (N-S DIAGRAMS)
LEGEND
sequence loop
step 1 : ! condition to continui
step
loop body
branch
true
branch
■f al se
branch
refi nement
goal of
section
methods
used to
achieve
goal
Figure 3b.
Main loaic
(numbers are subroutine locations)
Read ballots (8COO)
Distribute points to
■first choices (9000)
Calculate: sums, winners,
quota, active candidates
( 4GOO )
Print report (5000)
while winners < vacancies
and active > vacancies
Find whose points are
to be transferred
and what -fraction of
them (2000)
Transfer (3000) !
MMMM , ui | | gi ui m !■ ■ ■! Ill I '
Calculate ( 4000 ) !
__________________ '
i
Print report I
( 5000 ) !
Conducting an Election
Various sets of rules for carrying out
the tallies are in use, and could conceiv-
ably give different results in some elec-
tions so it is important to adopt explicit
rules before the election to avoid argu-
ments afterward. One way would be to
adopt the rules contained in the attached
program. A copy of some rules for manual
counting is available from the city of
Cambridge, MA (2).
Every group that might want represen-
tation should have one or more candi-
dates running. STV imposes no penalty
on a group for nominating more candi-
dates than it can elect. The votes of their
losing candidates will be transferred to
their stronger ones. You might want to
allow as candidates everyone who has a
certain number of petition signatures;
everyone whose name is proposed and
who does not decline; or even everyone
eligible who has not declined.
Each voter ranks the candidates
according to his preference, for instance
by taking a list of the candidates' names
and marking beside each name its rank: 1
beside the favorite, 2 beside the second
choice, and so on (Figure 1). Ranking
only the first few choices indicates no
preference among the unranked candi-
dates. If a voter's object is to make sure
that Whyte doesn't get elected, then he
must rank all other candidates, ranking
Whyte last or not at all.
You will have to decide what to do
about various kinds of irregular ballots.
For instance, if someone ranks candidates
as 1, 3, and 4, but doesn't use 2, you might
decide his 3 really meant 2 and his 4 was a
3. If he had numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, you could
decide at random which is 2 and which is
3, and make the 3 a 4. Such decisions
should be known to the voters before the
election.
Suppose you adopt the attached pro-
gram as your counting rule. The program
identifies each candidate by a number
from 1 to the number of candidates.
Assign candidate numbers in a random
order, to randomize the tie-breaking
process in the program.
The first data statement has the number
of positions to be filled and the number
of candidates. Each succeeding data
statement represents a ballot, assigning
to each candidate numbers based on the
preference order of that ballot, and end-
ing with a zero. The last data statement
contains the number -1, to signal the end
of the data.
Check the array dimensions. The first
dimension of BALLOT is the number of
ballots, the second at least one more than
the number of candidates. Dimensions of
SUM and Z are the number of candidates.
The dimensions of TALLY are the num-
ber of ballots and the number of candi-
dates.
The output shows what you need to
know to tell why the program decided to
make the transfers it did. If you requested
detailed tallies, then you also get a table
for each tally showing how many points
of each ballot have been given to each
candidate. Sums are done in real pre-
cision, but the table is printed out rounded
off, so the sums may sometimes appear to
be off by one or two points. If points of a
ballot are to be transferred from candi-
date X but the ballot indicates no further
choices after X, then those points become
invalid, and are given to a fictitious
"candidate 0." Invalid points no longer
count in the election, so the number of
points required to win (the "quota")
becomes smaller.
f
The Sample Election
There are five candidates to fill three
positions, and five voters. Their ballots
are shown in Figure 1. DATA statement
11010 represents the first ballot, and
shows that its first choice is candidate
number one, Baker; second choice is
number 5, Arnold; third is number two,
Park; and the last two choices are num-
bers four and three, Meyer and Moreno.
The second tally is not displayed; it is
identical to the first, since candidate
number 2 had no points to transfer. From
the final tally (Figure 2), we see that the
winners are candidates 1, 4, and 5: Baker,
Meyer and Arnold. The 60% majority (the
first three ballots) got 67% of the seats,
and the 40% minority got 33%; even
though the minority "split their vote"
between Meyer and Moreno.
Program Details
The attached program should run as is,
or with the variable names abbreviated,
on just about any version of Basic with
floating-point arithmetic and two-
subscript arrays. You can probably tune
it up to be more efficient using features
of your particular Basic. On a 48K Apple
II Plus it runs as is for about 200 ballots
for ten candidates or 300 ballots for six
candidates, in about six to eight minutes
for random ballots.
The program saves time by not trans-
ferring surplus points unless the total
222
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
r
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Basic 80
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CONN. INFO. SYSTEMS CO.
(203) 579-0472
218 Huntington Road, Bridgeport, CT 0660A
CIRCLE 153 ON READER SERVICE CARD
PACKER: Machine language program that edits all or
part of your Basic program to run faster, save memory,
or ease editing The 5 options include UNPACK—
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maintaining logic inserts spaces and renumbers lines.
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statements. PACK— packs lines into maximum multiple
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renumbers lines, including all branches. MOVE— moves
line or blocks of lines to any new location in program.
On 2 cassettes for 16K. 32K. & 48K For TRS-80™
Mod I or III Level II or Disk Basic $29 95
SYSTEM TAPE DUPLICATOR: Copy your SYSTEM
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For TRS-80™ Model I or III Level II $15.95
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For TRS-80™ Model I or III Level II & Printer $17.95
PRINT TO LPRINT TO PRINT: Edits your Basic program
in seconds to change all Prints to LPrints (except
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version.
For TRS-80™ Model I or III Level II $12 95
FAST SORTING ROUTINES: For use with Radio
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FAST SORT for Accounts Receivable $19 95
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ALL THREE ROUTINES $44 95
Prices subject to change without notice Call or write
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On-line catalog on Wichita FORUM-80: 316-682-21 13
Or call our 24 hour phone 316-683-481 1 or write:
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614 N. Harding Wichita. KS 67208
TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation
CIRCLE 157 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SRA Educational
Courseware:
"Because learning
matters"
Computer Drill and Instruction:
Mathematics (Grades 1-6)
For your Apple* and Atari* personal
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An outstanding program of drill and in-
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CIRCLE 288 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Every Vote, continued...
Figure 3c.
2000 Find whose votes to transfer, and what fraction of them
Find the
hi ahest
! and two
I
1 owest
candidates
Summarize
Decide whether
to transfer
surplus of
hiqn candidate
or el iminate
low. calculate
fraction to
transfer, set
status.
Set high and low to first
active candidate, 2d low
to fake one with quota
!
for
\t of candidates
if higher than high,
change high.
if lower than L2,
change L2
if low, L2 are out of I
I order, change them. I
calculate difference of
two lows,, print summary
yes — ^^^-^^ no
giver ■» high 1 giver "low
calculate 1 fraction ■ 1
transfer 1 status ■ -1
print facts I print facts
Figure 3d.
3000 transfer giver's points
for each ballot I
find rank of giver I
on this ballot I
find next eligible
choice on this
ballot (or 0)
transfer fraction
of giver's points
to next eligible
choice
Figure 3e.
4000 calculate
find sum for each
candidate and sum
of all valid points
calculate quota
find number of
winners, number of
active candidates,
total surplus
set grand sum to
for each candidate
set his/her sum to
add his/her points!
from all ballots I
»
add to grand sum I
calculate quota
set winners, active, total
surplus all to zero.
for each candidate
Lver quota?
add surplus to
total surplus
increment winners if
status ■ 1
increment active if
status is not -1
224
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
CONSUMER
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CIRCLE 217 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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CIRCLE 143 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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Every Vote, continued...
Dictionary Of Variables
AMOUNT: Amount of this candidate's vote to be transferred.
BLTNO: Number of this ballot.
B9: Total number of ballots.
BALLOT (BLTNO,RANK): Number of candidate ranked RANK
on ballot number BLTNO.
CNDNO: Number of this candidate.
C9: Total number of candidates.
C8: Number of candidates not eliminated.
DFF: Difference between sums of two lowest candidates.
D$: Detail flag: "Y" means print details of tallies.
FRACT: Fraction of GIVER's vote to be transferred.
GIVER: Number of candidate whose votes are to be transferred.
HIGH: Number of candidate with highest sum.
ITER: Iteration number (tally number).
KOLUMS: Column width for print subroutine.
K2: Counter for print subroutine.
LOW: Number of candidate with lowest sum.
L2: Number of candidate with second lowest sum.
QUOTA: Quota.
RANK: Position on someone's ballot.
SUM: Total of all valid points.
SUM (CNDNDO): Total points for candidate number CNDNO.
S2: Total surplus of winners.
TALLY (BLTNO, CNDNO): Number of points of ballot BLTNO
being counted for candidate number
CNDNO.
VACANCIES: Number of positions to be filled by the election.
WINNERS: Number of candidates already declared winner.
X: Value to be printed by subroutine.
Z (CNDNO): "Ztatus" of candidate number CNDNO:
-1 eliminated
still eligible, not elected
1 elected
Listing 1.
1 00
REM
SINGLE TRANSFERABLE
110
REM
VOTE
12G
REM
COUNTING PROGRAM
1 30
REM
J T PARR MAY 1982
14C
REM
PERMISSION TO USE,
ISO
REM
NOT SELL.
160
REM
REFERENCE:
170
REM
HOW DEMOCRACIES VOTE
180
REM
BY ENID LAKEMAN,
190
REM
FABER l< FABER
192
195
REM
REM
LONDON 1974
210
REM
ALL VARIABLES MAY BE
211
REM
SHORTENED TO FIRST
212
REM
LETTER OR LETTER
2 1 3
290
REM
REM
AND DIGIT.
500
DIM
BALLOT (31. 14)
510
DIM
SUM(14>
520
DIM
TALLY (31, 13)
540
DIM
Z (13)
550
1 000
LET
REM
KOLUMS = 5
1010
1 020
REM
REM
CONTROL
1 050
PRINT "DISPLAY DETAILED TALLIES
1 060
INPUT D*
1 1 OO
REM
READ VOTES
1110
GOSUB BOOO
1 1 50
REM
1ST CHOICES
<Y/N) ";
CIRCLE 120 ON READER SERVICE CARD
226
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
pick up
g bargain
TO ORDER,
CALL TOLL-FREE:
-227-4587
In California 800-622-0678
CA residents add sales tax.
OR WRITE:
SOFTWARE, INC
185 Berry Street, Suite 6820, San Francisco, CA 94107
n Purchase orders accepted.
D Prompt UPS 3 day Blue Label service.
G Call for shipping charges.
CIRCLE 169 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Every Vote, continued...
surplus exceeds a "threshold" of ten
points, and is enough to allow the trailing
candidate to catch up to the next one. In
the sample election, if surplus had been
redistributed whenever it was over ten
points, there would have been ten tallies
instead of six. If the threshold had been
one point instead of ten, it would have
taken 14 tallies.
History
The most flexible method of propor-
tional representation, the Single Trans-
ferable Vote, was invented independently
by Andrae in Denmark in 1855 and by
Thomas Hare in England in 1857. It is
used in public elections in the Republic
of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Australia,
New Zealand, several cities in Canada, in
the Church of England, and in many
private societies.
In the United States, proportional rep-
resentation in the form of STV has been
used notably in municipal elections in
Cincinnati, New York City and
Cambridge, MA. It is still used in Cam-
bridge and in the New York City school
board elections.
Cincinnati and New York have similar
histories in the use of proportional repre-
sentation. Both adopted STV as part of a
reform in reaction to a party machine
that held power out of proportion to its
numbers. In both cases, on the council
elected under STV, seats were held by
the machine and other groups in pro-
portion to their voting strength. In both
cases, the machine attempted repeatedly
to repeal STV, succeeding finally when
voters were alarmed by an unpopular
group gaining a seat. New York used STV
for ten years, Cincinnati for 33.
Some Pros And Cons
The ideal of democracy is the entire
population debating and voting on issues.
STV comes close to that ideal by pro-
viding a representative body in which
opinions on major issues are present in
the same proportions as in the population.
It provides an automatic responsiveness
to new issues and new coalitions. How-
ever, it is harder to explain to voters, and
more complicated to carry out.
A small city is perhaps an ideal place to
try STV. Most city councils are elected
either at large or from wards. The usual
at-large election can allow a plurality to
win all the seats. Using wards or districts
guarantees representation to some groups
that are concentrated geographically, but
a large minority spread evenly through
the city could still be without repre-
sentation. Elections at large by STV
would assure them representation regard-
less of where they live.
A state legislature would be too large
for a single ballot. One could group
VOTE
N E R S
1E15
VACANCIES
GIVER
.5 THEN
L Y
1 800
1 1 60 GOSUB 9000
1200 REM COUNT
1201 REM S< W I N
1210 GOSUB 4000
1220 REM R E P R
1225 LET ITER = 1
1230 GOSUB 5000
1300 FOR ITER - 2 TO
1305 IF WINNERS > ■
1310 REM FIND
1320 GOSUB 2000
1330 IF SUM (GIVER) <
1600 REM R E T A L
1610 GOSUB 3000
1620 REM SUM UP
1630 GOSUB 4000
1640 REM REPORT
1650 GOSUB 5000
1800 NEXT ITER
1 900 REM
1999 STOP
REM
REM
REM
FOR CNDNO ■
IF Z (CNDNO)
NEXT CNDNO
LET HIGH - CNDNO
LOW ■ CNDNO
L2 - C9 + 1
SUM(C9 ♦ 1) ■ QUOTA
CNDNO ■ CNDNO + 1 TO C9
- 1 THEN 2200
* SUM(HIGH)
OR C8
VACANCIES THEN 1900
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2 1 00
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2 1 60
2170
2 1 80
2190
2200
2210
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
INT
FIND HIGH, LOW
1
>
TO C9
- 1 THEN
2060
LET
LET
LET
FOR
IF Z (CNDNO) -
IF SUM (CNDNO)
THEN 2140
SUM(L2> THEN 2200
SUM(L2) THEN 2200
(S!
it
2350
2360
2370
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
2450
2460
2500
2510
2520
2530
2600
2610
3000
30 1
3020
3060
3070
3075
3100
31 lO
3120
LET HIGH * CNDNO
REM
IF SUM (CNDNO) >
LET L2 » CNDNO
IF SUM (LOW) < ■
LET L2 ■ LOW
LET LOW ■ CNDNO
REM
NEXT CNDNO
REM
PRINT "HIGH ■ "jHIGH?
PRINT " } LOWS - "SLOW?" " ; L2
LET DFF ■ SUM(L2) - SUM (LOW)
PRINT "TOTAL SURPLUS » "? INT
(DFF ♦ .5)
REM HIGH OR LOW?
IF S2 > DFF AND S2 > 10 THEN 2500
REM
REM NO SURPLUS; DROP LOW
LET GIVER - LOW
LET Z(LOW) = - 1
LET FRACT - 1
PRINT "ELIMINATE CANDIDATE " * LOW
GOTO 2600
REM
REM RED I ST HIGH
LET GIVER - HIGH
LET FRACT - 1 - QUOTA / SUM (HIGH)
PRINT "DISTRIBUTE EXCESS OF CANDIDATE
REM END OF BRANCH
RETURN
REM
REM TRANSFER POINTS
REM
FOR BLTNO - 1 TO B9
IF TALLY ( BLTNO „ GIVER) < .5 THEN 3340
REM
REM FIND BLTNO" S NEXT
REM ELIGIBLE CHOICE
REM AFTER GIVER.
ii
DIFFERENCE
it
HIGH
228
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
DISCOUNT SOFTWARE HOOSE
TM
OUR PRICES ARE UNBEATABLE !
LIST TOUR
LOOK AT THESE TYPICAL VALUES FOR THE APPLE: price cost
ON-LINE TIME ZONE 99.95 65.95
ON-LINE FROGGER 34.95 19.95
CONTINENTAL THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 74.95 49.95
QUALITY SOFTWARE BAG OF TRICKS 39.95 26.95
STONEWARE D.B. MASTER 229.00 151.95
T.G. PRODUCTS JOYSTICK 59.95 39.95
D.C. HAYES MICROMODEMII 379.00 269.95
INSOFT ELECTRIC DUET 29.95 19.95
HAPP ELECTRONICS HI-FI ADAPTOR 25.00 17.95
BRODERBUND CHOPLIFTER 34.95 23.95
CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG
- SPECIFY COMPUTER TYPE -
AT THESE PRICES, WE MUST HAVE A 50.00 MINIMUM ON ALL ORDERS
VISA & MASTER CHARGE ACCEPTED - ADD 4%
PERSONAL CHECKS & MONEY ORDERS - ADD $ 2.00 FOR SHIPPING
WISCONSIN RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX
WE WILL SHIP UPS. FOB, COD
IISCIINT SOFTWARE HIKE p.o. box 93 winnebago, Wisconsin 54985 (414)231-1696
CIRCLE 314 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SWEET-TALKER,
IT GIVES YOUR COMPUTER AN
UNLIMITED VOCABULARY.
Parallel Version
Apple II Version
As Featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,
Byte Magazine. September 1981
The Sweet -Talker voice synthesizer allows you to add speech of
unlimited vocabulary to your computer Utilizing the Votrax SC-OIAchip,
you can output any message by programming individual phonemes
Comes in two versions, one plugs directly into your Apple II. the other
connects to any computer with an 8 bit parallel printer port + 12 volts
and + 5 volts required for parallel board
• Contains 64 different phonemes ST01 Sweet Talker Parallel
accessed by a 6 bit code Port Board A & T $139.00
• Automatic and manual mflec- ST02 Sweet Talker Apple II
tion modes plug in board 149.00
• Parallel port driven or plug-in ST06 Text-to-Speech
compatible with Apple II algorithm on disk
• Super text-to-speech algorithm for Apple II 35.00
on disk for Apple II Makes SC01A Votrax Speech
Sweet -Talker equivalent to Synthesizer chip 50.00
units 3 times the cost 40.00 In 100' 8.
• On board audio amplifier UPS01 Universal Power Supply
•Sample program on cassette A 4 T 35.00
with Apple II board Add $20 o for shipping & handling
•Optional power supply for ^^^^^^^^^
parallel board ^^k ^^^
To Order Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 ^A^^^ ^^^V\
(In NY State Call 1516-374-6793) Ar /^ ^^XfA.
For Information Call 1516-374-6793 £U / ^ > / Vl^^^^
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CIRCLE 218 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FREE CATALOG
WORLDS LARGEST SELECTION OF
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SEND TODAY FOR YOUR FREE 100-PAGE
INMAC CATALOG OR PHONE (408) 727-1970.
Please RUSH my copy of the Inmac Catalog
Name
Title
Company
Phone
Adaress
City
State
11/82
CIRCLE 189 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Every Vote, continued. . .
several (say, five) of the present districts
into "super-districts" in which five repre-
sentatives would be elected at large by
STV.
Summary
STV is a system which holds consider-
able promise for providing better repre-
sentation in many kinds of elections. If
you have questions about how it would
operate under certain circumstances,
make up a set of ballots and run the
program to find out. If you find the system
attractive, maybe you can start it in your
organizations. □
References
1. Citizens Forum on Self-Government,
47 E. 68th St., New York, NY 10021.
2. City of Cambridge, MA. Rules for
Counting Ballots under Proportional
Representation, 1941, and addendum
Transfer of Surplus Votes, 1973.
3. Common, John R. Proportional
Representation, Augustus M. Kelley, New
York, 1976.
4. Garrett, Charles. The La Guardia
Years, Machine and Reform Politics in
New York City, Rutgers, New Brunswick,
NJ, 1961.
5. Gosnell, Harold F. and Smolka,
Richard G. American Parties and
Elections, Charles Merrill, Columbus,
1976.
6. Hermens, F. A. Democracy or
Anarchy?, University of Notre Dame, IN,
1941.
7. Lakeman, Enid. How Democracies
Vote, Faber & Faber, London, 1974.
8. Mackenzie, W. J. M. Free Elections,
Rinehart, New York, 1958.
9. Nassi, Isaak and Shneiderman, Ben.
"Flowchart Techniques for Structured
Programming," Department of Computer
Science, SUNY at Stony Brook; also
SIGPLAN Notices, Aug. 1973.
10. O'Leary, Cornelius. Irish Elections
1918-77, St. Martin's Press, New York,
1979.
11. Straetz, Ralph A. PR Politics in
Cincinnati, NYU Press, 1958.
12. Zeller, Belle and Bone, Hugh A. "The
Repeal of PR in New York City -Ten
Years in Retrospect," The American
Political Science Review, vol. XLII, Dec.
1948, pp. 1127-1148.
3130
3140
3150
316G
3170
3 1 80
3 1 90
3200
32 1
3220
3230
3240
3300
3310
3320
3330
3340
3350
3360
4000
4001
4002
4003
4010
4020
4030
4040
4O50
4060
4070
4080
4090
4099
4 1 00
4 1 1
4 1 20
4 1 30
4 1 40
4150
4160
4170
4 1 80
4 1 90
4200
4210
4220
4230
4240
4250
4260
4270
4280
4290
5000
500 1
5002
50 1
5020
5030
5040
5090
5 1 00
5110
5120
5130
5140
5 ISO
5160
5170
5 1 80
5190
5200
5210
5220
FOR . RANK - 1 TO C9
IF BALLOT (BLTNO, RANK)
NEXT RANK
REM GIVER NOT ON BALLOT
GOTO 3340
REM GIVER FOUND AT RANK
FOR RANK ■ RANK + 1 TO C9 + 1
LET CNDNO = BALLOT (BLTNO, RANK)
IF Z (CNDNO) > - 1 THEN 3240
IF CNDNO = THEN 3240
NEXT RANK
REM
- GIVER THEN 3180
REM
LET
LET
LET
REM
NEXT BLTNO
RETURN
GIVE SURPLUS TO CNDNO
AMOUNT ■ FRACT * TALLY (BLTNO, GIVER)
TALLY (BLTNO, CNDNO) ■ TALLY (BLTNO, CNDNO)
TALLY (BLTNO, GIVER) ■ TALLY (BLTNO, GIVER)
AMOUNT
AMOUNT
TOTALS, QUOTA AND
WINNERS.
REM
REM
REM
REM
LET SUM =
FOR CNDNO = 1 TO
LET SUM (CNDNO) ■
IF Z (CNDNO) = -
FOR BLTNO ■ 1 TO
LET SUM (CNDNO) =
NEXT BLTNO
LET SUM = SUM
NEXT CNDNO
REM
QUOTA
QUOTA ■ 10 +
C9
O
1 THEN 4090
B9
SUM (CNDNO) ■
SUM (CNDNO)
TALLY ( BLTNO , CNDNO )
REM
LET
REM
REM
LET
LET
LET
FOR
IF
SUM / (VACANCIES
1)
WINNER
WINNERS ■ O
C8 = O
S2 ■
CNDNO ■ 1 TO
(SUM (CNDNO) <
Z (CNDNO) = 1
C9
QUOTA)
THEN 4210
LET
LET 82 <■ 82 + SUM (CNDNO) - QUOTA
REM
IF Z (CNDNO)
LET WINNERS
REM
IF Z (CNDNO)
LET C8 ■ C8
REM
NEXT CNDNO
RETURN
< 1 THEN 4240
■ WINNERS + 1
= - 1 THEN 4270
■h 1
REPORT
REM -
REM
REM
PRINT
PRINT "TALLY NUMBER " 5 ITER
LET KOLUMS = 5
IF D* < > "Y" THEN 5220
REM
REM DETAILS
PRINT
FOR BLTNO = 1 TO B9
LET X ■ BLTNO
GOSUB 7000
PRINT "5 "s
FOR CNDNO = 1 TO C9
LET X = TALLY (BLTNO, CNDNO)
GOSUB 7000
NEXT CNDNO
PRINT
NEXT BLTNO
REM
230
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
H
E
CQHIPIJTHQUICS
H
EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80™ • ATARI'" • APPLE'" • PET" • CP/M" • XEROX 1 " • IBM'" • OSBORNE'
* TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp ■ ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc 'APPLE is a trademark of Apple Corp * PET is a trademark of Commodore
* CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp * IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp * OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp
BUSINESS PAC 1 00
ro c«sed within 24-Hours
* 30-Day money
1 00 Ready-To-Run
Business Programs
(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 128 Page Users Manual
Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations,
Checkbook Maintenance.. ...Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable
BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST
NAME
1 RULE78
2 ANNCJl
3 DATE
4 DAYYEAR
5 LEASEJMT
6 BREAKEW
7 DEPRSL
8 DEPRSY
9 DEPRDB
10 DEPRDDB
11 TAXDEP
12 CHECK2
13 CHECKBK1
14 MORTGAGE/A
15 MCILTMON
16 SALVAGE
17 RRVARJN
18 RRCOMST
19 EFFECT
20 FVAL
21 PVAL
22 LOATHPAY
23 REGW1TVI
24 SIAAPDISK
25 DATEVAL
26 AJNNCIDEF
27 MARKUP
28 SINKFCIND
29 BONDVAL
30 DEPLETE
31 BLACKSH
32 STOCVAL1
33 WARVAL
34 BONDVAL2
35 EPSEST
36 BETAALPH
37 SHARPE1
38 OPTvVRITE
39 RTVAL
40 EXPVAL
41 BAYES
42 VALPRINF
43 VALADINF
44 UTIUTY
45 SIMPLEX
4b TRANS
47 EOQ
48 QUEUE 1
49 CVP
50 CONDPROF
51 OPTLOSS
52 FQUOQ
53 FQEOWSH
54 FQEOQPB
55 QUEUECB
56 NCFATSAL
57 PROFIND
58 CAP1
DESCRIPTION
Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s
Annuity computation program
Time between dates
Day of year a particular date falls on
Interest rate on lease
Breakeven analysis
StraightJine depreciation
Sum of the digits depreciation
Declining balance depreciation
Double declining balance depreciation
Cash flow vs. depreciation tables
Prints NEBS checks along with dairy register
Checkbook maintenance program
Mortgage amortization table
Computes time needed for money to double, triple
Determines salvage value of an investment
Rate of return on investment with vanable inflows
Rate of return on investment with constant inflows
Effective interest rate of a loan
Future value of an investment (compound interest)
Present value of a future amount
Amount of payment on a loan
Equal withdrawals from investment to leave over
Simple discount analysis
Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig
Present value of deferred annuities
% Markup analysis for items
Sinking fund amortization program
Value of a bond
Depletion analysis
Black Scholes options analysis
Expected return on stock via discounts dividends
Value of a warrant
Value of a bond
Estimate of future earnings per share for company
Computes alpha and beta variables for stock
Portfolio selection model ie what stocks to hold
Option writing computations
Value of a nght
Expected value analysis
Bayesian decisions /'
Value of perfect information
Value of additional information
Denves utility function
Linear programming solution by simplex method
Transportation method for linear programming
Economic order quantity inventory model
Single server queueing (waiting line) model
Cost volume-profit analysis
Conditional profit tables
Opportunity loss tables
Fixed quantity economic order quantity model
As above but with shortages permitted
As above but with quantity pnce breaks
Cost benefit waiting line analysis
Net cash flow analysis for simple investment
Profitability index of a project
Cap Asset Pr Model analysis of project
etc
59 WACC
60 COMPBAL
61 DISCBAL
62 MERGANAL
63 FINRAT
64 NPV
65 PRJNDLAS
66 PRINDPA
67 SEAS1ND
68 TIMETR
69 T1MEMOV
70 FUPRINF
71 MAILPAC
72 LETWRT
73 SORT3
74 LABEL 1
75 LABEL2
76 BUSBUD
77 TIMECLCK
78 ACCTPAY
79 INVOICE
80 INVENT2
81 TELDIR
82 TIMUSAN
83 ASSIGN
84 ACCTREC
85 TERMSPAY
86 PAYNET
87 SELLPR
88 ARBCOMP
89 DEPRSF
90 UPSZONE
91 ENVELOPE
92 AUTOEXP
93 INSFILE
94 PAYROLL2
95 DILANAL
96 LOANAFFD
97 RENTPRCH
98 SALELEAS
99 RRCONVBD
100 PORTVAL9
Weighted average cost of capital
True rate on loan with compensating bal required
True rate on discounted loan
Merger analysis computations
Financial ratios for a firm
Net present value of project
Laspeyres price index
Paasche price index
Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company
Time senes analysis linear trend
Time series analysis moving average trend
Future pnce estimation with inflation
Mailing list system
Letter writing system links with MAILPAC
Sorts list ot names
Shipping label maker
Name label maker
DOME business bookkeeping system
Computes weeks total hours from Omeclock info
In memory accounts payable system storage permitted
Generate invoice on screen and pnnt on printer
In memory inventory control system
Computerized telephone directory
Time use analysis
Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.
In memory accounts receivable system storage ok
Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans
Computes gross pay required for given net
Computes selling pnce for given after tax amount
Arbitrage computations
Sinking fund depreciation
Finds UPS zones from zip code
Types envelope including return address
Automobile expense analysis
Insurance policy file
In memory payroll system
Dilution analysis
Loan amount a borrower can afford
Purchase pnce for rental property
Sale leaseback analysis
Investor s rate of return on convertable bond
Stock market portfolio storage- valuation program
□ TRS-80 Cassette Version $99.95
D TRS-80 (Mod-I or III), Pet, Apple
or Atari Versions $99.95
D TRS-80 Mod-ll, IBM, Osborne
and CP/M Versions $149.95
ADO S3 00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS
ADO $4 00 FOR COD OR NON-UPS AREAS
AOD SS 00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO
ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE OF US. CANADA AND MEXICO
NC * TOLL.
•SSSSSfim
ICQMPuTRQMCS
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SO N. PASCACK ROAD
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ASK FOR OUR 64-PAGE CATALOG |
HOVJR
OA ORDER
*^ LINE
(9 14) 425-1535
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
ALL PRICES * SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE
DELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY
CIRCLE 151 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Scotch Diskettes
Rely on Scotch diskettes to keep your valu-
able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes
are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low
abrasivity saves your read/write heads
They're compatible with most diskette drives
(800)235-4137
Dealer Inquiries
invited
PACIFIC
EXCHANGES
1411 h«.«h,ii Hk.j
S*n 1 uM ' frutfv . ( A
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iMMMtVIZ S^<S ,f
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Every Vote, continued...
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$ $ 3>
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ALLOW 4-6 WEEKS FOR DELIVERY
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CIRCLE 166 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Finally . . . Programmers Can Express
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A Great Way To Meet Other Computer-People
Hand-screened quality 50/50 shirts
Colors Blue. Green. Lavender. Red. Orange.
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ALSO — Bumper Stickers - 1 50 • 50 postage
> VECTOR
C ENTERPRISES
IVO KO\
HUM. i ( I. ( \ I \S\l ()| \. p\ | WIT.'
5500
5510
5520
5530
5540
5550
5560
5600
56 1
5620
56 30
5640
5650
5710
5720
5730
5740
5750
3760
5770
7000
7002
7003
7004
7010
7020
7030
7040
7050
7060
70 70
8000
80 1
8020
8030
8040
8050
8055
8060
8070
8080
8090
8 1 00
8 1 1
8120
8130
8140
8 1 50
8 1 60
8165
8168
8 1 70
8180
8 1 90
8200
82 lO
8220
9000
90 1
9020
9030
9040
9050
9060
1 0000
1 000 1
10002
1 OOO 3
1 OOO 4
1 0005
1 0006
1 OOO 7
1 0008
55550
55555
"CAND"s
QUOTA: "5
C9
1 THEN 5
750
1 THEN 7050
REM SUMMARY
PRINT TAB( KOLUMS) j "SUM
FOR CNDNO = 1 TO C9
LET X ■ SUM (CNDNO)
GOSUB 7000
NEXT CNDNO
PRINT
PRINT TAB( KOLUMS)
FOR CNDNO = 1 TO C9
LET X = CNDNO
GOSUB 7000
NEXT CNDNO
PRINT
PRINT "QUOTA = "
FOR CNDNO = 1 TO
IF Z (CNDNO) < >
PRINT CNDNO 5 " "5
NEXT CNDNO
PRINT
RETURN
REM
REM PRINT NUMBER IN
REM KOLUMS
REM
LET X = INT (X ♦ .5)
FOR Kl = 1 TO KOLUMS
IF X > - lO - Kl - .
PRINT " ":
NEXT Kl
PRINT X;
RETURN
REM
REM READ DATA
REM
READ VACANCIES,C9
PRINT
PRINT "BALLOTS"
LET KOLUMS =» 2
FOR BLTNO = 1 TO IE 13
FOR RANK ■ 1 TO C9 + 1
READ CNDNO
IF CNDNO < = THEN 8120
LET BALLOT (BLTNO, RANK) = CNDNO
NEXT RANK
REM
IF CNDNO < THEN 8200
PRINT BLTNO; TAB ( 3);":";
FOR RANK = 1 TO C9
LET X ■ BALLOT (BLTNO, RANK)
GOSUB 7000
IF X < = THEN 8180
NEXT RANK
PRINT
NEXT BLTNO
REM NO MORE DATA
LET B9 = BLTNO - 1
RETURN
REM
REM INIT TALLY
REM
FOR BLTNO = 1 TO B9
LET TALLY (BLTNO, BALLOT (BLTNO, 1) ) ■
NEXT BLTNO
RETURN
REM
DATA STATEMENTS
VACANCIES,
CANDIDATES.
EACH BALLOT, END-
ING WITH O.
-1 AT THE END OF
THE BALLOTS.
" ; W I NNERS ; " W I NNERS
ii
1 OOO
REM
REM
REM
REM
REM
REM
REM
REM ■
DATA
END
CIRCLE 308 ON READER SERVICE CARD
-1
232
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
H it N T II N GTC N C € /H IP L T II N ©
I
ATARI
You can always tell which things we sell tor Apple and which are
for Atari. All Apple prices end in a "9" and all Atari prices in a 4
For example, a S30 game would cost $25 44 for Atari and $25.39
for the Apple.
Finally - Time for the Great Grandma
Listed below are some items from an up-and-coming company - Unntinntnn cawinnc rnntoct vA/innorc r rt n
Swifty Software, inc What we ve seen of the.r products, so far. Huntington sayings contest winners. Con-
looks very good
#1400
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#1403
#1404
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#1409
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#1411
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#1413
#1414
#1415
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#1418
#1419
#1420
Space Chase (cass.) $ 1 3.54
Space Chase (disk) $15.14
Timebomb (cass.) $13.54
Timebomb (disk) $15.24
Space Shuttle Adv. (disk)
Trivia Trek (disk)
Fun n Games (cass.) $14.1
Fun n Games (disk) $21.14
File-It (disk) $29.44
File-It C (cass.) $21.14
File-It 2 (disk) $42.44
Family Financier (cass.) $21.14
Diskette Inventory System (disk) $21.14
Datalink (disk) $33.44
Tach-Master (disk) $25.44
Programming Aids I (cass.) $12.44
Programming Aids I (disk) $14.44
Swifty Utilities (disk) $25.44
Disk Sentry (hardware) $33.44
800 black dust cover $12.44
810 black dust cover $11.44
MORE ATARI
All APX, including Eastern Front, Attank 1 , Wordmaker, Number
Blast, 747 Landing Simulator, and many more available at 1 5%
off list price (most available in cassette and disk)
$34.44
The I Chmg (Alternate Reality Software)
(This is an excellent program)
Hodge Podge $14.
a
I
IS
I
IS
I
I
l!
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
I!
B
BPost Office Box 1 297
Corcoran, California 93212
B Foreign Orders 209-992-4481
In California Ann.-nQ9.A1dn
In California 800-692-4146
Softlights
By Fred Huntington
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Dealer inquiries tolerated
gratulations to Hartley Lesser of New Hamp-
shire and L. R. Bergsieker of St. Louis. They
each win a geunine Epson watch.
Here are some of the sayings L. R. Berg-
sieker submitted:
Great Grandma Huntington says:
• A barking drive never bytes.
• Hell hath no fury like an accidental reset.
• All good things come to he who jumps to
SFCA8.
• There are a number of things that can fail,
but they re usually in hex.
• All family trees have at least one bad branch
error.
• You can t get serial output from a cornflakes
box.
And now some of the repartee from Great
Grandma Huntington courtesy Hartley Lesser:
• Said Great Grandma Huntington of her
grandson upon the day of his birth, My good-
ness, he s a bit off the old chip.
• There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that
Great Grandma is too involved in computing.
Just because all were invited to a Thanksgiving
turnkey dinner means nothing.
• Great Grandma Huntington was in a real fix.
She has lust completed entry an important let-
ter into a word processor, but couldn t get the
printer to function properly. Exasperated, she
finally shrugged her shoulders and gave up.
Someday my prints will come, she muttered
on her way for help.
Many thanks to all those who entered. We II
be printing more Great Grandma sayings in the
future. Look next year for our first book publish-
ing effort, The First Collection of Great
Grandma Sayings.
If you still have some good sayings or jokes,
send them in and the best ones will be used in
the forthcoming book. Any sayings used will
earn a Great Grandma Tee-shirt for its author.
All entries become the property of Huntington
Computing and will not be returned
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Using Step
Functions
in Microsoft
Basic
A little known feature of Microsoft
Basic interpreters is their ability to treat
boolean expressions as numbers. For
example, the statement:
PRINT (1 = 1), (2 <1)
yields the results -1 and 0. When told to
print the expressions, Basic arrives at the
boolean result and returns it to the PRINT
statement as a number. True expressions
return - 1 because the interpreter repre-
sents true as 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 binary, and that is
the numerical value for -1. False expres-
sions return because false is represented
asO.
This feature can be used to build
compact step functions. A step function
is an equation that is built in increments
of 1.
Step functions are valuable tools for
mathematicians because you can approx-
imate any curve with a step function if
you make it long enough. For example, a
square wave is a crude approximation of
a sine wave. You can improve the approx-
imation by using shorter and shorter steps,
until you arrive at a sine wave that looks
like a staircase. Continue the process and
eventually the eye cannot tell the differ-
ence between the sine function and the
step function.
Bar graphs are all step functions. Step
Daniel Smith, DCS Software Products, 2729
Lowery Ct., Zion, IL 60099.
Daniel Smith
functions are commonly found in mathe-
matical modeling and statistical analysis.
In fact, whenever you are trying to fit a
curve to data with a computer, it is often
easier and more accurate to represent it
with a step function than with a formula.
So, how do you use boolean arithmetic
to build a step function? Boolean expres-
sions return or 1. (In our case -1, but we
can drop the sign several ways.) Consider
the expression X* (Y <(5). If Y is less than
5, X will be multiplied by and vanish. If
Y is 5 or more, the expression reduces to
-X.
To demonstrate how useful this tech-
nique can be, let's use it to convert dates
from month-day-year format to Julian
dates. (For example, February 17 is day
48 in Julian format.)
We begin with an approximation. The
average month is about 30.42 days long.
Let M=month, D=day, Y=year, and
J = Julian day. The Julian date should be
about:
J=INT((M-1)*30.42) +D
Next we look at specifics. February 28
is Julian 59, but our formula yields 58, so
we add a day for February dates. Note
that we subtract to convert that pesky -1
to 1. You may prefer to use an ABS
function.
J=INT((M-1)*30.42) -(M=2) +D
Now we notice that if the month is
between March and July, our formula
234
yields a date one day too big. We com-
pensate:
J=INT((M-1)*30.42-(M=2)+
(M>2 ANDM<8)+D
Now the formula works unless it is a
leap year. If it is a leap year and the
month is March or later we need to add a
day:
J=INT((M-l)*30.42)-(M=2mM>2
AND M<8)-(M>2 AND
INT(Y/4 *4=Y)+D
There. A one line Julian conversion
equation.
In business applications we often need
to find the distance between two dates.
In fact, entire legions of programmers are
planning a one year leave of absence
commencing December 31, 1999, when
their date routines crash into the new
century.
Say you want to prepare a 30-60-90 day
aging report. Julian dates are clumsy to
work with in the period from November
to February. One way to handle the
problem is to convert the date into the
number of days from a common reference
point, say the start of the century. Call it
C.
C=J+365*Y+INT((Y-l)/4)+l
Given C, we can derive other useful
functions, including functions to convert
back into month-day-year format.
To demonstrate the technique, we
prepared a short program that prints
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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CIRCLE 124 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SRA Educational
Courseware:
"Because learning
matters"
Computer Drill and Instruction: Fact
Track™ (Grades 1-6)
For your Apple*, Atari*, IBM* and Radio
Shack* personal computers.
Fact Track gives timed drill on the facta
of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division and reports student speed and
performance. Choice of difficulty level.
Choice of competitive or noncompetitive
format. Choice of drill type: facts, mixed
practice with facts, extension skills. Bin-
der with Diskette and Teacher Guide,
8100.00.
•Registered trademarks.
□ Yes! I want Fact Track!
Please contact me immediatelv.
□ Send me literature about Fact Track.
Name_
School.
Address.
Step Functions, continued...
calendars. You supply a year between
1900 and 1999. The program was devel-
oped on an OSI C3-OEM, but it should
work on any computer that uses a Micro-
soft Basic interpreter— Apple, TRS-80,
PET, etc.
Statements using boolean expressions
have been flagged with remarks. Notice
that the FOR-NEXT loop in line 1070
identifies leap years with a step function.
The program requires only 27 lines of
code.
Of course, while other languages do
allow boolean expressions as part of
arithmetic equations, it is not a standard
feature of Basic. You should use the
technique with care, and document each
occurrence with a remark. But the tech-
nique is simple, easily understood, and
can save you many lines of code. □
City, State, Zip.
Telephone
For faster service, call SRA toll-free:
(800) 621-0476
Or mail this coupon to:
SRA
i®
SCIENCE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, IV
155 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL MM)*)
CIRCLE 289 ON READER SERVICE CARD
1000 REM CALENDAR - PREPARES
1010 DATA JANUARY, FEBRUARY,
1020 DATA SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER,
1030 DIM M0$(12) : FOR 1=1 TO
1040 INPUT"ENTER YEAR (1900-1
1050 D=1 :M=1 :G0SUB 2000:REM
1060 PRINT#P,TAB(20) ; 1900+Y :
1070 FOR I=C TO C+364 -(Y=INT
1080 C=I :G0SUB 3000 :REM GET
1090 IF D=1 THEN PRINT#P :PRI
1100 W=I-INT(I/7)*7-7*(I=INT(
1110 PRINT#P,TAB( (W+1 )»i») ;D;
1 120 NEXTI
1130 END
2000 REM GIVEN M,D,Y RETURN J
2010 J = INT(30.ll2»(M-1 ) ) -(M = 2
2020 C=J+365*Y+INT( (Y-1 )/4)+1
2030 RETURN
3000 REM GIVEN C=#DAYS SINCE
3010 L=INT(C/1461. 1 ):REM #LEA
3020 Y = L»4-(C>(L»m6l)+366)*(
3030 J=C-Y»365 -INT(Y/4)+(Y>0
3040 M=J +(J>59 AND INT(Y/4)»
3050 M=INT(M/30.42)+1 -(M=60)
3060 D=1 :I=C :J1=J :G0SUB200
3070 D=I-C+1
3080 RETURN
CALENDARS USING STEP FUNCTIONS
MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST
NOVEMBER, DECEMBER
12 :READ M0$(I) :NEXT
999) tt ;Y :Y=Y-1900
GET JULIAN AND #DAYS SINCE 01/01/1900
PRINT#P,TAB(21 )" »
(YM)»4) : rem STEP
M,D,Y
NT#P :PRINT#P,TAB(20) ;M0$(M)
I/7)*7) :REM STEP
:IF W=7 THEN PRINT#P
=JULIAN DAY AND C=#DAYS SINCE 01/01/1900
) +(M>2 AND M<8) -(M>2 AND INT ( Y/4 ) »4=Y ) +D
01/01/1900, RETURN J=JULIAN,
P YEARS SINCE 1900
INT ( (C-L» 1461 -366 )/365.1)+1)
) -(INT(Y/4)»4=Y)
4 = Y)
+ (M = 3D -(M = 91 OR M=121 OR
M,D,Y
:REM STEP
:REM STEP
:REM STEPS
M=152 OR M=182)
:J=J1 :REM FIND C FOR 01/M/Y
Pardon Hie, But
Did Vour Apple
Ju5t...5peaK ?
Muse gives your compu-
ter the power of speech with
The Voice. Use the vocabu-
lary provided to create thou-
sands of phrases; or put your
own words in the Apple's —
aah — mouth.
Add sound effects to
your own computer games.
Greet visitors. Leave mes-
sages. Use your imagination.
The possibilities are actually
endless.
Each disk stores up to
80 words and phrases,
which can be sorted for
quick reference. And, The
Voice allows your Apple to
speak from any Basic Pro-
gram through your Print
Commands.
The Voice from Muse.
For your... amusement.
($39.95)
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FROM HIGHER
INTELLIGENCE
Apple Ki
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MIC Fighter
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Adventure of the
Baby Sea Turtle
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CIRCLE 113 ON READER SERVICE CARD
I NT BASIC LIVES!
A while back, Creative Computing
showed how to move the mini-
assembler so it could be used in an
Apple II Plus without a language card.
Here we describe how to move the
rest of Integer Basic.
Wally Hubbard
"Unfair!" I thought. My DOS 3.3
System Master disk had a program called
INTBASIC on it, but no way to run it. I
had a 48K Apple, but no language card to
stick into it. Just typing BLOAD INT-
BASIC produced nothing worthwhile. But
there it was. INTBASIC. Smiling at me
every time I typed CATALOG. Would I
ever find out what Applevision was? Or
survive without charting my Biorhythms?
Or play Animals?
Actually, moving INTBASIC and get-
ting it to work somewhere else in memory
is a kind of puzzle any computer hacker
would enjoy (at least the first time
through). So thanks, Apple, for putting it
on the disk.
I now have a working version of Integer
Basic that resides at $6C00 and works
with DOS. A collection of the information
needed for you to get the same thing
follows.
There are four listings. The first is a
machine language program that makes
most of the changes that are needed.
Listing 2 shows the changes that must be
made next. Listing 3 shows the changes
that must be made to DOS 3.3. The last
listing shows a HELLO program that can
be used to INIT a new diskette, which
you must do to record the altered DOS.
Wally Hubbard, 3174-321 Pheasant Run Drive,
LaFayette, IN 47905.
Each listing shows exactly what you
should type for a 48K Apple II Plus. I
shall explain later what to change to use
INTBASIC elsewhere.
Listing 1. First make sure you have a
good copy of DOS 3.3 in memory then
put INTBASIC into the memory area
starting at $3000. Enter the monitor and
key in the machine language program. It
will work anywhere, but I show it being
entered at $300 to $35C. Check to make
sure you copied it correctly, then start it
running.
Listing 1.
3BL0AD INTBASIC, A*3000
DCALL-151
*300:A9 4A 85 FB A3 00 85 FA
»308IA0 80 Bl FA 10 05 38 E9
♦310:64 91 FA C8 DO F4 84 FC
♦318:84 3A A9 60 85 FD A9 30
♦320 : 85 3B A5 25 20 CI FB AG
♦328:28 8G FE A6 29 8G FF 20
♦330 : DO F8 A0 OE A9 C3 Dl FE
♦338! 90 10 20 53 F9 85 3A 84
♦340 :3B C4 FD DO DD C5 FC 90
♦348 :D9 GO A0 02 Bl 3A 38 E9
♦350 :G4 91 3A 20 DO F8 20 8E
♦ 358 ."FD A9 00 F0 DD
♦300G
The machine language program does
two things. First it changes a jump table
that Integer Basic uses to find where it
must go to perform a command. The high
address bytes in the table are now stored
between $4A80 and $4AFF.
Since INTBASIC will be moved so that
its starting address is $6C00 instead of
$D000, the difference, $6400, is sub-
tracted from each address in the table.
The process is simplified by just subtract-
ing $64 from each high byte and leaving
the low address bytes (located from $4A00
to $4A7F) alone.
Next, in a four-minute extravaganza,
the INTBASIC program is disassembled
on your screen. Whenever a three-byte
instruction is displayed and the third byte
is greater than or equal to $D0, $64 is
subtracted from it. Each time this hap-
pens, the revised instruction is re-
displayed and followed by a blank line.
When the program is finished, it has made
936 changes to INTBASIC.
Listing 2. Unfortunately, the work done
in Listing 1 is defective. Some of the text
and jump table bytes are changed, and
some jump table bytes that should have
been changed were missed. The dis-
assembler can't tell instructions from
jump tables or text. Sixteen corrections
Listing 2.
♦31EEIF4
♦31Fi:D4
♦3410."D8
♦3481 :F5
♦34ao:dc
♦3CF9:D0
♦40B0:89
»4494:44
*4A0D:E2
♦4A5A:D8
*4B0E:D3
♦ 4BU !D4
♦4B25:DO
♦4D6A:EC
♦4dbi:dd
♦4DD8:F7
*5010:A9
♦5A19:F4
♦5A88:EA
♦5A95:7C
♦5AFE:9G
♦5B00:7C
*5B1D:D3
♦5EA8:99
»5FBF:9A
♦5FFD:96
♦5FFF:9G
6C 85 4D DO 0C
EA
238
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
The experts are excited about QR AMMAT1R
Seldom does a new software product receive the universal praise from the
experts of major microcomputer magazines that Grammatik has. Read for yourself:
Alan R. Miller, Interface Age, May 1982:
"The entire manuscript of my Fortran book was given to
Grammatik. Grammatik flagged many locations throughout
the book. Several doubled words were correctly flagged. Other
flagged passages truly needed attention. ""Grammatik found a
eery important pattern; the expression 'in this case' appeared
b'6 times. This phrase expressed four different concepts, and
most of the examples were reworded." "Profile can be used to
determine the frequency of word usage in a docutnent."
"Grammatik is a useful aid for professional writers. It is the
perfect complement to a spelling checker."
A. A. Wicks, Computronics , June 1982:
"The manual for Grammatik is better than average. The gen-
eral text and explanations are thorough, detailed, and con-
cise. " "When the program was 'test run' on some old articles of
mine still on disk, I was embarrassed by some of the over-
worked, wordy, or trite phrases that I had used. Nevertheless, I
had to agree with what Grammatik was saying, and vow to
avoid these pitfalls in the future. " "Th is is one of the most inter-
esting and useful programs that I have had the pleasure to re-
view. All functions operated as stated with no problems, or
even a hint of a problem. And no guessing was required about
exactly what some of the directions implied. Anyone involved
With word processing in any way, whether writing manuals,
letters, brochures, newscopy, reports, etc. is encouraged to get
this excellent program."
Stephen Kimmel, Creative Computing, June 1982:
"I don't get excited about many programs. I am excited about
Grammatik. " "It is difficult to imagine the program being any
easier to use. " "I had decided that the program would be useful
to a professional writer if only because it checks for double
words." "I have a higher enthusiasm threshold than that.
Grammatik can also be expanded to include phrases of parti-
GRAMMATIK +
cular significance to you. It can become your personal editor
and English coach. I love to start sentences with 'and'. That's
not a particularly good idea. So I added the phrase '. And' with
the note to be careful not to overuse it. Now I get a reminder
every time I do it. There are other words that I use too often. My
copy of Grammatik checks for them, too, and gently tells me to
watch out. " "I like Grammatik a great deal. It is a worthy and
useful addition to your word processing software."
Bob Louden, InfoWorld, December 7, 1981:
"Grammatik is the next step beyond spell i ng checking for seri-
ous word processors. Grammatik analyzes writing style at the
word and sentence level while, at the same time, it checks for
subtle spelling and typographical errors that go beyond the
capabilities of conventional spelling-checking programs. If
you use a word processor and a spelling checker, then you
should investigate the unique capabilities of this program."
"Although skeptical at first, I proceeded to run several of my
published articles through Grammatik, None were free of
errors." "Grammatik is a surprisingly fast and easy tool for
analyzing writing style and punctuation."
Dona Z. Meilach, Interface Age, May 1982:
"The programs together (Aspen Softwares spelling checker
Proofreader and Grammatik) offer a dynamic tool for compre-
hensive editing beyond spelling corrections. It can begin where
your college English teacher left off and help you analyze your
documents in a way you may never have thought possible."
Eric Balkan, The Computer Consultant, Vol 2 No 9:
"As a reviewer, I'm impressed the most with the imagination
that went into this product. With all the me-too software on the
market, it's good to see something original come out. It's also
good to see that the program author allowed the user as much
freedom as he did — you can use your own imagination to ex-
tend the uses of the program."
T M
= NO ERRORS
Together, Grammatik and the Aspen Software Company spelling checker Proofreader form an unequalled document proof-
reading system. Proofreader features an official version of the RANDOM HOUSE® Dictionary for a word list that you can trust! It
also features immediate on-line access to the dictionary for spelling help while making corrections interactively. Proofreader is the
best spelling checker available. Write or call for more details. (On-line dictionary not available on TRS-80 version.)
CP/M and IBM-PC DOS: Grammatik - $150.00, Proofreader - $129 00. Both - $250 00 TRS-80 Model II
$59 00, Proofreader - $89 00, Both - $139 00 Manuals only $8 00 each, $15 00 both
Grammatik - $99 00; Proofreader - $99 00; Both - $179 00 TRS-80 Model I III Grammatik
IMPORTANT ORDERING INFORMATION: You MUST specify computer model, operating system, memory size and format
and number of disk drives when ordering either software or manuals alone All U S . Canada and Mexico orders include first
class shipping in price We accept cash, check, money order. VISA and Master Card Cost on manual only orders can be
credited to final purchase NM residents add 4% sales tax
(Dealer and OEM inquiries welcome)
Random House is a registered trademark of Random House. Inc Other registered trademarks CP M Digital Research. TRS-80
Tandy Corp MS-DOS Microsoft IBM IBM Proofreader Grammatik Aspen Software Co
Distributed By:
SOFTI/M-
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DIGITAL /MARKETING
''t/VWPKtllL '
INTBASIC, continued...
are needed, along with a few more
changes and some new instructions.
At $5010, new instructions are inserted
that will automatically set HIMEM at
$6C00 instead of 5C000. This is necessary
so that INTBASIC won't be wiped out
the first time a program is loaded. The
instructions at $5A88 eliminate cold re-
starts of your Apple from Integer Basic
(unexpected rebooting of the disk).
Listing 3. Integer Basic is now in great
shape for cassette use, but DOS isn't ready
to deal with it yet. DOS will still look for a
language card, and, not finding one, insist
LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLE if you
try to run Integer Basic. That is where
Listing 3 comes in.
The jump table at $9D62 must be
changed. The instructions at $A5B2 and
$A5BB must be changed so that DOS will
check at the right memory location for
INTBASIC and think it is there.
The message at $B3B0 (DISK
VOLUME) is changed to reflect the fact
that the DOS has been customized. The
message will now read I/A DOS VOL
each time the disk is CATALOGed. I/A
stands for Integer/Applesoft. The change
at S9D01 combined with the cold restart
of DOS provided by the command 9D84G
will cause DOS to stick its buffers below
INTBASIC. That way you can change
the number of buffers with the MAX-
FILES command and not worry about
having INTBASIC wiped out.
Figure I.
Listing 4. Now it is time to taste the
fruits of your labor. Enter the program
shown, insert a new disk, and type INIT
HELLO. Once the disk is initialized, type
BSAVE INTBASIC 6C00, A$3000,
L53000. Then to test it all, type PR#6 (or
whatever it takes to boot a disk on your
system) and you should be using Integer
Basic.
If you are not familiar with Integer
Basic, you may be in for some confusion,
since many of the Applesoft commands
you have grown accustomed to are not
available or have different spellings.
Apple does offer a manual for Integer
Basic that will be extremely helpful.
Moving INTBASIC Elsewhere
If you BLOAD INTBASIC somewhere
besides $3000, you must adjust all of the
addresses in Listing 2 accordingly. In
Listing 1, change the bytes at $301, $3 IB
and $3 IF. They contain the high bytes of
the jump table, and start and end address-
es in INTBASIC as it is currently located.
If you want to use INTBASIC some-
where besides $6C00, you must change
the bytes at $310 and $350 in Listing One.
Add $01 for each $100 decrease in the
starting address. INTBASIC will not work
anywhere. The starting address must have
the form $XY00, where Y is even and X
is any number.
You will have to change some of the
bytes in Listings 2 and 3 also. Subtract
$01 for each $100 decrease in the starting
address. The addresses at which the bytes
will have to be changed are shown in
Figure 1.
By putting INTBASIC at $6C00 I have
left a hole from $9C00 to $9CFF which
may be used for machine language pro-
grams.
When I first got INTBASIC running I
tried out the Integer programs on the
Master disk. I can report that I was
impressed by Apple vision, bored by Ani-
mals, and amused by Biorhythm. I don't
believe this attempt to chart biorhythms
is very dependable. The program draws a
chart that shows the day I was born was
just an average day. I don't remember it,
but I doubt that it was. □
References
Beneath Apple DOS, Don Worth and
Pieter Lechner, Quality Software, 6660
Reseda Blvd., Suite 105, Reseda, CA
91335. Pages 7-3 and 8-32 show how to
rebuild buffers and where the DISK
VOLUME message is located. Many de-
tails about DOS.
Apple II Basic Programming Manual,
Apple Computer Inc., 10260 Bandley Dr.,
Cupertino, CA 95014. The cover looks
similar to the Applesoft tutorial, but this
one shows what the Integer commands
do. Mine cost about $10.
$40B0
$5011
$5A95
$5AFE
$5B00
$5EA8
$5FBF
$5FFD
$5FFF
(Subtract $01 from the contents of
each locations for each $100 decrease
in the starting address of INTBASIC.)
$9D63
$9D67
$9D69
$9D6B
$A5BC
S9D01
($A5B6)
($A5BF)
(As above but these addresses will be
different if DOS is not in 48K. If the
addresses are different, you must also
change $A5B6 and $A5BF. They
contain the high byte of an address
in DOS itself. Subtract $01 for each
$100 decrease in memory size below $C000
(48K).)
$4494
(The contents of this address must be
determined by a formula:
$4494 = ($40BO-l)/2.
Example: If $40BO contains 89, $4494
must contain (89 - 1)/2 = 44. This
is the reason for the restriction on
the location of INTBASIC— $40B0 contains
the high byte of an address and must be odd.)
Listing 3.
*9DG2I36 84 E5 A4 E3 7F 00 7C 03 7C
*A5B2!A2 EO 8E 9G 9D C9 4C FO OA
*A5BBIA2 7C 8E 9G 9D C9 20 GO EA EA
*B3B0:CC CF DB AO D3 CF C4 AO CI AF C9
*9D0i:6B
»9D84G
Listing 4.
no HOME
]20 print "loading intbasic at *6c00" i
print i print "to use the mini-a
ssembler:"
130 print " #92660 or": print "
3CALL 37478"
335 PRINT I PRINT "HIMEM IS NORMALLY SE
T AT $6500"
]40 PRINT CHR* (4); "BLOAD INTBASIC 6C0
Or A*GCOO"
]50 HOME
160 PRINT CHR* (4) J "INT"
(NOW INSERT A NEW DISK AND TYPE!)
3INIT HELLO
3BSAME INTBASIC GC00 , A*3000 , L*3000
Note that if you try to run the mini-
assembler from Integer Basic using CALL
37478, you will get an error message.
Integer can handle only numbers between
-32767 and 32767. Use CALL -28058
instead.
240
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Pssss tt.
(Jingle Bells, Jingle
Bells, Jingle All The...)
We're really not rushing the season. We
wouldn't even mention it if we didn't think
you'd want to know.
The Strictly Soft Ware Holiday Catalogs
(Apple & IBM) are going to be ready early
this fall. More software than ever. Same
great prices. And with a customer service
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If you're already on the Strictly Soft Ware
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Holiday
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SPECIALS
Sensible Speller . . $99.99
Apple 21 $19.95
Draw Poker $23.95
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IBM • SPECIALS • IBM
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Personal Fin. Prog. . $74.95
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We take Master Card or VISA (include card
# and expiration date). Ohio residents add
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discount if check accompanies order.
Send for free catalog. Prices subject to
change. Hrs.: 9-9 weekdays; 9-6 Sat.
Strictly Soft Ware
Post Office Box 338
Granville, Ohio 43023
order by phone 800-848-5253
in Ohio 614-587-2938
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
W^
CIRCLE 293 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Build a Paddle Control for Your
TRS-80 Color Computer
David H. Ahl
For playing games which require move-
ment in only one direction a potentio-
meter, sometimes called a paddle control,
tends to provide more precise control
than a joystick. This is because a joystick
rotates through an arc of about 70 degrees
compared to a potentiometer with 300
degrees of rotation.
Playing any of the Invaders/Galaxian
family of games with the TRS-80 Color
Computer joystick tends to be an exercise
in frustration. You know you could do
better were it not for that darned joy-
stick.
Faced with this frustration, I decided
to build a set of paddles for the TRS-80
Color Computer. The cost is modest—
about $8.25 each or $16.50 for a pair.
Most of the parts are readily available at
your neighborhood Radio Shack or elec-
tronics dealer. You might have trouble
finding the 5-pin 240° D.I.N, male plug. If
you order by mail, be sure to specify a
240° plug as the 180° one is much more
common. The 240° plug is used on some
CB rigs and is sometimes available with a
5-conductor microphone cable already
attached. This is perfect, although it will
cost more than if you make your own.
The existing joystick schematic is
shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows a circuit
with one potentiometer that can be
switched to replace either the X or Y
direction with the SPDT slide switch. This
is adequate for most uses.
However, if you want to use the paddle
control to play a game such as Bustout,
you would have a problem. Bustout nor-
mally uses a joystick and, while the game
permits movement in all directions, the
main movement is usually along one axis.
Hence, it would be desirable to set one
direction of movement at an extreme, say
the bottom of the screen, and use the
paddle to control right-left movement. For
this, you will need the circuit shown in
Figure 3. In this circuit, a 100K ohm
trimmer potentiometer is used to "per-
manently" set one direction while the
regular potentiometer controls the other
direction.
V5v
WWt+C
-rarr
lOOk.
<3rrou«* d
Figure 1. Existing TRS-80 Color Computer joystick schematic.
+ 5v
loo W-a
Figure 2. Schematic diagram for one potentiometer replacing one joystick direction.
Unused direction is not connected.
45V
Pv>$h
loot TL
(Trm*»*«r)
6r*oi*d
Figure 3. Schematic diagram for replacing joystick with regular and trim potentio-
meters.
242
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
*
^
Completely Redesigned.
Now, the Grappler + .
The original Grappler was the
first graphics interface to give
you hi-res screen dumps from
your keyboard. The new
Grappler + with Dual Hi-Res
Graphics adds flexibility with a
side-by-side printout of page 1
and page 2 graphics.
Interfacing the Grappler + to a
wide range of printers is easy
as changing a dip switch. 4K of
exclusive firmware makes the
Grappler + the most intelligent,
full-featured Apple® Printer
Interface made. And, the
Grappler + is Apple III compatible*
The imitations are many, so
insist on the #1 Apple Graphics
Interface on the market. Insist
on the Grappler + . Available
now at most Apple dealers.
'Requires additional software driver.
"Requires graphics upgrade.
Orange Micro, Inc. 1982
ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100
WHhThe
Grappler +
Printer Interface
The Grappler + Features:
• Dual Hi-Res Graphics • Printer
Selector Dip Switch • Apple III
Compatible* • Graphics Screen
Dump • Inverse Graphics
• Emphasized Graphics • Double Size
Picture • 90° Rotation • Center
Graphics • Chart Recorder
Mode • Block Graphics • Bell
Control • Skip-over-perf • Left and
Right Margins • Variable Line
Length • Text Screen Dumps.
The Grappler + works with Pascal
and CPM.
The Grappler + Interfaces with
the following printers:
• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth
• Epson* * • IDS • NEC • C-ltoh • Okidata * '
OS
Orange micro
^ Inc.
CIRCLE 263 ON READER SERVICE CARD
3150 E. La Palma, Suite G
Anaheim, California 92806
(714) 630-3620
CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc
Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome TX18351 1 CSMA
Paddle, continued...
Parts for one paddle control: cable, box,
potentiometer, slide switch, resistor, dis-
assembled D.I.N, plug.
Building the control is quite simple.
Drill three pilot holes in the small plastic
"project box," one in each end and one in
the center of the top. With larger drills,
enlarge the holes for the push button
switch and potentiometer until they fit.
With a small file, make a rectangular hole
in one end for the slide switch. Drill
mounting holes and secure the switches
and pot.
If you are building the more exotic
version in Figure 3, mount the trimmer
pot on either the right or left side of the
box.
Use a knife or rat tail file to notch the
box on the side near the slide switch for
the cable.
Using short pieces of hook up wire,
make all the connections except those
from the cable. Then strip about two
inches of outside insulation from the
cable, strip and tin each wire and make
these connections. Be sure to solder all
connections securely — no cold solder
joints please.
Connect the wires to the potentiometer
as shown in Figure 4. This will insure that
objects will move on the screen in a
direction corresponding to potentiometer
rotation.
Attach a small cable clamp to the cable
where it exits the side of the box and
screw the cover back on.
Parts List (2 Paddle Controllers)
2 5-pin, 240° D.I.N, male plug
2 5-foot lengths 5-conductor stranded
cable
2 100K ohm linear taper potentiometer
2 SPST momentary contact push button
switch
2 SPDT slide switch (optional DPDT)
2 Mounting box (1 1/4x2x2 3/4)
2 1" diameter round knob
2 100K ohm linear taper trimmer poten-
tiometer (optional)
4 6-32 screws and nuts
2 Small cable clamp
Strip about 1 1/2" of outer insulation
from the other end of the cable. Strip
about 1/16" from each wire. Disassemble
the D.I.N, plug. Place the cable sheath
over the cable, solder the connectors,
and reassemble. Figures 1 to 3 show the
D.I.N, connector viewed from the inside
(cable side).
Plug in your new joysticks and test them
with the following simple program:
5 CLS
10 PRINT
20 PRINT
30 PRINT
40 PRINT
60 GOTO
@0JOYSTK(0)
@8JOYSTK(l)
©16JOYSTK(2)
©24JOYSTK(3)
10
Use wires in 5-conductor cable for most
internal connections.
JOYSTK and 1 correspond to the
right port while 2 and 3 are the left one.
The slide switch should allow you to
switch the right potentiometer between
and 1 and the left between 2 and 3. As
you rotate the pot, the screen should show
values between and 63. If you built the
circuit in Figure 2, the unused direction
will generally hover between values 20 to
40. Since the connector is hanging loose
and not terminated, this value is unde-
fined.
If everything is working, get out that
game of Invaders and prepare to rack up
the highest score youVe ever seen. D
filmic
Figure 4. Rear view of potentiometer con- Finished paddle control can be hand held
nections. or used on a table top.
Push button switch, potentiometer and
slide switch are mounted as shown.
"I used to change channels and open garage doors, but then I was replaced by an enzyme-activated
device surgically implanted in the owner's brain. "
244
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
BEAT COIN-OP
*
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In the GUIDE TO THE VIDEO ARCADE GAMES, you'll learn
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• Collisions, and how various games deal with them. The
differences are important to you.
• Bonuses, and why you should be cautious about going for
some of them. Many bonuses are real benefits, but others
are decoys.
• Rates of fire, and how they vary from game to game.
• Wraparound, and how to judge exactly where an object
will reappear on the screen.
• Horizontal and vertical motion, and when to take advan-
tage of diagonal movement.
• Distractions and why they are dangerous.
• Goals, and why it's important to know what they are for
each game.
creative computing Dept. cn26
39 East Hanover Avenue, Morris Plains, NJ 07950
Send me
copies of the GUIDE TO THE VIDEO
ARCADE GAMES, at $3.95, plus $1 postage and handling *
each.(#14A)
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Dual 8" disk drive cabinet with power supply $249
Cabinet/power supply for single 8" drive . . $179
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2 single side double density 8" disk drives,
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NEC 12" green $169
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C. ITOH Prowriter parallel $499
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OKIDATA
82A $459 83A $730
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CIRCLE 140 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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• RS-232C interlace • 7 Status LED s
• Two Vtar Limited Warranty
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JOYSTICK
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The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
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DON'T BUY SOFTWARE THAT'S
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UTIIaJTY CelTY
21 UTILITIES ON ONE DISK
by Bert Kersey
LIST FORMATTER makes custom listings with
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All Beagle Bros Apple Utilities are
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SHAPE WRITER ZAP UTILITY Kersey
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CHARTS & GRAPHS A valuable time-saving
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BYTE ZAP: A MUST utility Rewrite any byte
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Change DOS. Clear illustrated instructions
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MORE : A disk PACKED with useful music, text
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DOS BOSS
DISK COMMAND EDITOR
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A classic utility you will ENJOY Rename com-
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All changes may be appended to your programs,
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TIP DISK #1
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Computer Art
for the
Tektronix 4052
Joe Jacobson
These pictures were generated on a
Tektronix 4052 intelligent terminal. This
device, when used in stand-alone mode,
functions as a microcomputer not unlike
most home computers. The main differ-
ences are that the CRT is a storage tube,
screen resolution is very high, and you
can easily obtain hardcopies of anything
that is displayed on the screen.
The programs that were used are coded
in Basic. However, the plotting commands
(MOVE, WRITE, WINDOW, VIEW-
PORT), which are typical of graphics
packages plot statements, are not standard
Basic commands.
The program listings are reproduced
here. However, you will not be able to
make these pictures on your home com-
puter unless you have either a mechanical
plotter or high enough CRT graphics
resolution to draw thin lines. As home
computers evolve and improve, more and
more people will acquire systems wth good
graphics capability and computer art will
flourish at the grass roots level. For now,
I hope you like my pictures. □
Joe Jacobson, 675 E. Street Rd., Apt. 1009,
Warminster, PA 18974.
November 1982° Creative Computing
89 REM NOUA
188 PAGE
189 SET DEGREES
118 WINDOW -1888,1888,-1898,1090
111 VIEWPORT 28,118,15,85
112 PAGE
114 L-15
115 PAGE
128 FOR BM88 TO 588 STEP 58
138 FOR A*8 TO 368 STEP 5
148 GOSUB 188
145 IF A>8 THEN 158
146 MOUE X,Y
14? GO TO 168
158 DRAW X,Y
168 NEXT A
178 NEXT B
188 R»B*<1-SIN<L*A>>
198 X*R*C0S<A>
288 Y*R*SIN<A>
218 RETURN
228 END
89 REM CURLICUE MOIRE
98 PAGE
83 BM
85 SET DEGREES
86 PAGE
87 K=8
18 WINDOW -1888,1888,-1888,1888
11 UIEWP0RT 28,118,15,85
28 FOR C*8 TO 338 STEP 38
38 FOR X*8 TO 1888 STEP 5
31 IF K=8 THEN 148
32 IF K>1 THEN 198
33 U=-X*C0S<X-C>
34 GO TO 158
48 U*X*C0S<X-C>
58 U=X*SIN<X-C>
55 IF X>8 THEN 168
56 MOUE U,U
57 GO TO 178
68 DRAW U,U
78 NEXT X
88 NEXT C
81 IF B=l THEN 183
S2 GO TO 198
83 K*K+1
84 GO TO 128
98 END
249
Art, continued.
100 REM STANDING UAUES
Hi PrIKt *4h\W$ INITIftL ^ITUDE, «•« ■
183 INPUT B
105 SET DEGREES
106 WINDOW 0,1440,-10,10
107 UIEWPORT 20,110,15,85
110 PAGE
11? FOR A*B TO 10 STEP 0.5
119 NOME 0,0
120 FOR X«8 TO 1440 STEP 5
130 Y«A*SIN<X)
140 DRAW X,Y
150 NEXT X
160 IF A»>10 THEN 178
165 NEXT A
178 END
-18 OR B-8.5"
••
••
THIS PROGRAM MAKES OSCILLOSCOPE-TYPE PATTERNS. TO SEE"
WHAT EACH PARAMETER REPRESENTS, REFER TO A LISTING OF THE"
PROGRAM. A DECENT SAMPLE OUTPUT IS GIUEN BY:"
<J, M, PI, K,N)«<28, 16,8,8,8) AND"
<I,G,P2,H,L)»<28, 17,35,8,8) AND D«.5"
TO START THE PROGRAM, HIT CARRIAGE RETURN."
98 REM LISSAJOUS
180 PAGE
181 PRINT
182 PRINT
183 PRINT
184 PRINT
185 PRINT
186 PRINT
187 INPUT A$
118 PAGE
128 PRINT "ENTER X PARAMETERS: J, M, PI, K.N.
125 INPUT J,M,P1,K,N
126 PAGE
138 PRINT "ENTER Y PARAMETERS: I , G,P2,H,L.
131 INPUT I,G,P2,H,L
134 PAGE
135 PRINT "ENTER D. "|
136 INPUT D
148 PAGE
158 SET DEGREES
168 A*8
178 X«J*SIN<M*A*P1 )*K*C0S<N*A>*65
188 Y*I*SIN<G*A*P2)*H*C0S<L*A)*58
198 IF A>8 THEN 220
208 MOUE X,Y
218 GO TO 238
228 DRAM X,Y
238 IF A<368 THEN 250
248 END
258 A«A+D
268 GO TO 178
I
"1
250
November 1982 • Creative Computing
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CIRCLE 250 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Art, continued...
90 REM CONNECTED WEB
100 PACE
"THIS PROGRAM, CONNECTED WEB. WAS DEVELOPED AND CODED BY"
"JOE JACOBSON, AND IS BASED ON A SUGGESTION BY CHRIS"
"KUEBLER. PARAMETER N GIVES THE • OF VERTICES. P GIUES THE"
"# OF IMAGINARY TIC MARKS ON EACH VERTEX AXIS. AO IS THE"
"INITIAL ROTATION ANGLE. R0 IS THE OUERALL RADIUS. THE"
-OVERLAY ENHANCES THE PICTURE. FOR EXAMPLE, TRY:"
"<N,P,A0,RO>=<16, 20,0,50) AND REQUEST AN OVERLAY WHEN ASKED."
"THIS GIUES A FAIRLY NEAT PATTERN."
"TO START THE PROCESS, HIT CARRIAGE RETURN."
101 PRINT
102 PRINT
103 PRINT
104 PRINT
105 PRINT
106 PRINT
107 PRINT
108 PRINT
109 PRINT
110 INPUT A*
111 PAGE
112 SET DEGREES
113 PRINT "ENTER N,P.A0«R0."
120 INPUT N,P.A0.R0
122 PAGE
123 PRINT "ENTER 1 FOR SINGLE PATTERN* 2 FOR OVERLAY."
124 INPUT K
125 PAGE
130 D'RO'P
140 A9=360/N
145 L=l
150 1=0
160 J=0
170 A=A0+J*A9
180 R«<<P-I)*<l~ltJ)*<X*l)*<l~lt<J*l)))*<0^2>
190 X«65*R*C0S«CA>
200 Y=50*R*SIN<A>
210 IF J»8 THEN 240
220 DRAM X,Y
230 GO TO 250
240 MOVE X,Y
250 IF J«N THEN 280
260 J«J41
270 GO TO 170
280 IF I-P-l THEN 310
290 1*1*1
300 GO TO 160
318 IF K*2 THEN 322
320 END
322 IF L*l THEN 330
323 GO TO 320
330 AO=H0*A9''2
340 L=2
350 GO TO 150
252
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
o
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COMPLETE BASIC program listings in memory can
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Call us today, for the name of the Professional
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CIRCLE 249 ON READER SERVICE CARD
The Graph Paper
Part Five: ROM Routines
David Lubar
There is a great deal of interest in the
internal graphics routines found in ROM
Applesoft, mostly because people believe
this is one of the keys to fast animation.
While these subroutines are not used in
modern games, it is instructive to take a
look at them and learn how they can be
accessed by user programs. The majority
of this article will be devoted to these
routines and ways to access them.
Dedication
First, what are ROM routines? When-
ever you give a command from Basic, the
Apple must contain subroutines to carry
out your wishes. When you type in PRINT
"HELLO," the Apple calls a subroutine
which contains machine language instruc-
tions that put text on the screen. These
routines are found in the Applesoft ROM
and in the system monitor.
Likewise, any graphics command, such
as HPLOT 20,20, is carried out by a
subroutine in ROM. The computer passes
parameters to the subroutine. A program-
mer can do the same thing, thus bypassing
Basic. In part, you are taking the role of a
Basic interpreter. You know what you
want done, and you know which routine
will do it. So you skip over Basic.
This results in faster code, since the
program is in machine language. But two
factors prevent this method from being
ideal. First, as mentioned before, the
ROM routines are not super efficient.
They had to be written in a limited
amount of space, and thus often sacrifice
speed of execution for compactness.
Also, the routines are generalized
instead of being dedicated. For instance,
all shapes are drawn with one set of
subroutines. But if you were to write a
program with just one shape in it, a
dedicated routine which drew that shape
at top speed would be much faster than a
general shape-drawing routine. We'll see
examples of dedicated routines in later
articles.
While the intent of this series is not to
provide a tutorial on assembly language,
I want to digress slightly into that area to
allow those not familiar with assembler to
use the following material. If you are
already familiar with assembly language,
skip the next section.
Talking in Numbers
Strictly speaking, the terms "assembly
language" and "machine language" have
different meanings. Assembly language is
written using mnemonics. These are short
"words" that represent commands. The
mnemonic for jumping to a subroutine is
JSR, while that for returning from the
subroutine is RTS. Code written on an
assembler is a combination of mnemonics,
addresses, numbers, and, in most cases,
labels. Programs published in magazines
take this form.
When the code is assembled, it
becomes machine language. Machine
language consists entirely of numbers.
Where the programmer has written JSR
$6000, the assembled code would be 20
00 60. This final product is the actual
machine language program.
254
While it is possible, and was once fairly
common, to write code in machine lan-
guage, the process is tedious, error prone,
hard to modify, and basically just not fun.
Thus an assembler of some sort is almost
mandatory. There is no reason to make
life any harder than necessary, and there
is no special glory to be found in hand
coding.
If you have an Apple with Integer
ROMs, you already have a mini assem-
bler. It accepts mnemonics, but doesn't
allow labels. In other words, it will accept
JSR $6000, but won't understand JSR
DRAW. There are many assemblers on
the market, and the argument over which
is best is approached with religious fervor.
I won't proselytize, but I will mention
that I am presently using Merlin at work
and find it excellent for short programs.
At home, since my system doesn't have
a language card, I am using TED II. Some
of my co-workers use EDASSEM from
the DOS toolkit while others swear by
Lisa. Each assembler has strong points
and weaknesses, and personal preference
seems to be based mostly on which one a
person first learned to use.
There are two main ways to enter the
programs that will be listed in this and
future articles. If you have an assembler,
you can just type in the labels, operators
and operands as listed. If you have no
assembler, the machine code in the
second, third and fourth columns (the
first column shows the memory location
of the code) can be entered directly into
the monitor.
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Graph Paper, continued...
The best way to understand exactly
what is going on is to read a book on
machine language. In many ways, it is
simpler than Basic since there are rela-
tively few things that can be done. Most
operations involve placing a value in
memory, changing a value in an arith-
metic or logical manner, or controlling
program flow.
The first few programs will be docu-
mented well enough so even those who
are new to assembly language should be
able to follow what is going on and make
use of the techniques. Let's get on with it.
Taking Control
Each Applesoft graphics command can
be accessed as a ROM subroutine, but
there is not exactly a one-to-one corre-
spondence when programming. For
instance, when you use an Applesoft
command such as DRAW 1 AT 20,20,
you are actually accessing both a drawing
routine and a positioning routine.
When working from assembly language,
these routines will be handled separately.
But the general approach to using the
routines is similar to the approach used
from Basic. The first step in Basic is HGR.
In assembly language, you would use JSR
$F3E2. This subroutine performs the
initialization of page 1 of hi-res. To set up
page 2, use JSR $F3D8.
Once graphics has been initialized,
there are several things the programmer
can do: position the hi-res cursor, plot a
point, draw a line, or draw a shape. We'll
take a look at the subroutines for each of
these actions.
If you are interested in how the routines
work, the best place to start is in the back
of the Programmer's Aid manual from
Apple. This contains a documented dis-
assembly of the graphics routines from
the Programmer's Aid chip. Since these
routines use page three of memory for
storage of most variables, the code won't
Listing 1.
:A3M
1
HPOSN
EOU *F411
2
*
3
*
THE
FOLLOWING THREE VARIABLES
4
•
ARE
PROGRAM VARIABLES THAT
5
*
WOUl
..D BE USED TO HOLD THE
6
*
COORDINATES RASSED TO HROSN
7
*
8
VERT
EOU *FD ;ANY FREE LOCATION
9
HORLO
EOU *FE ;WILL DO
1
HORN I
EQU *FF
1 1
•
12
*
PUT
VERTICAL POSITION IN
13
*
THE
ACCUMULATOR
14
*
7000: A5 F-D
15
16
*
LDA VERT
17
*
PUT
LO BYTE OF HORIZONTAL IN X
IS
*
AND
HI BYTE IN Y
19
*
7002: A6 FE
20
LDX HORLO
7004: A4 FF
21
*
LDY H0RH1
*7>~T
*
CALL
. THE ROM SUBROUTINE
24
*
7006: 20 1 1 F4
25
JSR HPOSN
END ASSEMBLY -
TOTAL. ERRORS: •
:»
9 BYTES GENERATED
THIS
> ASSEMBLY
be exactly the same as the Applesoft
ROM, but it is close enough to help show
how the routines work. (The Applesoft
routines use more zero-page storage.
Since commands accessing this area of
memory are only two bytes long, while
commands accessing any other area of
memory are three bytes long, the Apple-
soft routines are slightly shorter.)
Most of the ROM routines make use of
parameters. These parameters are passed
by the accumulator and the X and Y
registers of the 6502. Also, at times,
parameters are held in memory. For
instance, location $E7 holds the scale for
drawing shapes.
"We'll take it."
First, we'll look at HPOSN, the routine
that sets the hi-res cursor. As mentioned
in an earlier article, the hi-res cursor
determines where on the screen a point
will be plotted or a shape drawn.
As you might have guessed, HPOSN
requires two parameters, a horizontal
value and a vertical value. These could
be referred to as X and Y locations, but
that would cause confusion with X and Y
registers (the two have nothing in com-
mon), so the terms "horizontal" and
"vertical" will be used. The vertical
location, as in Basic, ranges from to
191.
Horizontal values go from to 279.
Since the 6502 registers are only eight
bits, with a maximum value of 255, the
horizontal value cannot be contained in
one register. Instead, the lo byte is placed
in the X register and the hi byte is placed
in the Y register. The vertical value is
placed in the accumulator. Sample code
for positioning the hi-res cursor can be
found in Listing 1.
HPOSN is not very exciting since it
doesn't put anything on the screen. This
can be done with the HPLOT subroutine.
It is set up just as HPOSN, but also
requires a color. This is where things get
interesting. Location $E4 holds the color
value. But this value isn't in the range of 1
through 7 as it would be in Applesoft.
Instead, it is a byte mask which handles
the oddities of Apple colors. But the
programmer doesn't have to worry about
it.
256
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
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Graph Paper, continued...
Obviously, Applesoft requires a routine
to change the Basic HCOLOR value to
the proper color mask. This routine is
also in ROM. Just place the desired color
number in the X register and JSR $F6F0.
Once you are able to plot a point, you
can do all sorts of things, just as we did
with the Applesoft HPLOT command.
Data stored in tables can be used to draw
figures or plot functions. And, just as the
HPLOT routine in Applesoft can also be
used to draw lines, there is a monitor
routine to do this task.
To draw a line, first set the starting
point with the HPLOT or HPOSN sub-
routine, as described above. Next, the
other end point must be defined. For some
reason, while it requires the same para-
meters, they are passed in a different
fashion. The vertical coordinate goes into
the Y register. The lo byte of the horizon-
tal coordinate goes into the X register
and the accumulator gets the lo byte.
The routine is located at SF53A.
The DRAW and XDRA W subroutines
are next on the list. Before drawing
anything, the hi-res cursor must be posi-
tioned. This is done with HPOSN. Also,
color and scale must be defined. Scale is
determined by the value in location $E7.
As in Applesoft, scale increases from 1 to
255, and a value of gives the largest
possible scale. Rather than use an index
into the shape table, each shape can be
referenced by its actual location, which
allows one, if he wants, to scatter shapes
through memory. The Y register contains
the hi byte of the shape location while the
X register holds the lo byte. The accumu-
lator contains the rotation. The address
of DRAW is SF601, and XDRAW is at
SF65D.
As an example of how to use these
subroutines, Listing 2 contains a program
that draws spirals on the screen. It uses a
small shape consisting of a single dot, and
draws larger lines by changing the scale.
The routine takes advantage of the fact
that when a shape is drawn, the hi-res
cursor ends up wherever the last com-
mand in the table left off. In this case,
where the table just contains a command
to plot and then move, the cursor will
always be found at the end of the line.
Animation using the ROM routines is
done in the same fashion as animation
from Applesoft. A shape is drawn, then it
goes through a sequence of erases and
draws. Page flipping can be used, with
the value in location $E6 determining
which page is accessed. A value of $20 is
used for page 1 , while a value of $40 puts
you in touch with page 2.
A Bit of Philosophy
This month's prize-winning question
(the prize is a copy of Shape Master)
comes from Mike Cameron who writes,
Listing 2.
: ASM
1
ORG
%\ . n_U |
mm
HGR
EQU
*F3E2
-T
HPOSN
EQU
*F4il
4
DRAM
EQU
*F601
tr
3
HCOLOR
EQU
*FfcF
6
SCALE
EQU
•E7
7
FULLSCI
RN EQU
*C052
8
*
9
* FOLLOWING VARIABLES ARE
10
* PROGRAM VAR
I ABLE S AND NOT
11
* PART
OF THE
ROM ROUTINES
12
*
13
COLOR
EQU
$FE
14
ROT
EQU
*FF
15
TABLE
EQU
•300
16
•
1 000 :
20
E2
F3
17
JSR
HGR ; I N I T I AL I Z E GRAPH I CS
1 003 :
8D
52
CO
18
19
*
STA
FULLSCRN ;SET FULL SCREEN MODE
20
♦SET UP SMALL
SHAPE DEFINITION
21
*
1 006 :
A9
04
LDA
#*04 ; VECTOR FOR PLOT AND
1008:
8D
00
03
'"IT
STA
TABLE ;MOVE UP.
1 OOB :
A9
00
24
LDA
#*0 ;MARK. END OF SHAPE
1000 1
8D
01
03
25
26
*
STA
TABLE+1
27
* STORE
COLOR
VARIABLE
28
*
1 1 :
A9
03
29
LDA
#*03 ; WHITE 1
1012:
85
FE
30
31
*
STA
COLOR
32
♦ GIVE
I N I T I AL
POSITION
♦ AT CENTER SCREEN
34
*
1014:
AO
00
35
L00P1
LDY
#*0 ; HORIZONTAL HI BYTE
1016:
A2
8C
36
LDX
#*8C ; HORIZONTAL LO BYTE
1018:
A9
60
37
LDA
#*60 ; VERTICAL COORDINATE
101 A:
20
1 1
F4
38
39
*
JSR
HPOSN ;SET HI-RES CURSOR
40
•SET COLOR
41
*
1 1 D :
A6
FE
42
LDX
COLOR
1 1 F :
20
FO
F6
43
44
*
JSR
HCOLOR
45
♦ SET INI IAL
SCALE
46
*
1022:
A9
Ol
47
LDA
#*01 ; SMALLEST SCALE
1024:
85
E7
48
49
*
STA
SCALE
50
*AND INITIAL
ROTATION
51
*
1026:
A9
00
52
LDA
#*0 :ROT=0 DEGREES
1028:
85
FF
■5T
54
55
56
*
♦ MAIN 1
*
STA
LOOP
ROT
102A:
A 2
00
57
DRAWL OOP LDX
#*0 ;L0 BYTE OF SHAPE ADDRESS
1 02C :
AO
03
58
LDY
#*03 ;HI BYTE OF SHAPE ADDRESS
1 02E :
A5
FF
59
LDA
ROT^
1030:
20
01
F6
60
JSR
DRAW
1033:
A5
FF
61
LDA
ROT
1035:
18
62
CLC
1036:
69
10
63
ADC
#*10 ; PRODUCES A ROTATION
1038:
85
FF
64
STA
ROT ;0F 90 DEGREES
103A:
E6
E7
65
I NC
SCALE ; INCREASE SIZE OF SHAPE
1 03C :
E6
E7
66
I NC
SCALE
103E:
A5
E7
67
LDA
SCALE
1040:
C9
BD
68
CMP
#*BD ; TOO LARGE'
1042:
DO
E6
69
BNE
DRAWLOOP sNO
70
tSPIRAI
L IS NOW DRAWN. TIME TO
71
♦CHANGE COLOR
(ALTERNATING
72
♦BETWEEN BLAG
K AND WHITE) AND
73
*D0 IT
ALL AGi
r 1 1 n .
1044:
A5
FE
74
LDA
COLOR
10461
49
03
75
EOR
«*03
10481
85
FE
76
t
♦
♦CHECK
♦
STA
COLOR
■ t
73
79
BO
FOR KEYPRESS
104A:
AD
CO
L DA
•cooo
104D:
C5
81
BPL
L00P1
L04F:
2C
1
CO
82
BIT
•CO J 1 1
1052:
60
S3
RTS
! ND ASSEMBLY
rUTAL ERRORS:
PYTES GENERATED miE ASSEMBLY
258
November 1982 c Creative Computing
"What type of routines should a person
use in machine language?" He goes on to
say that he has seen the points for Apple-
soft ROM routines, but believes there
must be better routines around, such as
those found in some assemblers.
Before directly answering the question,
1 would like to point out what I feel is the
main reason for not using the ROM
routines. If you are writing a program
that accesses the ROM routines, you have
already committed yourself to a fair
amount of assembly language coding.
Having gone this far, it isn't much of a
leap to reach the point where you don't
need the ROM routines. When you use
ROM subroutines, you are restricting
yourself to generalized code with rigid
requirements and format.
There are only two viable options:
either use one of the specialized graphics
packages on the market or write your
own code. The choice depends on the
application. There are some good anima-
tion packages on the market that provide
subroutines for many applications. But if
you plan to have a really large number of
objects moving at high speed, you may
need specialized code.
For instance, if you wanted to move
twenty occurrences each of three shapes,
it would be better to write three routines
—one to draw each shape at maximum
speed — than to use a general shape-
drawing routine. Also, writing your own
code is the best way to get a feel for
graphics and to really understand what is
going on.
In general, the best routine is whatever
routine accomplishes the job without
taking too much time or placing too many
restrictions on the programmer. The
ROM routines fail to meet these criteria
for most applications.
In future articles, we'll be developing
specialized routines for drawing shapes
and performing other graphics functions.
These will serve as building blocks or
starting points, allowing you to develop
the right routine for each job.
Other Stuff
Thanks to Dan Lazarowski who wrote
a note concerning the circle-drawing
program from August. He mentions that
the FOR... NEXT loops can be calibrated
by adding
50S=ATN(1/RA)
60 FOR 1=0 to 6.30 STEP S
He points out that this produces "the
smoothest circle possible without over-
doing precision and thus slowing down
the program." All in all, a nice touch and
a good example of expanding on a pro-
gram.
Next month we'll cover assembly lan-
guage routines that access and manipulate
the hi-res screen, and take a look at
character graphics. See you then. □
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
SOFTWARE FOR THE ATARI
For the ATARI 400/800 Computers
WORD SEARCH PUZZLE MAKER -Make word
search puzzles with your words or ours and an 80-
coiumn printer 24K CatMttt: $24.95 24K Die*;
$24.95
CHRISTMAS MUSIC— SETS 1. 2. A 3 Sing along with
your Atari Words and music (8 carols each) For use with
the Atari Music Composer cartridge Great gift tor the
whole family 15K cassette, 16K Disc - $24.96 each.
Specify set number.
ATARI 400/800 CARTRIDGES— Centipede.
Missile Command, Pac-Man, Space Invaders,
Super Breakout, Chess. Asteroids. $33.00 each
or 3 for $90.00; other products available — write
for catalog.
All programs come with a manual Disk versions
come with AUTORUN SYS file
Please add $2 postage and handling per order
Michigan residents add 4% sales tax
Computer's Voice
2370 Ella Dr -Dept 130
Flint. Ml 48504
(313)-238-5585
EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
TRS-80. COLOR COMPUTER. PET
& APPLE II
ELEMENTARY MATH
8CIENCE HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY ACCOUNTING
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FOREIGN LANG. PHYSICS
GRAMMAR FARM RECORDS
Write for FREE Catalogue:
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Get Serious About
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Software on Cassette
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GAMES
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INVADERS
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DICTATOR
Political adventure $14.95
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CIRCLE 178 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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EPROM's
2716 (5V, 450nS) $3.95
2732 (5V. 450nS) 7.49
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STATIC RAM
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r
acts . . . new products . . . cie v
COMPUTERS
SONY MICROCOMPUTER FOR
BUSINESS
Sony Corporation of America
announces a desktop microcomputer, the
SMC-70, for business applications.
The strengths of the unit are its com-
pact size, ease of use, high degree of
reliability, system expandability and ver-
satility, memory capacity and cost/per-
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Peripheral devices and accessories
include an optional 16-bit adaptor unit
that upgrades the SMC-70 from a Z80A
system to an 8086 system, and a slideout
tray that accepts snap-in expansion mod-
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extending system capabilities.
Priced at $1475, the basic unit offers
64K of program/data memory, an addi-
tional 38K of graphics memory and a
separate 32K of system memory. The
system memory includes a resident Sony
interpretive Basic extended for graphics
and the system monitor for auto-start and
booting the operating system.
Sony Corporation of America, Cor-
porate Communications Department, 9
West 57th St., New York, NY 10019. (212)
371-5800.
CIRCLE 355 ON READER SERVICE CARD
TERMINALS & I/O
INTELLIGENT PRINTER
INTERFACE
Compulink Corporation has introduced
SooperSpooler, an intelligent printer
interface designed to free microcom-
puters from the task of printing. Many
software selectable formatting features
are accessible with a Basic program.
The base model includes a 16K
memory and Centronics compatible I/O
ports. A self contained power supply and
a two-digit LED display showing the
amount of data stored in the buffer are
also standard features. Options include
memory expansion to 62K, and RS-232
serial I/O ports that can also be modem
transmission and serial to parallel trans-
lation.
List price for the base model is $349,
memory expansion $159, and serial option
$95.
Compulink Corporation, 1840 Indus-
trial Circle, Longmont, CO 80501. (800)
525-6705.
CIRCLE 356 ON READER SERVICE CARD
APPLE II SERIAL I/O CARD
MPC Peripherals Corporation
announces the AP-SIO asynchronous
serial input/output interface card for the
Apple II computer.
Switch selectable firmware options
include auto LF/noLF, strip incoming
LFs, half duplex/full duplex, and lower to
upper case conversion/no conversion,
and crystal controlled baud rates from
500 to 19,200. $129.50.
MPC Peripherals Corporation, 9424
Chesapeake Dr., San Diego, CA 92123.
(714) 278-0630.
CIRCLE 357 ON READER SERVICE CARD
GRAPHICS DISPLAY FOR IBM,
APPLE II AND
The portable Color II monitor, intro-
duced by Amdek Corp. features direct-
coupled RGB digital inputs for high line
resolution, 560 x 240, and provides 80 x
24 character display capability. Designed
for compatibility with IBM, Apple II, and
Apple III personal computers, the Color
II monitor offers 16-color intensity modu-
lation for IBM personal computers, and
may be used with an optional Amdek
Digital Video Multiplexer for Apple II
compatibility.
Amdek Corp., 2420 E. Oakton St., Suite
E, Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (312) 364-
1180.
CIRCLE 358 ON READER SERVICE CARD
80 COLUMNS FOR ATARI
Bit 3 Computer Corporation has intro-
duced word processing capabilities for
the Atari 800 with the Full-View 80
Display Card and the 32K Memory Plus,
which combine to make the Atari 800 a
48K 80-column computer.
260
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
2"x3"
only
$330!
ads
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150,000
customers
CALL COLLECT
(212) 725-4299
Creative Computing '
BUYERS GUIDE TO
PERSONAL COMPUTERS,
PERIPHERALS AND
ELECTRONIC GAMES
Send $5.00 ($3.95* plus
$1.05 postage and handling) to:
Creative Computing
1983 Buyer's Guide
P.O. Box 640. Holmes, PA 19043
*NJ residents add 5"., sales tax.
Outside U.S.A. $6.00.
CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AFRAID OF HIGH SOFTWARE PRICES?
TRS 80
6 to 8 programs on CASSETTE every MONTH
for (shudder) about 75 cents per program!
TRS 80
Writing your own programs can be a scary proposition And typing
in a program from a hardcopy listing is a real nightmare' Bring on the
dawn with a subscription to CLOAD or CHROMASETTE Magazine
CLOAD and CHROMASETTE Magazines are monthly cassettes
containing 6 to 8 ready-to-load programs apiece Programs that take
advantage of features unique to each computer (CLOAD for the
Model I and III, CHROMASETTE for the Color Computer) Programs
that even extend the capabilities of your computer beyond its
manual's dark type' Quality game, tutorial, practical, and utility prog-
rams that reach your home by First Class Mail each month
Don't be afraid Get a subscription to CLOAD or CHROMASETTE
Magazine Or just enjoy a little taste and sink your fangs into a back
issue It von't take a bite out of your vallet . .
Single
The Fine Print
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New Products, continued...
The Full-View 80 gives the Atari 80-
column capability with upper and lower
case characters, while retaining the nor-
mal Atari 40 column/graphics mode.
The Full-View 80 is fully compatible
with Basic and machine language.
The 32K Memory Plus card doubles
the memory capacity of the Atari 400,
and the Atari 800 allows 48K capacity,
while freeing a slot for the Full-View 80,
so that both 80-column display and 48K
of memory are available together.
The Full-View 80 is independent of the
32K Memory Plus and will operate in a
32K environment. Full-View 80-5349;
32K Memory Plus- $179. Bit 3, 8120 Penn
Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55431. (612)
881-6955.
CIRCLE 359 ON READER SERVICE CARD
DISK SYSTEMS
HARD DISK FOR APPLE
XComp has entered the Apple Hard
Disk market with its Personal Hard Disk
5 and 10 megabyte subsystems.
The PHD is built around a 5.25" Win-
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Apple DOS 3.3, Pascal, and CP/M. The
10 megabyte unit is equivalent in storage
capacity to 69 Apple diskettes and oper-
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Unlimited..
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$649
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S444
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S166
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S59
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S84
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S34
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S74
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PERIPHERALS
SPEECH SYNTHESIZER
Capable of pronouncing any word in
the English language, the Sweet Talker
provides a simple means of adding speech
to a computer.
Featuring the Votrax SC-01A phonetic
speech synthesizer chip which requires
less than 100 bits per second for con-
tinuous speech, the Sweet Talker speaks
64 phonemes with four levels of inflection
and includes an onboard audio amplifier
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Model ST-01 ($139) interfaces to any
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Micromint, Inc., 917 Midway,
Woodmere, NY 11598..(516) 374-6793.
CIRCLE 361 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SPEECH PROCESSING FOR APPLE
w
Mimic, Inc. announces low cost speech
processing for Apple users. Mimic Speech
Processors are currently available for the
Apple II Plus. Prices range from $20 to
$200.
Mimic also announces its Mimtalk
software package which is designed for
the microcomputer user desiring easy-to-
implement speech processing capability.
Mimic, Inc., P.O. Box 921, Acton, MA
01720.(617)263-2101.
CIRCLE 362 ON READER SERVICE CARD
262
November 1982 ° Creative Computing
Fourth Dimension
Has a Drive For Any
Size Application
Making an APPLE II computer a serious business system is an
easy, plug-in proposition. Fourth Dimension's complete line of
APPLE-compatible disk drives has what it takes to increase data
handling, storage, and back-up capabilities. All drives have
advanced read/write electronics that virtually eliminate reading
errors and a track-zero microswitch that makes boot and track
access smooth and quiet. The entire line of drives performs
efficiently with popular operating systems (DOS 3.2.1, DOS 3.3,
Pascal, and CP/M).
Over 6000 units are on-line around the world, operating just as
they should, being protected by a 12-month parts and labor
warranty. Get serious . . . take a look at Fourth Dimension ... and
place your order today!
Look at these APPLE-compatible products:
Super Winchester/Floppy Drive Unit • 5W Winchester drive, 10 or
20 megabyte capacity • §W floppy drive, double-sided 80-track
(655.000 byte capacity) • Self-contained switch mode power
supply • 35/80 track switch-selectable operation • Simple data
transfer for back-up purposes • Reads half-track software
Super Drive — R4" Floppy Drive Unit • 35 track, single or double-
sided format (143,360 byte capacity) • Excellent Winchester
back-up unit • Data integrity standards meet or exceed pro-
fessional user requirements • Plug-in APPLE-compatible
Dual 35/80-Track Super Drive Unit • Two switch-selectable 35/80
track, 5 1 /T floppy drives • Mains-powered, large capacity storage
unit (120 VAC) • 35 track capacity = 286,000 bytes • 80 track
capacity = 655.000 bytes
Supporting Products • 16K RAM card • Z80 card (APPLE) •
Standard parallel printer interface • 80 x 24 video card
• Enhancer diskette for 80 track use
New Products — Coming Soon • IBM PC compatible disk drive and
controller • Commodore VIC 20 compatible W floppy drive &
controller • 256K RAM card • Z80 card (IBM PC)
Utilizes Siemens, Teac and Seagate technology.
Call Fourth Dimension Systems for prices and specific product
details. Worldwide distributor inquiries invited. Quantity dis-
counts available in many countries.
• Advanced Computer Products (714) 558-8813 • Electronics Associates
(804) 420-2361 • Floppy Disk Services. Inc. (609) 771-0374 • Jade
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DIMENSION
SYSTEMS
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1101 South Grand Ave.
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(714) 835-6202
APPLE. APPLE II. DOS 3.2 1. DOS 3.3 are registered trademarks of APPLE Computer. Inc.
Pascal is a trademark of UCSD.
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IBM PC registered by International Business Machines Corporation.
VIC 20 is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machine Corp.
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2 YEAR WARRANTEF
SOFT.
10 or 16
SECTORS
QUAD DENSITY
SINGLE SIDE
QUAD DENSITY 96 TPI
W HUB RING
DOUBLE SIDE
QUAD DENSITY 96 TPI
W HUB RING
100 CERTIFIED
2 YEAR WARRANTEE
75'
50*
SOFT
10 OR 16
SECTORS
SINGLE SIDE
SINGLE DENSITY
100" CERTIFIED
2 YEAR WARRANTEE
SOFT
OR 32
SECTORS
SINGLE SIDE
DOUBLE DENSITY
100 CERTIFIED
2 YEAR WARRANTEE
SOFT
OR 32
SECTORS
DOUBLE SIDE
DOUBLE DENSITY
SOFT
100 CERTIFIED "" ^2
2 YEAR WARRANTEE SECTORS
Minimum order 10
Packed 10 boxes of 10 diskettes with sleeves and labels
Quantity discounts - 1 00 deduct 5%.
1.000 deduct 7%. 5.000 deduct 10%
Add $5 00 per case 5V. $7.00 per case 8 (case of 100)
For shipping and handling Continential U.S.A.. UPS. ground.
VINYL STORAGE PAGES
or 8 10/S5
SNAP-IT POWER CENTER
Turn one outlet into six
• Shock-sale
• Unbreakable ysj
• 15 Amp Circuit Breaker -*r
• Lighted On-Ott Switch $19.95
HAADHOIE DISK PR0TEC1
Reinforcing rings
of tough mylar
protect disk hole
edge from damage
Applicators
Hardhole Rings (50 1
DISK DRIVE HEAD
CLEANING KITS
Prevent head
crashes ana
ensure error free
operation
5 4 or 8
S1950
SFD C- 10 CASSETTES.. 10/S7
(All cassettes include bit and labels.)
Get 8 cassettes C-10
Sonic and Cass
Library-Altxim
as illustrated
for only S8
t
LIBRARY CASES
8" Kas-sette 10 S2.99
V i" Mini Kas-sette 10 $2 49
• ■
MAXELL 3M DYSAN
WABASH OPUS
Fli)|)pn's T.ipe D.it i' C.irtri(ti|>'
Dill C BSrttl i"t! Disk Pi,
• Written purchase orders accepted from government
agencies and well rated firms for net 30 day billing. • International orders
accepted with a 15.00 surcharge for handling, plus shipping charges. • COD
requires a 10% deposit. • We accept Visa. Mastercharge. Money Orders, and
Certified checks. • Checks require bank clearances. • All shipments FOB. San
Diego. • Minimum shipping and handling 2.00. minimum order 1 0.00. • California
residents add 6% sales tax. Prices and terms subject to change without notice. •
All sales subject to availability, acceptance, and verification. • All sales are final. •
Satisfaction guaranteed or full refund
We also offer printer ribbons prmtwheels. type elements,
equipment covers, power consoles paper supplies, storage and
filing equipment, furniture and many other accessories for word
and data processing systems Write for our free catalog
'i .
Toll I
Onl>
(Q)i
CO)i
CO)i
800-854-1555
i Information
oi l alitornia Or' U ■
(714)268-3537
DATA PRODUCTS
(FORMERLY ABM)
8868 CLAIREMONT MESA BLVD.
SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA 92123
CIRCLE 102 ON READER SERVICE CARD
:*p
SAVE
RADIO
SHACK
TRS-80™
and
HEWLETT-PACKARD
85, 87 & 125 COMPUTERS
We offer Special Discounts. Free Shipping
and a Toll Free Order Number
1-800-531-7466 toll free
Pan American Electronics
Dept. C.C. -1117 Conway Avenue
Mission, Texas 78572
(512) 581-2766 Telex 767339
Branch
2912 North Main St.
Fort Worth, Texas 76106
(817) 625-6333 Telex 794836
r
CIRCLE 241 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Maxell Floppy Disks
The Mini-Disks
with maximum quality.
Dealer inquir •
invited. CO D's
epted Call
FRFlElSOO) 235-4137
PACIFIC EXCHANGES
loo \ oothill Blvd San Luis
San Luis Obispo < A '♦ $401
;• < ■ wo]
[805)54 M0 ''1
5 t >2-5 t W5 or
CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD
MicRo Information Systems
a division of M-R Information Systems, lm .
Presents Educational Software
designed to motivate the student.
(programs available for the TRS-80
Mod III* and VIC**)
Write tor complete catalog, to
M-R Information Systems. In< .
P.O. Box #73, Wayne. N | ..07470
' IM Tandy, •• TM ( ommodore
CIRCLE 227 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Advertise for
$30.00
Reach
150,000
customers
CALL COLLECT
(212) 725-4299
New Products, continued...
PERIPHERAL FOR H-89/Z-89
Artra Inc. announces Housemaster —
an add-on printed circuit card for the H-
89. The standard Housemaster board
provides the H-89 with four separate
peripherals on a single printed circuit
card. These include voice recognition,
stereo sound synthesizer, a real-time
clock/calendar, and a BSR X-IO home
control interface. Available options are a
battery backup for the clock, two types
of voice synthesis and two RS-232 serial
ports. All options mount on the same
board.
The price of the Housemaster board is
$399 for the kit and $479 for the assem-
bled, calibrated and tested version.
Artra Inc.. PO Box 653, Arlington, VA
22216. (703) 527-0455.
CIRCLE 363 ON READER SERVICE CARD
MISCELLANEOUS
MODEL 80 LINE PRINTER SWITCH
HF Signalling Inc. announces the
Model 80 Line Printer Switch. Designed
specifically for TRS-80 Model I and III
computers, it allows the user to have two
separate line printers on line at all times.
The Model 80 Line Printer Switch
connects to the printer port of the com-
puter and provides an edge connector for
each of two printers.
HFSignalling Inc., P.O. Box 17510,
Kansas City. MO 64130. (816) 931-4448.
CIRCLE 364 ON READER SERVICE CARD
APPLE II SLOT SWAPPERS
Johnson Associates has developed Slot
Swappers, a hardware device for the
Apple II, which remedies problems
caused by slot dependent software and
hardware. Slot Swappers interchanges
two slots with the flip of a switch to avoid
hardware damage and eliminate card
manipulation. $79.95.
Johnson Associates, Box 1870, Phoenix,
AZ 85001. (602) 979-4554.
CIRCLE 365 ON READER SERVICE CARD
APPLE SYSTEM SAVER
System Saver for the Apple II protects
programs and data by smoothing out power
surges and spikes, and provides aerody-
v.
namically correct cooling by drawing air
across the mother board, over power
supply, and out the left-hand ventilation
slots.
A power switch with pilot light allows
user to power fan. surge suppression,
computer, and 1 of 2 auxiliary outlets
from one switch. S89.95.
Kensington Microware Ltd.. 300 East
54th St.. Suite 3L. New York. NY 10022.
(212)490-7691.
CIRCLE 366 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SYSTEMS
SOFTWARE
SYSTEMS
Metatext is a text editor that comes on
a single master disk and offers many
Apple II system options. Features of the
package include: full ASCII 80-column
alphanumerics, 40-column option, cre-
ation routines, a text formatter, and
various line-oriented text editors. The
package includes a serial output program
which will drive most RS232 printers from
the existing game I/O connector. $79.
Metaresearch, Inc., 1100 SE Woodward
St., Portland, OR 97202. (503) 232-1712.
CIRCLE 367 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Extended S-C Applesoft Program
Editor is a programmer's tool to speed up
and simplify the development of Apple-
soft Basic programs. ES-CAPE provides a
split-screen editing window, global search
and replace, DOS command menu, list
control, and more. $40. S-C Software
Corporation, 2331 Gus Thomasson, Suite
125, Dallas, TX 75228. (214) 324-2050.
CIRCLE 368 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Dosplus II is a TRSDOS compatible
alternative operating system for the TRS-
80 Model II Microcomputer. A full line
of support software is included including
a terminal/host package and full disk
editing/repair programs. The system uses
Microsoft Basic. Also a standard floppy
disk version for the Model II hard disk
subsystems incl 
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